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the compound to be trapped, which can either be an aqueous solution for encapsulating hydrophilic compounds like proteins, or solutions in organic solvents mixed with lipids for encapsulating hydrophobic molecules. Encapsulation techniques can be categorized into two types: passive, which relies on the stochastic trapping of molecules during liposome formation, and active, which relies on the presence of charged lipids or transmembrane ion gradients. A crucial parameter to consider is the "encapsulation efficiency," which is defined as the amount of compound present in the liposome solution divided by the total initial amount of compound used during the preparation. In more recent developments, the application of liposomes in
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277:, an American physician, established the integrity of this closed, bilayer structure and its ability to release its contents following detergent treatment (structure-linked latency). During a Cambridge pub discussion with Bangham, Weissmann first named the structures "liposomes" after something which laboratory had been studying, the lysosome: a simple organelle whose structure-linked latency could be disrupted by detergents and streptolysins. Liposomes are readily distinguishable from micelles and hexagonal lipid phases through negative staining transmission electron microscopy.
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formation on the endosomal membrane and allowing diffusion of the liposome and its contents into the cytoplasm. Another is the release of the encapsulated content within the endosome, eventually diffusing out into the cytoplasm through the endosomal membrane. Lastly, the membrane of the liposome and the endosome fuse together, releasing the encapsulated contents onto the cytoplasm and avoiding degradation at the lysosomal level due to minimal contact time.
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recalled the two of them sitting in a
Cambridge pub, reflecting on the role of lipid sheets in separating the cell interior from its exterior milieu. This insight, they felt, would be to cell function what the discovery of the double helix had been to genetics. As Bangham had been calling his lipid structures "multilamellar smectic mesophases," or sometimes "Banghasomes," Weissmann proposed the more user-friendly term liposome.
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519:, originally coined by Stephen DeFelice, who defined nutraceuticals as âfood or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a diseaseâ. However, currently, there is no conclusive definition of nutraceuticals yet, to distinguish them from other foodâderived categories, such as food (dietary) supplements, herbal products, preâ and probiotics,
36:
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523:, and fortified foods. Generally, this term is used to describe any product derived from food sources which is expected to provide health benefits additionally to the nutritional value of daily food. A wide range of nutrients or other substances with nutritional or physiological effects (EU Directive 2002/46/EC) might be present in these products, including
604:(which are often unstable, owing to their small size and the sonication-created defects). Sonication is generally considered a "gross" method of preparation as it can damage the structure of the drug to be encapsulated. Newer methods such as extrusion, micromixing and Mozafari method are employed to produce materials for human use. Using lipids other than
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A study published in May 2018 also explored the potential use of liposomes as "nano-carriers" of fertilizing nutrients to treat malnourished or sickly plants. Results showed that these synthetic particles "soak into plant leaves more easily than naked nutrients", further validating the utilization of
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designation for pancreatic cancer from EMEA. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of
Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology. In the context of hematological cancers, Val-ILs have the potential to be
340:
dissolved in the core cannot readily pass through the bilayer. Hydrophobic chemicals associate with the bilayer. This property can be utilized to load liposomes with hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic molecules, a process known as encapsulation. Typically, liposomes are prepared in a solution containing
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Based on vesicle structure, there are seven main categories for liposomes: multilamellar large (MLV), oligolamellar (OLV), small unilamellar (SUV), medium-sized unilamellar (MUV), large unilamellar (LUV), giant unilamellar (GUV) and multivesicular vesicles (MVV). The major types of liposomes are the
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Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands
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in the body, allows for longer circulatory life for the drug delivery mechanism. Studies have also shown that PEGylated liposomes elicit anti-IgM antibodies, thus leading to an enhanced blood clearance of the liposomes upon re-injection, depending on lipid dose and time interval between injections.
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and various plants and herbal extracts. Liposomal nutraceuticals contain bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects. The encapsulation of bioactive compounds in liposomes is attractive as liposomes have been shown to be able to overcome serious hurdles bioactives would otherwise encounter in
424:
Regarding pH-sensitive liposomes, there are three mechanisms of drug delivery intracellularly, which occurs via endocytosis. This is possible because of the acidic environment within endosomes. The first mechanism is through the destabilization of the liposome within the endosome, triggering pore
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A similar approach can be exploited in the biodetoxification of drugs by injecting empty liposomes with a transmembrane pH gradient. In this case the vesicles act as sinks to scavenge the drug in the blood circulation and prevent its toxic effect. Another strategy for liposome drug delivery is to
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Liposomes can be used on their own or in combination with traditional antibiotics as neutralizing agents of bacterial toxins. Many bacterial toxins evolved to target specific lipids of the host cells membrane and can be baited and neutralized by liposomes containing those specific lipid targets.
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Certain factors have far-reaching effects on the percentage of liposome that are yielded in manufacturing, as well as the actual amount of realized liposome entrapment and the actual quality and long-term stability of the liposomes themselves. They are the following: (1) The actual manufacturing
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used in the formulation and manufacturing of the liposomes; (3) The ability to create homogeneous liposome particle sizes that are stable and hold their encapsulated payload. These are the primary elements in developing effective liposome carriers for use in dietary and nutritional supplements.
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Bangham, with colleagues Jeff
Watkins and Standish, wrote the 1965 paper that effectively launched what would become the liposome "industry." Around that same time, Weissmann joined Bangham at the Babraham. Later, Weissmann, then an emeritus professor at New York University School of Medicine,
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Sansare, Sameera; Duran, Tibo; Mohammadiarani, Hossein; Goyal, Manish; Yenduri, Gowtham; Costa, Antonio; Xu, Xiaoming; O'Connor, Thomas; Burgess, Diane; Chaudhuri, Bodhisattwa (2021). "Artificial neural networks in tandem with molecular descriptors as predictive tools for continuous liposome
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Blume, G; Cevc, G; Crommelin, M D A J; Bakker-Woudenberg, I A J M; Kluft, C; Storm, G (1993). "Specific targeting with poly (ethylene glycol)-modified liposomes: coupling of homing devices to the ends of the polymeric chains combines effective target binding with long circulation times".
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Zhigaltsev, Igor V.; Belliveau, Nathan; Hafez, Ismail; Leung, Alex K. K.; Huft, Jens; Hansen, Carl; Cullis, Pieter R. (2012-02-21). "Bottom-Up Design and
Synthesis of Limit Size Lipid Nanoparticle Systems with Aqueous and Triglyceride Cores Using Millisecond Microfluidic Mixing".
2651:
Dams, E.T.M.; Laverman, P.; Oyen, W.J.G.; Storm, G.; Scherphof, G.L.; Meer, J.W.M.; van der
Corstens, F.H.M.; Boerman, O.C. (March 2000). "Accelerated blood clearance and altered biodistribution of repeated injections of sterically stabilized liposomes".
661:, but must be accessible. Targeted liposomes can target certain cell type in the body and deliver drugs that would otherwise be systemically delivered. Naturally toxic drugs can be much less systemically toxic if delivered only to diseased tissues.
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Useful liposomes rarely form spontaneously. They typically form after supplying enough energy to a dispersion of (phospho)lipids in a polar solvent, such as water, to break down multilamellar aggregates into oligo- or unilamellar bilayer vesicles.
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In addition to a PEG coating, some stealth liposomes also have some sort of biological species attached as a ligand to the liposome, to enable binding via a specific expression on the targeted drug delivery site. These targeting ligands could be
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rather than by direct cell fusion. However, the efficacy of this pH regulated passage depends on the physiochemical nature of the drug in question (e.g. pKa and having a basic or acid nature), which is very low for many drugs.
992:
Moghassemi, Saeid; Dadashzadeh, Arezoo; Azevedo, Ricardo Bentes; Feron, Olivier; Amorim, Christiani A. (November 2021). "Photodynamic cancer therapy using liposomes as an advanced vesicular photosensitizer delivery system".
948:
Moghassemi, Saeid; Dadashzadeh, Arezoo; Azevedo, Ricardo Bentes; Feron, Olivier; Amorim, Christiani A. (November 2021). "Photodynamic cancer therapy using liposomes as an advanced vesicular photosensitizer delivery system".
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In addition to gene and drug delivery applications, liposomes can be used as carriers for the delivery of dyes to textiles, pesticides to plants, enzymes and nutritional supplements to foods, and cosmetics to the skin.
217:
Seven main categories for liposomes: multilamellar large (MLV), oligolamellar (OLV), small unilamellar (SUV), medium-sized unilamellar (MUV), large unilamellar (LUV), giant unilamellar (GUV) and multivesicular vesicles
2933:
Arulsudar, N.; Subramanian, N.; Murthy, R. S. R. (2005). "Comparison of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression in the optimization of formulation parameters of leuprolide acetate loaded liposomes".
665:, morphologically related to liposomes, can also be used this way. Also morphologically related to liposomes are highly deformable vesicles, designed for non-invasive transdermal material delivery, known as
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rates of traditional oral dietary and nutritional tablets and capsules. The low oral bioavailability and absorption of many nutrients is clinically well documented. Therefore, the natural encapsulation of
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Wang, XinYu; Ishida, Tatsuhiro; Kiwada, Hiroshi (2007-06-01). "Anti-PEG IgM elicited by injection of liposomes is involved in the enhanced blood clearance of a subsequent dose of PEGylated liposomes".
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Besançon, Hervé; Babiychuk, Viktoriia; Larpin, Yu; Köffel, René; Schittny, Dominik; Brockhus, Lara; Hathaway, Lucy J.; Sendi, Parham; Draeger, Annette; Babiychuk, Eduard (14 February 2021).
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has introduced the concept of "single entity encapsulation efficiency." This term refers to the probability of a specific liposome containing the required number of copies of the compound.
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Colas, JC; Shi, W; Rao, VS; Omri, A; Mozafari, MR; Singh, H (2007). "Microscopical investigations of nisin-loaded nanoliposomes prepared by
Mozafari method and their bacterial targeting".
483:, but new applications for the oral delivery of certain dietary and nutritional supplements are in development. This new application of liposomes is in part due to the low absorption and
273:
was obvious, and the microscopic pictures provided the first evidence that the cell membrane is a bilayer lipid structure. The following year, Bangham, his colleague
Malcolm Standish, and
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Jahn, Andreas; Stavis, Samuel M.; Hong, Jennifer S.; Vreeland, Wyatt N.; DeVoe, Don L.; Gaitan, Michael (2010-04-27). "Microfluidic Mixing and the
Formation of Nanoscale Lipid Vesicles".
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through the membrane) they can be (indiscriminately) delivered past the lipid bilayer. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high)
357:, thus delivering the liposome contents; this is a complex and non-spontaneous event, however, that does not apply to nutrients and drug delivery. By preparing liposomes in a solution of
881:
316:(1000-fold magnification). The following types of liposomes are visible: small monolamellar vesicles, large monolamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, oligolamellar vesicles.
210:), the large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), and the cochleate vesicle. A less desirable form is multivesicular liposomes in which one vesicle contains one or more smaller vesicles.
3027:
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LĂłpez, RubĂ©n R.; Ocampo, Ixchel; SĂĄnchez, Luz-MarĂa; Alazzam, Anas; Bergeron, Karl-F.; Camacho-LeĂłn, Sergio; Mounier, Catherine; Stiharu, Ion; Nerguizian, VahĂ© (2020-02-25).
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in 1961 at the
Babraham Institute, in Cambridgeâfindings that were published 1964. The discovery came about when Bangham and R. W. Horne were testing the institute's new
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Longatte, Guillaume; Lisi, Fabio; Chen, Xueqian; Walsh, James; Wang, Wenqian; Ariotti, Nicholas; Boecking, Till; Gaus, Katharina; Gooding, J. Justin (23 November 2022).
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Georgievski A, Bellaye PS, Tournier B, Choubley H, Pais de Barros JP, Herbst M, Béduneau A, Callier P, Collin B, Végran F, Ballerini P, Garrido C, Quéré R (May 2024).
3106:
3020:
1060:; Horne, R. W. (1964). "Negative Staining of Phospholipids and Their Structural Modification by Surface-Active Agents As Observed in the Electron Microscope".
1963:
Meure, LA; Knott, R; Foster, NR; Dehghani, F (2009). "The depressurization of an expanded solution into aqueous media for the bulk production of liposomes".
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can pass through some membranes), the drug will also be neutralized, allowing it to freely pass through a membrane. These liposomes work to deliver drug by
913:
Cevc, G (1993). "Rational design of new product candidates: the next generation of highly deformable bilayer vesicles for noninvasive, targeted therapy".
812:
Akbarzadeh, A.; Rezaei-Sadabady, R.; Davaran, S.; Joo, S. W.; Zarghami, N.; Hanifehpour, Y.; Samiei, M.; Kouhi, M.; Nejati-Koshki, K. (22 February 2013).
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Bangham A.D.; Standish M.M.; Weissmann G. (1965). "The action of steroids and streptolysin S on the permeability of phospholipid structures to cations".
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Further advances in liposome research have been able to allow liposomes to avoid detection by the body's immune system, specifically, the cells of
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Santini, Antonello; Cammarata, Silvia Miriam; Capone, Giacomo; Ianaro, Angela; Tenore, Gian Carlo; Pani, Luca; Novellino, Ettore (2018-02-14).
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create multilamellar liposomes. The original aggregates, which have many layers like an onion, thereby form progressively smaller and finally
128:. Due to their hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, particle size and many other properties, liposomes can be used as
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attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease.
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Mozafari, MR; Johnson, C; Hatziantoniou, S; Demetzos, C (2008). "Nanoliposomes and their applications in food nanotechnology".
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Szoka Jr, F; Papahadjopoulos, D (1980). "Comparative properties and methods of preparation of lipid vesicles (liposomes)".
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632:". They were first proposed by G. Cevc and G. Blume and, independently and soon thereafter, the groups of L. Huang and
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1873:"Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes for specific vesicle-mediated cell death in the treatment of hematological cancers"
1159:; Horne, R. W.; Glauert, A. M.; Dingle, J. T.; Lucy, J. A. (1962). "Action of saponin on biological cell membranes".
732:
3885:
3454:
2894:"Infrared Metasurface Augmented by Deep Learning for Monitoring Dynamics between All Major Classes of Biomolecules"
1631:"Statistical predictions on the encapsulation of single molecule binding pairs into sized-dispersed nanocontainers"
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1288:"Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplast membrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy"
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1525:"Protein encapsulation in liposomes: efficiency depends on interactions between protein and phospholipid bilayer"
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batch-to-batch reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production of safe and efficient liposomal products
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Gomezhens, A; Fernandezromero, J (2006). "Analytical methods for the control of liposomal delivery systems".
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1468:"Encapsulation of Enzymes in Liposomes: High Encapsulation Efficiency and Control of Substrate Permeability"
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the physicochemical characteristics of the material to be entrapped and those of the liposomal ingredients;
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containing sucrose-loaded and nucleotides-loaded liposomes interacting with a lipid membrane-perforating
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To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the
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Chaize, Barnabé; Colletier, Jacques-Philippe; Winterhalter, Mathias; Fournier, Didier (January 2004).
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Colletier, Jacques-Philippe; Chaize, Barnabé; Winterhalter, Mathias; Fournier, Didier (10 May 2002).
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nutrients within liposomes would be an effective method of bypassing the destructive elements of the
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Karny, Avishai; Zinger, Assaf; Kajal, Ashima; Shainsky-Roitman, Janna; Schroeder, Avi (2018-05-17).
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events. Liposomes can be made in a particular size range that makes them viable targets for natural
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method and preparation of the liposomes themselves; (2) The constitution, quality, and type of raw
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234:. In contrast to liposomes, micelles typically contain a monolayer of fatty acids or surfactants.
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2015:"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies"
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1980:
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Barani, H; Montazer, M (2008). "A review on applications of liposomes in textile processing".
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optimum size, polydispersity and shelf-life of the vesicles for the intended application; and,
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2424:"Surface Response Based Modeling of Liposome Characteristics in a Periodic Disturbance Mixer"
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1801:"A review of mechanistic insight and application of pH-sensitive liposomes in drug delivery"
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Physical chemistry of biological surfaces, Chapter 7: Structure and properties of membranes
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Composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules
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allowing the encapsulated nutrient to be efficiently delivered to the cells and tissues.
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2804:"Therapeutic nanoparticles penetrate leaves and deliver nutrients to agricultural crops"
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used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death.
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2553:"Amphipathic polyethyleneglycols effectively prolong the circulation time of liposomes"
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The choice of liposome preparation method depends, i.a., on the following parameters:
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the effective concentration of the entrapped substance and its potential toxicity;
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John-Herpin, Aurelian; Kavungal, Deepthy; von MĂŒcke, Lea; Altug, Hatice (2020).
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1753:"Transmembrane pH-Gradient Liposomes to Treat Cardiovascular Drug Intoxication"
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254:("body"); it is so named because its composition is primarily of phospholipid.
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Blume, G; Cevc, G (1990). "Liposomes for the sustained drug release in vivo".
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2752:"Tailored liposomal nanotraps for the treatment of Streptococcal infections"
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156:. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by
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additional processes involved during application/delivery of the vesicles;
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Various types of phosphatidylcholine liposomes in suspension. Method of
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A micrograph of phosphatidylcholine liposomes, which were stained with
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Cevc, G; Richardsen, H (1993). "Lipid vesicles and membrane fusion".
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Paliwal, Shivani Rai; Paliwal, Rishi; Vyas, Suresh P. (2015-04-03).
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Pictorial representation of targeted theranostics liposomal delivery
107:
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2079:"The nutraceutical revolution: its impact on food industry R&D"
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640:) studding the outside of the membrane. The PEG coating, which is
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the nature of the medium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed
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106:
90:
413:, thus releasing its drug. Liposomes can also be decorated with
3016:
2118:"Nutraceuticals: opening the debate for a regulatory framework"
3477:
3422:
2660:(3). Amer soc pharmacology experimental therapeutics: 1071â9.
1421:"Techniques for encapsulating bioactive agents into liposomes"
686:
has started to contribute to liposome research. For example,
358:
29:
381:
range). As the pH naturally neutralizes within the liposome (
373:
can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be
3656:
3594:
3487:
463:
Liposomes are also used as outer shells of some microbubble
175:, but may also include other lipids, such as those found in
2551:
Klibanov, AL; Maruyama, K; Torchilin, VP; Huang, L (1990).
1328:
Weissmann G.; Sessa G.; Standish M.; Bangham A. D. (1965).
370:
1582:
Edwards, Katie A.; Baeumner, Antje J. (28 February 2006).
709:
loaded liposomes and to predict the particle size and the
2654:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
814:"Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications"
436:
may be administered encapsulated in liposomes. Liposomal
479:
Until recently, the clinical uses of liposomes were for
325:
A liposome has an aqueous solution core surrounded by a
257:
Liposomes were first described by British hematologist
54:
1472:
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology
764:
Torchilin, V (2006). "Multifunctional nanocarriers".
702:
were also used to optimize formulation parameters of
2869:"Nanoparticles could help rescue malnourished crops"
672:Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells.
3899:
3871:
3843:
3796:
3763:
3644:
3582:
3535:
3471:
3421:
3377:
3337:
3323:
3288:
3239:
3217:
3130:
3077:
3063:
3054:
2682:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
2518:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
1965:Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
908:
906:
904:
544:the gastrointestinal (GI) tract upon oral intake.
807:
805:
803:
377:in solution (i.e., the pH is outside the drug's
187:structure. A liposome design may employ surface
2058:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
759:
757:
2232:Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering
3028:
608:can greatly facilitate liposome preparation.
421:to activate endocytosis in other cell types.
269:to dry phospholipids. The resemblance to the
63:that contextualizes different points of view.
49:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
592:a dispersion of amphipatic lipids, such as
448:The use of liposomes for transformation or
191:for attaching to desired cells or tissues.
3793:
3334:
3236:
3074:
3060:
3035:
3021:
3013:
2019:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1101:"Negatively Stained Lipoprotein Membranes"
882:"Cell Membranes - Kimball's Biology Pages"
124:, spherical in shape, having at least one
2909:
2843:
2777:
2767:
2576:
2457:
2439:
2151:
2133:
2030:
1896:
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1558:
1540:
1483:
1355:
1345:
1262:
1124:
857:
839:
195:multilamellar vesicle (MLV, with several
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2122:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
680:nanotechnology to increase crop yields.
2083:Trends in Food Science & Technology
753:
2964:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
2077:DeFelice, Stephen L. (February 1995).
1414:
1412:
222:Liposomes should not be confused with
183:, as long as they are compatible with
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
628:(RES). These liposomes are known as "
304:microscopy (1250-fold magnification).
163:Liposomes are most often composed of
7:
2056:Nutritional Biochemistry of Vitamins
452:of DNA into a host cell is known as
3392:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
2267:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
2244:10.1146/annurev.bb.09.060180.002343
1635:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
475:Dietary and nutritional supplements
365:(which would normally be unable to
1038:Stryer S. (1981) Biochemistry, 213
588:Liposomes can hence be created by
25:
2013:Williamson, G; Manach, C (2005).
428:Certain anticancer drugs such as
3834:
3360:
3121:
3115:
884:. 16 August 2002. Archived from
690:was used to monitor a multistep
34:
1425:Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
1245:Sessa G.; Weissmann G. (1970).
95:Scheme of a liposome formed by
2717:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1732:Barenholz, Y; G, Cevc (2000).
1696:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
766:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
636:and are constructed with PEG (
246:derives from two Greek words:
1:
3160:Effervescent powder or tablet
2976:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120713
2867:Temming, Maria (2018-05-17).
2622:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.02.010
2610:Journal of Controlled Release
2181:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
2095:10.1016/s0924-2244(00)88944-x
1708:10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00030-7
1600:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.08.031
1389:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60950-6
1264:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62994-1
1224:10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80094-8
1074:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80115-7
1007:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.024
995:Journal of Controlled Release
963:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.024
951:Journal of Controlled Release
927:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.005
915:Journal of Controlled Release
3944:Patient-controlled analgesia
3249:Orally disintegrating tablet
3008:Journal of Liposome Research
2756:Journal of Nanobiotechnology
2694:10.1016/0005-2736(93)90039-3
2578:10.1016/0014-5793(90)81016-h
2530:10.1016/0005-2736(90)90440-y
2495:10.1016/j.micron.2007.06.013
2294:Journal of Liposome Research
1922:Journal of Liposome Research
1817:10.3109/10717544.2014.882469
1437:10.1016/0009-3084(86)90077-0
1062:Journal of Molecular Biology
469:contrast-enhanced ultrasound
1099:; Whittaker, V. P. (1963).
343:single-molecule experiments
329:membrane, in the form of a
4001:
3455:Relative analgesia machine
2828:10.1038/s41598-018-25197-y
2769:10.1186/s12951-021-00775-x
2729:10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.028
2279:10.1016/j.trac.2005.07.006
1889:10.1038/s41419-024-06715-5
1371:Geoff Watts (2010-06-12).
819:Nanoscale Research Letters
778:10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.009
700:Artificial neural networks
626:reticuloendothelial system
409:while in the macrophage's
321:Encapsulation in liposomes
3832:
3358:
3113:
2306:10.1080/08982100802465941
2054:Bender, David A. (2003).
2000:Journal of Drug Targeting
1934:10.1080/08982100802354665
1852:European Medicines Agency
405:. These liposomes may be
314:phase-contrast microscopy
3044:Routes of administration
1846:Anonymous (2018-09-17).
181:phosphatidylethanolamine
3570:Extra-amniotic infusion
3175:Molecular encapsulation
3107:Osmotic delivery system
3102:Time release technology
1584:"Analysis of liposomes"
841:10.1186/1556-276X-8-102
206:vesicle (SUV, with one
3873:Central nervous system
3661:
3599:
3527:Mucoadhesive microdisc
3492:
2911:10.1002/adma.202006054
2032:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.243S
2025:(1 Suppl): 243Sâ255S.
1373:"Alec Douglas Bangham"
1295:Journal of Biosciences
743:Targeted drug delivery
733:LangmuirâBlodgett film
728:Lamella (cell biology)
621:
481:targeted drug delivery
317:
305:
219:
120:is a small artificial
113:
104:
3980:Drug delivery devices
3716:Transfersome vesicles
3660:
3598:
3575:Intravesical infusion
3491:
1664:1959.4/unsworks_83972
1542:10.1186/1472-6750-2-9
1485:10.1081/BIO-120028669
1286:YashRoy R.C. (1990).
647:monoclonal antibodies
619:
602:unilamellar liposomes
537:essential fatty acids
311:
292:
216:
110:
94:
57:by rewriting it in a
3402:Metered-dose inhaler
3387:Anesthetic vaporizer
713:index of liposomes.
259:Alec Douglas Bangham
204:unilamellar liposome
138:pharmaceutical drugs
3827:Transdermal implant
3787:(into tissue/blood)
3564:Intrauterine device
3445:Anaesthetic machine
3440:Oxygen concentrator
2820:2018NatSR...8.7589K
2569:1990FEBSL.268..235K
1740:. pp. 171â241.
1647:2022PCCP...2428029L
1641:(45): 28029â28039.
1173:1962Natur.196..952B
1117:1963Natur.200.1340H
888:on 25 January 2009.
832:2013NRL.....8..102A
638:Polyethylene Glycol
606:phosphatidylcholine
511:combines the words
263:electron microscope
169:phosphatidylcholine
146:lipid nanoparticles
3939:Nanocell injection
3662:
3600:
3493:
3347:Dry-powder inhaler
2970:(120713): 120713.
2898:Advanced Materials
2808:Scientific Reports
2441:10.3390/mi11030235
1883:(15(5):328): 328.
1655:10.1039/D2CP03627D
1307:10.1007/bf02703373
634:Vladimir Torchilin
622:
318:
306:
220:
114:
105:
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3961:
3958:
3957:
3789:
3751:Transdermal spray
3746:Transdermal patch
3736:Medicated shampoo
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3450:Medical inhalants
3397:Medical inhalants
3325:Respiratory tract
3319:
3318:
3213:
3212:
2936:J Pharm Pharm Sci
2393:10.1021/la204833h
2349:10.1021/nn901676x
2135:10.1111/bcp.13496
1977:10.1021/la802511a
1769:10.1021/nn101924a
1529:BMC Biotechnology
1347:10.1172/jci105203
1257:(13): 3295â3301.
1212:J. Molecular Biol
1167:(4858): 952â955.
1126:10.1038/2001340a0
630:stealth liposomes
89:
88:
81:
43:This article may
16:(Redirected from
3992:
3975:Membrane biology
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3794:
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3264:Sublingual drops
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2962:manufacturing".
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684:Machine learning
596:, in water. Low
521:functional foods
502:small intestines
275:Gerald Weissmann
232:reverse micelles
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64:
60:balanced fashion
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3934:Intraperitoneal
3906:musculoskeletal
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3863:Intra-articular
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485:bioavailability
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465:contrast agents
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298:acridine orange
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55:help improve it
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3636:Nutrient enema
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3003:
3002:External links
3000:
2998:
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2953:
2942:(2): 243â258.
2925:
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2794:
2742:
2723:(5): 675â711.
2707:
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1990:
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1877:Cell Death Dis
1863:
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1811:(3): 231â242.
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1383:(9731): 2070.
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1218:(1): 253â259.
1202:
1157:Bangham, A. D.
1148:
1111:(4913): 1340.
1097:Bangham, A. D.
1095:Horne, R. W.;
1087:
1068:(5): 660â668.
1058:Bangham, A. D.
1049:
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900:
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711:polydispersity
657:, or specific
651:immunoliposome
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517:pharmaceutical
498:gastric system
476:
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267:negative stain
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200:lipid bilayers
197:lamellar phase
134:administration
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3702:
3701:Iontophoresis
3699:
3696:
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3683:
3681:
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3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Topical cream
3668:
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3435:Nasal cannula
3432:
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2428:Micromachines
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2300:(4): 309â27.
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2057:
2050:
2047:
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2033:
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2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:(1): 326â37.
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:(3): 249â62.
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1848:"EU/3/07/451"
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Drug Delivery
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:Marcel Dekker
1735:
1728:
1726:
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1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:J. Biol. Chem
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
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988:
985:
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976:
972:
968:
964:
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952:
944:
941:
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932:
928:
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920:
916:
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895:
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883:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
754:
748:
744:
741:
739:
738:Lipid bilayer
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:deep learning
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
668:
667:transfersomes
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:phospholipids
591:
586:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
562:
557:Manufacturing
556:
554:
551:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:nutraceutical
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
443:
440:has received
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:cell membrane
348:
346:
344:
339:
336:
332:
331:lipid bilayer
328:
320:
315:
310:
303:
299:
296:
291:
284:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
215:
211:
209:
208:lipid bilayer
205:
202:), the small
201:
198:
192:
190:
186:
185:lipid bilayer
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:, especially
166:
165:phospholipids
161:
159:
155:
151:
150:mRNA vaccines
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:vehicles for
131:
130:drug delivery
127:
126:lipid bilayer
123:
119:
109:
102:
98:
97:phospholipids
93:
83:
80:
72:
62:
61:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3985:Dosage forms
3929:Intraosseous
3919:Intracardiac
3858:Intravitreal
3820:Injector pen
3815:Subcutaneous
3786:
3756:Jet injector
3741:Dermal patch
3710:
3554:Vaginal ring
3522:Insufflation
3274:Effervescent
3048:dosage forms
2967:
2963:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2873:Science News
2872:
2862:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2560:
2557:FEBS Letters
2556:
2546:
2524:(1): 92â97.
2521:
2517:
2511:
2489:(8): 841â7.
2486:
2482:
2476:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2089:(2): 59â61.
2086:
2082:
2072:
2055:
2049:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1808:
1804:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1736:. New York:
1733:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1478:(1): 67â75.
1475:
1471:
1461:
1428:
1424:
1400:. Retrieved
1380:
1376:
1366:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1301:(2): 93â98.
1298:
1294:
1281:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1108:
1104:
1090:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1043:
998:
994:
987:
954:
950:
943:
918:
914:
894:
886:the original
876:
823:
817:
769:
765:
682:
678:
674:
671:
663:Polymersomes
623:
587:
583:
560:
550:phospholipid
546:
506:
478:
462:
458:
450:transfection
447:
434:daunorubicin
432:(Doxil) and
427:
423:
403:phagocytosis
392:
352:
324:
302:fluorescence
300:. Method of
295:fluorochrome
279:
256:
251:
250:("fat") and
247:
243:
241:
221:
193:
162:
154:DNA vaccines
117:
115:
75:
66:
58:
47:undue weight
44:
3914:Intravenous
3901:Circulatory
3886:Intrathecal
3810:Intradermal
3802:transdermal
3769:Parenterals
3675:Topical gel
3631:Murphy drip
3609:Suppository
3497:Nasal spray
3431:Oxygen mask
3280:Chewing gum
3219:Oral mucosa
2814:(1): 7589.
2238:: 467â508.
1330:"ABSTRACTS"
649:(making an
598:shear rates
533:amino acids
494:hydrophilic
454:lipofection
442:orphan drug
430:doxorubicin
396:endocytosis
335:hydrophilic
327:hydrophobic
271:plasmalemma
173:cholesterol
3969:Categories
3774:Injections
3537:Urogenital
3473:Ophthalmic
3329:inhalation
3303:Toothpaste
3231:sublingual
3195:Suspension
3165:Herbal tea
2878:2018-05-18
2434:(3): 235.
1857:2020-01-10
1402:2014-10-01
1377:The Lancet
826:(1): 102.
749:References
704:leuprolide
590:sonicating
490:lypophilic
400:macrophage
265:by adding
226:, or with
158:sonication
144:, such as
69:April 2020
3779:infusions
3711:Liposomes
3507:Eye drops
3502:Ear drops
3413:Vaporizer
3408:Nebulizer
3298:Mouthwash
3227:sublabial
3150:Electuary
3140:Decoction
2992:235093636
2836:2045-2322
2762:(1): 46.
2630:0168-3659
2450:2072-666X
2401:0743-7463
2357:1936-0851
2201:1474-1776
2144:0306-5251
2103:0924-2244
1950:137500401
1825:1071-7544
1673:1463-9084
1608:0039-9140
1551:1472-6750
1494:1073-1199
1445:0009-3084
1023:237636495
1001:: 75â90.
979:237636495
957:: 75â90.
850:1931-7573
723:Azotosome
507:The term
438:cisplatin
411:phagosome
387:diffusion
285:Mechanism
242:The word
238:Discovery
224:lysosomes
142:nutrients
103:solution.
18:Liposomes
3950:PIC line
3891:Epidural
3731:Lip balm
3706:Hydrogel
3697:solution
3680:Liniment
3665:Ointment
3624:Hydrogel
3619:Solution
3604:Ointment
3544:Ointment
3517:Hydrogel
3512:Ointment
3308:Ointment
3269:Lozenges
3259:Lollipop
3205:Tincture
3190:Solution
3170:Hydrogel
3155:Emulsion
3097:Pastille
2984:34019974
2948:16124936
2920:33615570
2854:29773873
2788:33588835
2737:15019752
2666:10688625
2638:17399838
2595:11437990
2503:17689087
2468:32106424
2409:22268499
2381:Langmuir
2365:20356060
2337:ACS Nano
2322:98836972
2314:18951288
2217:29805601
2209:17330072
2162:29433155
2064:57204737
2041:15640487
1985:19072018
1942:18770074
1907:38734740
1898:11088660
1833:24524308
1777:21067150
1757:ACS Nano
1716:10837758
1681:36373851
1616:18970482
1569:12003642
1535:(1): 9.
1510:21897676
1502:15027802
1397:54382511
1315:39712301
1189:13966357
1135:14098499
1082:14187392
1015:34562540
971:34562540
935:22266051
868:23432972
786:17092599
717:See also
692:bioassay
659:antigens
655:vitamins
612:Prospect
529:minerals
525:vitamins
513:nutrient
467:used in
415:opsonins
407:digested
349:Delivery
244:liposome
228:micelles
118:liposome
3650:topical
3588:enteral
3549:Pessary
3379:Liquids
3352:Smoking
3290:Liquids
3185:Softgel
3132:Liquids
3092:Capsule
3069:enteral
2845:5958142
2816:Bibcode
2779:7885208
2702:8318529
2587:2384160
2565:Bibcode
2538:2223816
2459:7143066
2252:6994593
2153:5867125
1643:Bibcode
1588:Talanta
1453:3742676
1273:5459633
1232:5859040
1197:4181517
1169:Bibcode
1143:4153775
1113:Bibcode
859:3599573
828:Bibcode
794:9464592
707:acetate
696:peptide
419:ligands
394:target
383:protons
375:charged
367:diffuse
338:solutes
218:(MVV)).
189:ligands
122:vesicle
101:aqueous
53:Please
3845:Organs
3726:Lotion
3646:Dermal
3584:Rectal
3559:Douche
3339:Solids
3276:tablet
3241:Solids
3223:buccal
3180:Powder
3145:Elixir
3087:Tablet
3079:Solids
2990:
2982:
2946:
2918:
2852:
2842:
2834:
2786:
2776:
2735:
2700:
2664:
2636:
2628:
2593:
2585:
2536:
2501:
2483:Micron
2466:
2456:
2448:
2407:
2399:
2363:
2355:
2320:
2312:
2250:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2160:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2062:
2039:
1983:
1948:
1940:
1905:
1895:
1831:
1823:
1775:
1714:
1679:
1671:
1614:
1606:
1567:
1560:113741
1557:
1549:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1451:
1443:
1395:
1357:539946
1354:
1313:
1271:
1230:
1195:
1187:
1161:Nature
1141:
1133:
1105:Nature
1080:
1021:
1013:
977:
969:
933:
866:
856:
848:
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