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fully open because the engine will be producing near maximum power while the velocity of airflow across the radiator is low. (Being a heat exchanger, the velocity of air flow across the radiator has a major effect on its ability to dissipate heat.) Conversely, when cruising fast downhill on a motorway on a cold night on a light throttle, the thermostat will be nearly closed because the engine is producing little power, and the radiator is able to dissipate much more heat than the engine is producing. Allowing too much flow of coolant to the radiator would result in the engine being over-cooled and operating at lower than optimum temperature, resulting in decreased
219:. A radiator is typically mounted in a position where it receives airflow from the forward movement of the vehicle, such as behind a front grill. Where engines are mid- or rear-mounted, it is common to mount the radiator behind a front grill to achieve sufficient airflow, even though this requires long coolant pipes. Alternatively, the radiator may draw air from the flow over the top of the vehicle or from a side-mounted grill. For long vehicles, such as buses, side airflow is most common for engine and transmission cooling and top airflow most common for air conditioner cooling.
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80 °C and 110 °C. At first glance this appears to be much less temperature difference, but this analysis overlooks the enormous amount of heat energy soaked up during the generation of steam, equivalent to 500 °C. In effect, the evaporative version is operating between 80 °C and 560 °C, a 480 °C effective temperature difference. Such a system can be effective even with much smaller amounts of water.
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allowing a little liquid to escape. This may simply drain onto the ground or be collected in a vented container which remains at atmospheric pressure. When the engine is switched off, the cooling system cools and liquid level drops. In some cases where excess liquid has been collected in a bottle, this may be 'sucked' back into the main coolant circuit. In other cases, it is not.
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744:. However, these systems required numerous pumps to return the liquid from the spread-out radiators and proved to be extremely difficult to keep running properly, and were much more susceptible to battle damage. Efforts to develop this system had generally been abandoned by 1940. The need for evaporative cooling was soon to be negated by the widespread availability of
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bypassing the radiator. Directing water to circulate only through the engine allows the engine to reach optimum operating temperature as quickly as possible whilst avoiding localized "hot spots." Once the coolant reaches the thermostat's activation temperature, it opens, allowing water to flow through the radiator to prevent the temperature from rising higher.
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single-engined fighters, have a series of shutters that can be adjusted from the driver's or pilot's seat to provide a degree of control. Some modern cars have a series of shutters that are automatically opened and closed by the engine control unit to provide a balance of cooling and aerodynamics as
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However, pressurized systems were also more complex, and far more susceptible to damage - as the cooling fluid was under pressure, even minor damage in the cooling system like a single rifle-calibre bullet hole, would cause the liquid to rapidly spray out of the hole. Failures of the cooling systems
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Another effect that is especially important in aircraft cooling is that the specific heat capacity changes and boiling point reduces with pressure, and this pressure changes more rapidly with altitude than the drop in temperature. Thus, generally, liquid cooling systems lose capacity as the aircraft
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often have extra connections to the radiator, allowing the transmission fluid to transfer its heat to the coolant in the radiator. These may be either oil-air radiators, as for a smaller version of the main radiator. More simply they may be oil-water coolers, where an oil pipe is inserted inside the
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would occur, and components outside the engine would fail due to excessive temperature. To combat this effect, coolant is circulated through the engine where it absorbs heat. Once the coolant absorbs the heat from the engine it continues its flow to the radiator. The radiator transfers heat from the
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Consider two cooling systems that are otherwise similar, operating at an ambient air temperature of 20 °C. An all-liquid design might operate between 30 °C and 90 °C, offering 60 °C of temperature difference to carry away heat. An evaporative cooling system might operate between
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from the drivebelt, which slips and reduces the fan speed at low temperatures. This improves fuel efficiency by not wasting power on driving the fan unnecessarily. On modern vehicles, further regulation of cooling rate is provided by either variable speed or cycling radiator fans. Electric fans are
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Although it is more difficult to build an aircraft radiator that is able to handle steam, it is by no means impossible. The key requirement is to provide a system that condenses the steam back into liquid before passing it back into the pumps and completing the cooling loop. Such a system can take
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The most obvious, and common, solution to this problem was to run the entire cooling system under pressure. This maintained the specific heat capacity at a constant value, while the outside air temperature continued to drop. Such systems thus improved cooling capability as they climbed. For most
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Once at optimum temperature, the thermostat controls the flow of engine coolant to the radiator so that the engine continues to operate at optimum temperature. Under peak load conditions, such as driving slowly up a steep hill whilst heavily laden on a hot day, the thermostat will be approaching
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When the engine is cold, the thermostat is closed except for a small bypass flow so that the thermostat experiences changes to the coolant temperature as the engine warms up. Engine coolant is directed by the thermostat to the inlet of the circulating pump and is returned directly to the engine,
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is a major goal in aircraft design, including the design of cooling systems. An early technique was to take advantage of an aircraft's abundant airflow to replace the honeycomb core (many surfaces, with a high ratio of surface to volume) by a surface-mounted radiator. This uses a single surface
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As the coolant system pressure increases with a rise in temperature, it will reach the point where the pressure relief valve allows excess pressure to escape. This will stop when the system temperature stops rising. In the case of an over-filled radiator (or header tank) pressure is vented by
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Aircraft with liquid-cooled piston engines (usually inline engines rather than radial) also require radiators. As airspeed is higher than for cars, these are efficiently cooled in flight, and so do not require large areas or cooling fans. Many high-performance aircraft however suffer extreme
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Airflow speed through a radiator is a major influence on the heat it dissipates. Vehicle speed affects this, in rough proportion to the engine effort, thus giving crude self-regulatory feedback. Where an additional cooling fan is driven by the engine, this also tracks engine speed similarly.
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On vintage cars you may find a bellows type thermostat, which has corrugated bellows containing a volatile liquid such as alcohol or acetone. These types of thermostats do not work well at cooling system pressures above about 7 psi. Modern motor vehicles typically run at around 15 psi, which
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together. For many years radiators were made from brass or copper cores soldered to brass headers. Modern radiators have aluminum cores, and often save money and weight by using plastic headers with gaskets. This construction is more prone to failure and less easily repaired than traditional
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Engines for stationary plant are normally cooled by radiators in the same way as automobile engines. There are some unique differences, depending on the stationary plant – careful planning must be taken to ensure proper air flow across the radiator to ensure proper cooling. In some cases,
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It is sometimes necessary for a car to be equipped with a second, or auxiliary, radiator to increase the cooling capacity, when the size of the original radiator cannot be increased. The second radiator is plumbed in series with the main radiator in the circuit. This was the case when the
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Before the development of viscous-drive and electric fans, engines were fitted with simple fixed fans that drew air through the radiator at all times. Vehicles whose design required the installation of a large radiator to cope with heavy work at high temperatures, such as
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where it is heated, then through a radiator where it loses heat to the atmosphere, and then returned to the engine. Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the engine coolant to circulate, and also for an
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An earlier construction method was the honeycomb radiator. Round tubes were swaged into hexagons at their ends, then stacked together and soldered. As they only touched at their ends, this formed what became in effect a solid water tank with many air tubes through it.
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An overflow tank that runs dry may result in the coolant vaporizing, which can cause localized or general overheating of the engine. Severe damage may result if the vehicle is allowed to run over temperature. Failures such as blown head gaskets, and warped or cracked
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Automobile radiators are constructed of a pair of metal or plastic header tanks, linked by a core with many narrow passageways, giving a high surface area relative to volume. This core is usually made of stacked layers of metal sheet, pressed to form channels and
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It is generally a limitation of most cooling systems that the cooling fluid not be allowed to boil, as the need to handle gas in the flow greatly complicates design. For a water cooled system, this means that the maximum amount of heat transfer is limited by the
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was used solely to control freezing, and this was often only done in cold weather. If plain water is left to freeze in the block of an engine the water can expand as it freezes. This effect can cause severe internal engine damage due to the expanding of the ice.
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Opening a hot radiator drops the system pressure, which may cause it to boil and eject dangerously hot liquid and steam. Therefore, radiator caps often contain a mechanism that attempts to relieve the internal pressure before the cap can be fully opened.
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may be the result. Sometimes there will be no warning, because the temperature sensor that provides data for the temperature gauge (either mechanical or electrical) is exposed to water vapor, not the liquid coolant, providing a harmfully false reading.
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developed an alternative design combining evaporative cooling and surface radiators spread all over the aircraft wings, fuselage and even the rudder. Several aircraft were built using their design and set numerous performance records, notably the
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offers comparable cooling (within limits) from a less complex and thus cheaper and more reliable oil cooler. Less commonly, power steering fluid, brake fluid, and other hydraulic fluids may be cooled by an auxiliary radiator on a vehicle.
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into account to fit together with the correct clearances. Another side effect of over-cooling is reduced performance of the cabin heater, though in typical cases it still blows air at a considerably higher temperature than ambient.
772:) derive thrust from it. The thrust was significant enough to offset the drag of the duct the radiator was enclosed in and allowed the aircraft to achieve zero cooling drag. At one point, there were even plans to equip the
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of the condensers required to cool the steam back below the boiling point. As steam is much less dense than water, a correspondingly larger surface area is needed to provide enough airflow to cool the steam back down. The
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The thermostat is therefore constantly moving throughout its range, responding to changes in vehicle operating load, speed, and external temperature, to keep the engine at its optimum operating temperature.
376:) is chosen such that it can keep the engine at the design temperature under the most extreme conditions a vehicle is likely to encounter (such as climbing a mountain whilst fully loaded on a hot day).
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A system of valves or baffles, or both, is usually incorporated to simultaneously operate a small radiator inside the vehicle. This small radiator, and the associated blower fan, is called the
476:. A calibrated pressure-relief valve is usually incorporated in the radiator's fill cap. This pressure varies between models, but typically ranges from 4 to 30 psi (30 to 200 kPa).
780:, by injecting fuel into the exhaust duct after the radiator and igniting it. Afterburning is achieved by injecting additional fuel into the engine downstream of the main combustion cycle.
292:, and serves to warm the cabin interior. Like the radiator, the heater core acts by removing heat from the engine. For this reason, automotive technicians often advise operators to turn
711:, which in the case of water is five times the specific heat capacity in the liquid form. Additional gains may be had by allowing the steam to become superheated. Such systems, known as
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effect. Coolant is heated in the engine, becomes less dense, and so rises. As the radiator cools the fluid, the coolant becomes denser and falls. This effect is sufficient for low-power
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of water and the difference in temperature between ambient and 100 °C. This provides more effective cooling in the winter, or at higher altitudes where the temperatures are low.
650:, a racing seaplane with radiators built into the upper surfaces of its floats, have been described as "being flown on the temperature gauge" as the main limit on their performance.
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precludes the use of the bellows type thermostat. On direct air-cooled engines, this is not a concern for the bellows thermostat that controls a flap valve in the air passages.
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408:, as the large radiator and fixed fan caused a rapid and significant drop in coolant temperature as soon as the thermostat opened. This problem can be solved by fitting a
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uses, this solved the problem of cooling high-performance piston engines, and almost all liquid-cooled aircraft engines of the World War II period used this solution.
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blended into the fuselage or wing skin, with the coolant flowing through pipes at the back of this surface. Such designs were seen mostly on World War I aircraft.
416:) to the radiator that can be adjusted to partially or fully block the airflow through the radiator. At its simplest the blind is a roll of material such as
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a radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins to dissipate heat rapidly, that receives and cools hot liquid from the engine;
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and increased exhaust emissions. Furthermore, engine durability, reliability, and longevity are sometimes compromised, if any components (such as the
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141:) is pumped by a coolant pump. This liquid may be water (in climates where water is unlikely to freeze), but is more commonly a mixture of water and
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Other factors influence the temperature of the engine, including radiator size and the type of radiator fan. The size of the radiator (and thus its
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a series of galleries cast into the engine block and cylinder head, surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating liquid to carry away heat;
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Radiator caps for pressurized automotive cooling systems. Of the two valves, one prevents the creation of a vacuum, the other limits the pressure.
392:. Electric fans also have the advantage of giving good airflow and cooling at low engine revs or when stationary, such as in slow-moving traffic.
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cars of today, when stopped on the grid with engines running they require ducted air forced into their radiator pods to prevent overheating.
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As they are so dependent on airspeed, surface radiators are even more prone to overheating when ground-running. Racing aircraft such as the
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of internal combustion engines increases with internal temperature, the coolant is kept at higher-than-atmospheric pressure to increase its
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An aircraft radiator contained in a duct heats the air passing through, causing the air to expand and gain velocity. This is called the
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design of 1933 used conventional radiator-like condensers and this design proved to be a serious problem for drag. In
Germany, the
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Development in high-performance aircraft engines required improved coolants with higher boiling points, leading to the adoption of
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that is unfurled along the length of the radiator to cover the desired portion. Some older vehicles, like the World War I-era
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or mixed-metal engines, corrosion inhibition has become even more important than antifreeze, and in all regions and seasons.
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first allowed convenient travel at altitudes above 15,000 ft, and cooling design became a major area of research.
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Najjar, Yousef S. H. (November 1988). "Forced Draft
Cooling Tower Performance with Diesel Power Stations".
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Some vintage cars use radiator cores made from coiled tube, a less efficient but simpler construction.
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The combustion process produces a large amount of heat. If heat were allowed to increase unchecked,
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or water-glycol mixtures. These led to the adoption of glycols for their antifreeze properties.
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buses are fitted with radiator blinds, seen here covering the lower half of the radiators.
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climbs. This was a major limit on performance during the 1930s when the introduction of
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to circulate the engine coolant because natural circulation has very low flow rates.
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would often run cool in cold weather under light loads, even with the presence of a
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Surface radiators have also been used by a few high-speed racing cars, such as
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to control temperature by varying the amount of coolant going to the radiator;
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overheating problems when idling on the ground - a mere seven minutes for a
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water radiator. Though the water is hotter than the ambient air, its higher
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in proportions appropriate to the climate. Antifreeze itself is usually
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Some engines have an oil cooler, a separate small radiator to cool the
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The engine temperature on modern cars is primarily controlled by a
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The invention of the automobile water radiator is attributed to
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Radiators first used downward vertical flow, driven solely by a
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Thermosyphon cooling system of 1937, without circulating pump
331:, a valve that opens once the engine has reached its optimum
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Heat exchangers used for cooling internal combustion engines
129:, a radiator is connected to channels running through the
715:, were the topic of considerable research in the 1930s.
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The downside to the evaporative cooling system is the
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were, by far, the leading cause of engine failures.
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creating the 200. These are not to be confused with
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In automobiles and motorcycles with a liquid-cooled
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997:, autos.ca, April 6, 2011, accessed April 12, 2011.
873:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1130:Opel Omega & Senator Service and Repair Manual
1060:Leader of the Skies (Rolls-Royce 75th anniversary)
74:
62:
1154:Radiator Replacement and Troubleshooting Guides
298:the heater and set it to high if the engine is
160:A typical automotive cooling system comprises:
555:designed the first honeycomb radiator for the
1184:
440:Cooling fan of radiator for prime mover of a
118:Coolant being poured into the radiator of an
43:A typical engine coolant radiator used in an
8:
383:Engine-driven fans are often regulated by a
184:a fan to draw cool air through the radiator.
85:Internal combustion engines are often cooled
388:controlled by a thermostatic switch or the
1191:
1177:
1169:
933:Learn how and when to remove this message
1257:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
954:"What type of cooling fan should I use?"
450:
435:
945:
81:or any similar use of such an engine.
7:
871:adding citations to reliable sources
106:to force air through the radiator.
89:
748:based coolants, which had a lower
25:
1164:Powertrain Cooling Community Site
351:bearings) are engineered to take
847:
196:Radiators are also used to cool
1359:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
858:needs additional citations for
302:, to assist the main radiator.
87:by circulating a liquid called
995:"Auto Tech: Radiator shutters"
882:"Radiator" engine cooling
1:
709:specific heat of vaporization
198:automatic transmission fluids
66:
1159:How Car Cooling Systems Work
979:Rankin Kennedy C.E. (1912).
494:Before World War II, engine
426:Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5
193:coolant to the passing air.
79:stationary generating plants
665:Pressurized cooling systems
110:Automobiles and motorcycles
59:internal combustion engines
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1200:Internal combustion engine
822:Internal combustion engine
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137:, through which a liquid (
127:internal combustion engine
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1668:Diesel particulate filter
1620:Idle air control actuator
1561:Engine control unit (ECU)
1206:
1105:10.1080/01457638808939679
1085:Heat Transfer Engineering
981:The Book of the Motor Car
513:Since the development of
498:was usually plain water.
32:Radiator (disambiguation)
1733:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1645:Throttle position sensor
1354:Overhead camshaft layout
244:Honeycomb radiator tubes
211:, and sometimes to cool
153:(with a small amount of
1272:Core plug (freeze plug)
958:Summit Racing Equipment
565:Supplementary radiators
67:piston-engined aircraft
1848:Engine cooling systems
1058:Michael Donne (1981).
680:specific heat capacity
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591:automatic transmission
521:Boiling or overheating
490:Coolant § Liquids
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1033:Alfred Price (2007).
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626:. This is similar to
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333:operating temperature
319:Car engine thermostat
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223:Radiator construction
117:
42:
1513:Compression ignition
1062:. Frederick Muller.
867:improve this article
774:Supermarine Spitfire
752:, but a much higher
609:engines may have an
596:thermal conductivity
217:power steering fluid
30:For other uses, see
18:Liquid-cooled engine
1663:Catalytic converter
1097:1988HTrEn...9...36N
791:evaporative cooling
729:Rolls-Royce Goshawk
713:evaporative coolers
702:Evaporative cooling
398:commercial vehicles
390:engine control unit
306:Temperature control
155:corrosion inhibitor
71:railway locomotives
1789:Knocking / pinging
1381:Combustion chamber
828:List of auto parts
688:turbosuperchargers
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470:thermal efficiency
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274:stationary engines
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1853:Engine components
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1804:Stratified charge
1571:Electrical system
1553:Engine management
1386:Compression ratio
1326:Starter ring gear
1225:rotating assembly
1139:978-1-85960-342-0
1069:978-0-584-10476-9
1044:978-1-84425-462-0
943:
942:
935:
917:
707:advantage of the
634:Surface radiators
457:AEC Regent III RT
353:thermal expansion
311:Waterflow control
278:centrifugal pumps
57:used for cooling
16:(Redirected from
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1678:Exhaust manifold
1543:Spark plug wires
1429:Boost controller
1416:Forced induction
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1132:. Haynes. 1996.
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784:Stationary plant
655:Malcolm Campbell
648:Supermarine S.6B
464:Coolant pressure
374:cooling capacity
151:propylene glycol
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760:Radiator thrust
746:ethylene glycol
733:Günter brothers
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589:. Cars with an
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553:Wilhelm Maybach
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532:cylinder blocks
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515:aluminium alloy
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368:Airflow control
345:fuel efficiency
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1698:Cooling system
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1655:Exhaust system
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1247:Connecting rod
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1148:External links
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793:is used via a
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742:Heinkel He 100
738:Heinkel He 119
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528:cylinder heads
522:
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488:Main article:
485:
484:Engine coolant
482:
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410:radiator blind
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90:engine coolant
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1711:Water cooling
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1688:Oxygen sensor
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1603:Intake system
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1594:Starter motor
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1533:Ignition coil
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1471:
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1465:Petrol engine
1463:
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1460:Diesel engine
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1424:Blowoff valve
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1008:Radiator Caps
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884: –
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878:Find sources:
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868:
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856:This article
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795:cooling tower
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759:
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754:boiling point
751:
750:specific heat
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603:Turbo charged
600:
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557:Mercedes 35hp
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474:boiling point
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41:
37:
33:
19:
1722:
1718:Electric fan
1518:Coil-on-plug
1444:Turbocharger
1439:Supercharger
1311:Main bearing
1301:Firing order
1291:Displacement
1237:Block heater
1221:Engine block
1209:Part of the
1208:
1129:
1091:(4): 36–44.
1088:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1002:
989:
980:
974:
962:. Retrieved
957:
948:
929:
920:
910:
903:
896:
889:
877:
865:Please help
860:verification
857:
787:
770:P-51 Mustang
763:
756:than water.
723:
721:
717:
705:
696:
692:
684:
676:
652:
645:
637:
620:
607:supercharged
601:
584:
580:intercoolers
576:turbocharged
568:
561:
546:
537:
524:
512:
505:
493:
478:
468:Because the
467:
413:
409:
394:
382:
378:
371:
362:
358:
341:
337:
322:
294:
293:
287:
270:thermosyphon
267:
256:Coolant pump
251:
247:
226:
195:
187:
159:
124:
95:engine block
93:through the
88:
83:
65:but also in
61:, mainly in
50:
49:
36:
1742:Lubrication
1706:Air cooling
1523:Distributor
1475:Fuel filter
1453:Fuel system
1434:Intercooler
1401:Timing belt
1391:Head gasket
1321:Piston ring
993:Kerr, Jim.
817:Intercooler
812:Heater core
778:afterburner
611:intercooler
430:SPAD S.XIII
300:overheating
290:heater core
237:materials.
205:refrigerant
75:motorcycles
63:automobiles
1842:Categories
1794:Power band
1754:Oil filter
1728:Thermostat
1673:EGT sensor
1635:MAF sensor
1630:MAP sensor
1615:Air filter
1579:Alternator
1538:Spark plug
1470:Carburetor
1396:Rocker arm
1336:Valvetrain
1267:Crankshaft
1211:Automobile
1037:. Haynes.
960:. US. 2020
923:March 2010
893:newspapers
839:References
833:Waste heat
587:engine oil
574:was first
500:Antifreeze
447:locomotive
406:thermostat
385:fan clutch
349:crankshaft
329:thermostat
325:wax-pellet
209:intake air
190:detonation
179:thermostat
143:antifreeze
120:automobile
45:automobile
1528:Glow plug
1490:Fuel tank
1485:Fuel pump
1252:Crankcase
1113:0145-7632
983:. Caxton.
661:of 1928.
659:Blue Bird
638:Reducing
628:Formula 1
549:Karl Benz
213:motor oil
104:axial fan
51:Radiators
1827:Category
1772:Dry sump
1768:Wet sump
1759:Oil pump
1723:Radiator
1640:Throttle
1500:Ignition
1371:Camshaft
1296:Flywheel
1277:Cylinder
1262:Crankpin
1006:Tridon,
964:March 7,
801:See also
776:with an
624:Spitfire
617:Aircraft
572:Audi 100
445:GE P42DC
442:VIA Rail
433:needed.
402:tractors
327:type of
230:soldered
170:a water
1799:Redline
1683:Muffler
1584:Battery
1508:Magneto
1123:Sources
1093:Bibcode
907:scholar
807:Coolant
543:History
496:coolant
139:coolant
1822:Portal
1610:Airbox
1589:Dynamo
1316:Piston
1306:Stroke
1285:layout
1213:series
1136:
1111:
1066:
1041:
909:
902:
895:
888:
880:
508:glycol
455:These
422:rubber
418:canvas
284:Heater
234:brazed
131:engine
1782:Other
1406:Valve
1376:Chest
914:JSTOR
900:books
824:(ICE)
1764:Sump
1281:bank
1242:Bore
1134:ISBN
1109:ISSN
1064:ISBN
1039:ISBN
966:2022
886:news
740:and
724:area
640:drag
428:and
412:(or
400:and
172:pump
133:and
97:and
53:are
1749:Oil
1338:and
1223:and
1101:doi
869:by
657:'s
605:or
530:or
420:or
232:or
215:or
157:).
149:or
1844::
1770:,
1283:,
1107:.
1099:.
1087:.
956:.
797:.
582:.
559:.
551:.
335:.
295:on
207:,
200:,
177:a
77:,
73:,
69:,
1774:)
1766:(
1287:)
1279:(
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
1142:.
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1103::
1095::
1089:9
1072:.
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1022:.
968:.
936:)
930:(
925:)
921:(
911:·
904:·
897:·
890:·
863:.
34:.
20:)
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