115:
2366:. The relief valve on the top is designed to vent off excess pressure in order to prevent the rupture of the container itself. Given a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, the pressure being generated by the boiling and expanding gas can exceed the ability of the valve to vent the excess. Alternatively, if, due to continued venting, the liquid level drops below the area being heated, the tank structure can be overheated and subsequently weakened in that area. If either occurs, the container may rupture violently, launching pieces of the vessel at high velocity, while the released products can ignite as well, potentially causing catastrophic damage to anything nearby, including other containers.
2314:
131:
2161:(methane) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow the use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the
1765:. In many climates renewable sources such as solar and wind power would still require the construction, installation and maintenance of reliable baseload power sources such as LPG fueled generation to provide electrical power during the entire year. 100% wind/solar is possible, the caveat being that the expense of the additional generation capacity necessary to charge batteries plus the cost of battery electrical storage makes this option economically feasible in only a minority of situations.
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104:
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80:
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1936:, unintentionally tested the worst-case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant expulsion into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained minor burns to their face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window. No one was seriously injured.
88:
36:
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2176:
LPG-based SNG or natural gas with localized storage and piping distribution network to the households for catering to each cluster of 5000 domestic consumers can be planned under the initial phase of the city gas network system. This would eliminate the last mile LPG cylinders road transport which is
1835:
is higher. Many governments impose less tax on LPG than on petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater consumption of LPG than of petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many
European countries, this tax break is often compensated by a much higher annual tax on cars using LPG than on cars using petrol
1846:
In 2020, BW LPG successfully retrofitted a Very Large Gas
Carrier (VLGC) with LPG propulsion technology, pioneering LPG's application in large-scale maritime operations. LPG’s lowers emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter align with stricter standards set
1806:
or auto propane. In some countries, it has been used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition engines. In some countries, there are additives in the liquid that extend engine life and the ratio of butane to propane is kept quite precise in fuel LPG. Two recent studies have examined
2172:
plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in natural gas supplied to their distributions systems. LPG-SNG installations are also used during initial gas system introductions when the distribution infrastructure is in place before gas supplies can be connected. Developing markets in India
1658:
urban areas, being used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de
Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure. Since 2001, poor families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used exclusively for the acquisition of LPG. Since 2003, this
1634:
In India, nearly 8.9 million tons of LPG were consumed in the six months between April and
September 2016 in the domestic sector, mainly for cooking. The number of domestic connections are 215 million (i.e., one connection for every six people) with a circulation of more than 350 million LPG
1839:
Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with LPG as a fuel. LPG provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or diesel, so LPG-fueled engines are more prone to valve wear if they are not suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines respond well to LPG use as a
1635:
cylinders. Most of the LPG requirement is imported. Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on a major scale. LPG is subsidised by the Indian government for domestic users. An increase in LPG prices has been a politically sensitive matter in India as it potentially affects the
1811:
emissions are increased. The studies were split on CO emissions, with one finding significant increases, and the other finding slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high engine load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of
1931:
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons. One particular test, conducted by a professor at the
1729:
technologies (CHP). CHP is the process of generating both electrical power and useful heat from a single fuel source. This technology has allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel for heating and cooking, but also for decentralized generation of electricity.
276:, mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials. Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications.
1836:
or fuel-oil. Propane is the third most widely used motor fuel in the world. 2013 estimates are that over 24.9 million vehicles are fueled by propane gas worldwide. Over 25 million tonnes (over 9 billion US gallons) are used annually as a vehicle fuel.
1667:
differentiates between LPG destined for cooking and LPG destined for other uses, establishing a lower price for the former. This is a result of a directive from the
Brazilian federal government, but its discontinuation is currently being debated.
1650:
to newer buildings has reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units. However, other than electric, induction, or infrared stoves, LPG-fueled stoves are the only type available in most suburban villages and many public housing estates.
1618:
LPG has a wide variety of uses in many different markets as an efficient fuel container in the agricultural, recreation, hospitality, industrial, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and
1774:
2351:(BLEVE). This is typically a concern for large refineries and petrochemical plants that maintain very large containers. In general, tanks are designed so that the product will vent faster than pressure can build to dangerous levels.
422:
of the contained liquid. The ratio of the densities of the liquid and vapor varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its
3752:
4239:
2177:
a cause of traffic and safety hurdles in Indian cities. These localized natural gas networks are successfully operating in Japan with feasibility to get connected to wider networks in both villages and cities.
393:). As the density and vapor pressure of LPG (or its components) change significantly with temperature, this fact must be considered every time when the application is connected with safety or
2470:
349:
sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by
2225:
produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per
4158:
3725:
Qi, D; Bian, Y; Ma, Z; Zhang, C; Liu, S (2007). "Combustion and exhaust emikon characteristics of a compression ignition engine using liquefied petroleum gas–fuel-oil blended fuel".
2648:
272:), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the
4288:
4137:
2378:
2243:
As it is much less polluting than most traditional solid-fuel stoves, replacing cookstoves used in developing countries with LPG is one of the key strategies adopted to reduce
4231:
3687:
Zhang, Chunhua; Bian, Yaozhang; Si, Lizeng; Liao, Junzhi; Odbileg, N (2005). "A study on an electronically controlled liquefied petroleum gas-diesel dual-fuel automobile".
3634:
2068:
2071:, from which most LPG is derived, stand at 300 trillion cubic meters (10,600 trillion cubic feet). Production continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%.
1847:
by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), making LPG a viable transition option as the maritime industry transitions towards net zero carbon emissions.
4205:
3899:
2370:
2040:
Global LPG production reached over 292 million metric tons per year (Mt/a) in 2015, while global LPG consumption to over 284 Mt/a. 62% of LPG is extracted from
3983:
3956:
2718:
400:
Besides its use as an energy carrier, LPG is also a promising feedstock in the chemical industry for the synthesis of olefins such as ethylene, propylene,
3855:
2056:
Because of the natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is further safeguarded by:
4390:
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3659:
1840:
supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is used as fuel as well as diesel. Systems are now available that integrate with OEM engine management systems.
4365:
4315:
2459:
2348:
2334:
2278:
2106:
114:
353:, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no
4089:
1843:
Conversion kits can switch a vehicle dedicated to gasoline to using a dual system, in which both gasoline and LPG are used in the same vehicle.
2340:
LPG containers have pressure relief valves, such that when subjected to exterior heating sources, they will vent LPGs to the atmosphere or a
4169:
2633:
3753:"World's first VLGC to be retrofitted with pioneering LPG propulsion technology achieves historic milestone; successfully runs on LPG fuel"
2652:
2503:
2495:
2333:
type). Typically, these vessels are designed and manufactured according to some code. In the United States, this code is governed by the
3925:
1647:
2358:. Large, spherical LPG containers may have up to a 15 cm steel wall thickness. They are equipped with an approved pressure relief
4417:
4271:
3891:
2511:
2385:(REL) of 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 2000 ppm, 10% of the lower explosive limit, LPG is considered
2168:
LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG
4298:
2747:
2627:
2300:
2132:
427:, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure
2313:
323:, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States,
455:
and there is an ignition source. The second is suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration.
4777:
1928:
hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.
2678:
315:. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5% and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful
2282:
2237:
2110:
1825:
3627:
2592:
1631:
LPG is used for cooking in many countries for economic reasons, for convenience or because it is the preferred fuel source.
1924:
Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that using
4782:
4463:
4317:
Burning opportunity : clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children
2812:
1959:
came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's
1933:
2173:
and China (among others) use LPG-SNG systems to build up customer bases prior to expanding existing natural gas systems.
4346:
2570:
4444:
2466:
2329:. These containers are either cylindrical and horizontal (sometimes referred to as bullet tanks) or spherical (of the
1876:
1799:
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renewable energy sources, LPG can be used as a standalone energy source without the prohibitive expense of electrical
4194:
3830:"Net-zero by 2050: Achieving shipping decarbonization through industry momentum and the new ambition at IMO | UNCTAD"
2704:
2095:
2027:(HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low
2425:
2382:
2374:
3892:"Detailed Questions About HC-12a ®, OZ-12 ®, DURACOOL 12a ®, EC-12a, and other Flammable Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
2271:
2114:
2099:
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1907:
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depending on local specifications). It burns more cleanly than petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of the
48:
4543:
3866:
3829:
2028:
1895:
67:
130:
2048:. 44% of global consumption is in the domestic sector. The U.S. is the leading producer and exporter of LPG.
3803:
2244:
1946:
1726:
4263:
Green
Finance and Investment Promoting Clean Urban Public Transportation and Green Investment in Kazakhstan
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One remedy that is utilized in industrial settings is to equip such containers with a measure to provide a
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1903:
63:
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2369:
People can be exposed to LPG in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The
2031:(GWP), and nonflammability. Manual pump sprays can be used as an alternative to a stored propellant.
4683:
2063:
a flexible supply chain via water, rail and road with numerous routes and entry points into Europe.
324:
103:
4693:
4653:
3704:
3689:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering
2794:
2617:
2012:
1984:
1952:
1911:
1899:
932:
350:
335:
212:
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Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases
1698:
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1956:
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2377:) for LPG exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. The
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Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of many countries, LPG can provide an alternative to
4109:
3734:
3696:
2776:
2420:
2326:
1832:
1807:
LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found that smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but
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1707:
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452:
394:
386:
119:
3903:
2145:
LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter
1831:
LPG has a lower energy density per liter than either petrol or fuel-oil, so the equivalent
4548:
2194:
2154:
1192:
424:
370:
362:
2209:
per unit of energy than does coal or oil, but more than natural gas. It emits 81% of the
1863:
blending stock because it has exceptional anti-knock properties and gives clean burning.
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4105:
2721:
2347:
If a tank is subjected to a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, it can undergo a
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at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure
286:
and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as
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2008:
1996:
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2619:
Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing
2563:"Aerosol Propellant | Aerosol Propellant Gas | Aerosol Supplies Dubai – Brothers Gas"
2406:
2330:
2023:(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid
2004:
2000:
1992:
1817:
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366:
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79:
17:
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per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its
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52:
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Freon chemical compounds in household refrigerators, air-cooling systems and as a
2562:
3660:"ANP quer fim de diferença entre preços do gás de botijão – 17/08/2017 – Mercado"
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230:
Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (
4756:
4751:
4658:
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4500:
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have been found to be more effective in extinguishing fires than carbon dioxide.
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2362:. A large fire in the vicinity of the vessel will increase its temperature and
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and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes.
4739:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4663:
4386:
4339:
2857:
2649:"Analysis of seasonal mixtures – Propane-butane Fuel Mixture (Summer, Winter)"
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of the mix. Gases having the same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable.
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1112:
612:
592:
4123:
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Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts
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1988:
1976:
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at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG in its gaseous phase is still heavier than
338:
279:
181:
177:
158:
108:
3926:"A Warm Weather Warning: Stay Away from Flammable Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
3700:
2840:
2701:"ASTM D1835 – 11 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases"
1773:
443:, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as
87:
2885:
2700:
1718:. LPG is most often used in areas that do not have direct access to piped
331:
are also approved odorants, although neither is currently being utilized.
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4673:
4624:
4525:
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4453:
4426:
4010:"Car explosion leads to prosecution against leading hydrocarbon promoter"
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2539:
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2016:
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White-bordered green diamond symbol used on LPG-powered vehicles in China
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to provide greater reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO
1715:
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1392:
1332:
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852:
792:
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408:
390:
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283:
196:
185:
154:
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2913:
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operations, e.g. typical cuttoff level option for LPG reservoir is 85%.
389:
is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for
4608:
4598:
3333:
3039:
2955:
2389:(due solely to safety considerations pertaining to risk of explosion).
2285: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2146:
2020:
1968:
1921:
in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
1803:
1785:
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1412:
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volume will contain vapour at a pressure that varies with temperature.
432:
316:
224:
220:
219:. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as
166:
134:
Tank cars in a
Canadian train for carrying liquid petroleum gas by rail
44:
3473:
3431:
3263:
3095:
3053:
3025:
3011:
2969:
2622:(2nd printing. ed.). West Conshohocken, Pa.: ASTM International.
4603:
4515:
4470:
4232:"U.S. Is World's Largest LPG Exporter, But When Will Market Balance?"
4073:
3599:
3515:
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3109:
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1972:
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1312:
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428:
418:. They are typically filled to 80–85% of their capacity to allow for
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170:
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3571:
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2765:"LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation"
2359:
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1732:
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1999:
are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example,
1963:. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile
203:, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an
4558:
2386:
1659:
grant is part of the government's main social welfare program ("
1532:
692:
354:
200:
4399:
4069:
2535:
2254:
2222:
2078:
1741:
LPG can be stored in a variety of manners. LPG, as with other
447:. There are two main dangers to this. The first is a possible
436:
29:
3856:"*overview of advantages and disadvantages of alternatives*"
4395:
4090:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
2153:. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher
1955:(CFCs) were once often used as propellants, but since the
1722:. In the UK about 200,000 households use LPG for heating.
2675:"Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods"
2060:
a wide range of sources, both inside and outside Europe;
2044:
while the rest is produced by petroleum refineries from
1987:
are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being
407:, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and
4340:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – L.P.G."
1882:
Blended from pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator
4088:
Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (22 April 2021).
3865:. European Commission. 5–6 April 2008. Archived from
2379:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
373:
of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for
361:
emission. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or
2232:
LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight
2229:
than butane but more carbon per joule than propane.
4702:
4646:
4617:
4589:
4534:
4440:
4433:
2325:In a refinery or gas plant, LPG must be stored in
2157:(46 MJ/m equivalent to 12.8 kWh/m) than
2703:. American Society for Testing & Materials.
1737:Bottling LPG in the Marshall Islands for storage
3986:. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from
3959:. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from
3955:Iemma, Morris; Lo Po', Faye (16 October 1997).
2534:] (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma, Italy:
1663:"). Also, since 2005, the national oil company
4290:Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas
1898:and can serve as a functional replacement for
4411:
3900:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3804:"Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - What is it?"
2371:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1947:Aerosol spray dispenser § Aerosol propellants
8:
2593:"Performance and Safety of LPG Refrigerants"
1702:Liquefied petroleum gas tank on a rural farm
451:if the mixture of LPG and air is within the
3896:Ozone Layer Depletion - Alternatives / SNAP
2460:World Energy Prices: Database Documentation
2113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1890:(R-600a) the blend "R-290a" has negligible
4437:
4418:
4404:
4396:
4391:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4046:"Fires Halted Quickly by "Lazy" Freon Gas"
2502:. NFPA 58 (2017 ed.). Quincy, Mass.:
473:
4138:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
4113:
2813:"High-purity propylene from refinery LPG"
2780:
2301:Learn how and when to remove this message
2133:Learn how and when to remove this message
3682:
3680:
2387:immediately dangerous to life and health
2349:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
2335:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1642:LPG was once a standard cooking fuel in
311:
307:
300:
293:
289:
70:, nor with "condensate" in the sense of
4159:"Statistical Review of Global LPG 2016"
2451:
1654:LPG is the most common cooking fuel in
411:and is usually supplied in pressurized
4387:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
4266:. OECD Publishing. 2017. p. 124.
1725:LPG can be used as a power source for
1646:; however, the continued expansion of
377:and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade
345:, and is almost entirely derived from
27:Fuel for heating, cooking and vehicles
4242:from the original on 30 December 2017
4094:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
3720:
3718:
2573:from the original on 30 December 2016
1875:refrigeration, usually by means of a
215:in an effort to reduce damage to the
7:
4366:"Calorific value of Different Fuels"
4349:from the original on 8 December 2015
2540:Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
2504:National Fire Protection Association
2476:from the original on 8 February 2024
2283:adding citations to reliable sources
2111:adding citations to reliable sources
2069:proven world reserves of natural gas
43:It has been suggested that parts of
3863:Technical Meeting on HCFC Phase-Out
3236:"Bosnia And Herzegovina Lpg Prices"
403:As its boiling point is below room
4314:World Health Organization (2016).
4211:from the original on 10 April 2017
2616:ed, George E. Totten, ed. (2003).
2251:Fire/explosion risk and mitigation
2197:. LPG does, however, release less
2193:. The reaction also produces some
1753:emissions. However, as opposed to
25:
4287:Shah, Yatish T. (16 March 2017).
3640:from the original on 8 April 2017
2769:Measuring Equipment and Metrology
2707:from the original on 22 May 2012.
2681:from the original on 21 June 2013
2636:from the original on 4 June 2016.
1871:LPG is instrumental in providing
1816:or any additives, and has a high
1675:for domestic cooking and outdoor
4637:
3727:Energy Conversion and Management
2399:
2373:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
2259:
2083:
2067:According to 2010–12 estimates,
2019:(1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or
1945:This section is an excerpt from
180:. It can sometimes contain some
91:Two 45 kg (99 lb) LPG
34:
3932:. 27 April 2005. Archived from
3930:Society of Automotive Engineers
3152:"Dominican Republic Lpg Prices"
2321:Butano facility in Gijón, Spain
2270:needs additional citations for
4370:Centre for Ecological Sciences
4230:Needham, John (7 April 2016).
4115:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
4019:. 7 April 2005. Archived from
3739:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.06.013
2677:. Gas Processors Association.
2528:Enciclopedia degli idrocarburi
2007:). Medicinal aerosols such as
1:
4464:Underground coal gasification
2532:Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons
2317:LPG Horton sphere tanks at a
1934:University of New South Wales
1802:, it is often referred to as
369:. LPG has a typical specific
3982:Ryan, J. F. (29 June 2000).
3957:"Motor Vehicle Hydrocarbons"
3779:"Benefits of LPG Propulsion"
2500:Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
3446:"United Kingdom Lpg Prices"
3222:"Czech Republic Lpg Prices"
2782:10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021
2738:(4th ed.). Stuttgart:
2467:International Energy Agency
2075:Comparison with natural gas
1877:gas absorption refrigerator
1800:internal combustion engines
1777:LPG filling connector on a
470:LPG prices around the world
4804:
4195:"WLPGA Annual Report 2015"
3984:"Hydrocarbon Refrigerants"
2465:(Report) (2020 ed.).
2426:Gasoline gallon equivalent
2383:recommended exposure limit
2375:Permissible exposure limit
1944:
1855:LPG can be converted into
1783:
365:hazards, but it can cause
74:(natural gusting liquids).
61:
4635:
4058:. April 1947. p. 115
2886:"Saudi Arabia Lpg Prices"
2763:Zivenko, Oleksiy (2019).
2734:Horst Bauer, ed. (1996).
2247:in the developing world.
2236:because it releases less
1892:ozone depletion potential
1798:When LPG is used to fuel
462:contains 86% liquid; the
381:(gasoline). However, its
3586:"Switzerland Lpg Prices"
3390:"Netherlands Lpg Prices"
3194:"Philippines Lpg Prices"
3138:"South Korea Lpg Prices"
2029:global warming potential
1896:global warming potential
1671:LPG is commonly used in
118:A dual fuel LPG-powered
99:used for domestic supply
68:associated petroleum gas
62:Not to be confused with
4778:Liquefied petroleum gas
4320:. Geneva, Switzerland:
3376:"Luxembourg Lpg Prices"
3278:"San Marino Lpg Prices"
2928:"Azerbaijan Lpg Prices"
2914:"Kyrgyzstan Lpg Prices"
2245:household air pollution
1828:present in the latter.
1747:renewable power sources
1745:, can be combined with
1727:combined heat and power
504:
499:
492:
481:
476:
139:Liquefied petroleum gas
4679:Natural-gas processing
4372:. IISc. Archived from
3701:10.1243/095440705X6470
3334:"Macedonia Lpg Prices"
3040:"Lithuania Lpg Prices"
2956:"Australia Lpg Prices"
2415:Compressed natural gas
2356:fire-resistance rating
2322:
1851:Conversion to gasoline
1795:
1781:
1738:
1703:
1695:
1053:Bosnia And Herzegovina
141:, also referred to as
135:
127:
111:
100:
84:
72:natural-gas condensate
4441:Manufactured fuel gas
4202:World LPG Association
3474:"Slovenia Lpg Prices"
3432:"Portugal Lpg Prices"
3264:"Slovakia Lpg Prices"
3096:"Mongolia Lpg Prices"
3054:"Bulgaria Lpg Prices"
3026:"Paraguay Lpg Prices"
3012:"Cambodia Lpg Prices"
2970:"Honduras Lpg Prices"
2316:
2181:Environmental effects
1793:
1776:
1736:
1701:
1690:
133:
117:
106:
90:
82:
64:liquefied natural gas
4783:Petroleum production
4376:on 19 February 2020.
4328:on 24 November 2017.
3600:"Germany Lpg Prices"
3516:"Hungary Lpg Prices"
3488:"Croatia Lpg Prices"
3404:"Lebanon Lpg Prices"
3362:"Belgium Lpg Prices"
3348:"Moldova Lpg Prices"
3306:"Romania Lpg Prices"
3208:"Estonia Lpg Prices"
3124:"Albania Lpg Prices"
3110:"Georgia Lpg Prices"
3082:"Ukraine Lpg Prices"
2998:"Belarus Lpg Prices"
2858:"Algeria Lpg Prices"
2742:. pp. 238–239.
2542:. 2005. p. 26.
2506:. pp. 11, 132.
2279:improve this article
2107:improve this section
165:gases, specifically
143:liquid petroleum gas
18:Liquid petroleum gas
4684:Natural gas storage
4236:Butane Propane News
4106:2021EleSA...9..177Y
4072:carrier in aerosol
3836:. 22 September 2023
3614:"Sweden Lpg Prices"
3558:"Greece Lpg Prices"
3544:"France Lpg Prices"
3502:"Israel Lpg Prices"
3460:"Canada Lpg Prices"
3418:"Serbia Lpg Prices"
3292:"Latvia Lpg Prices"
3166:"Poland Lpg Prices"
3068:"Turkey Lpg Prices"
2942:"Taiwan Lpg Prices"
2900:"Russia Lpg Prices"
2872:"Angola Lpg Prices"
2736:Automotive Handbook
2567:www.brothersgas.com
2561:Alvi, Moin ud-Din.
1953:Chlorofluorocarbons
1859:which is a premium
334:LPG is prepared by
325:tetrahydrothiophene
213:chlorofluorocarbons
83:LPG storage spheres
4694:Pipeline transport
4654:Compressor station
3530:"Spain Lpg Prices"
3320:"Italy Lpg Prices"
3250:"India Lpg Prices"
3180:"Chile Lpg Prices"
2381:(NIOSH) has set a
2323:
2238:particulate matter
2052:Security of supply
2013:hydrofluoroalkanes
1985:methyl ethyl ether
1940:Aerosol propellant
1912:chlorofluorocarbon
1796:
1782:
1739:
1704:
1696:
933:Dominican Republic
351:Walter O. Snelling
251:), mostly butane (
205:aerosol propellant
201:heating appliances
136:
128:
112:
101:
85:
4765:
4764:
4633:
4632:
4476:Blast furnace gas
4459:Coal gasification
4051:Popular Mechanics
3759:. 21 October 2020
3572:"Fiji Lpg Prices"
2984:"Peru Lpg Prices"
2740:Robert Bosch GmbH
2605:on 10 March 2015.
2311:
2310:
2303:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2036:Global production
2025:hydrofluoroolefin
1957:Montreal Protocol
1916:hydrofluorocarbon
1691:LPG cylinders in
1611:
1610:
478:Country/Territory
420:thermal expansion
195:LPG is used as a
157:which contains a
107:LPG minibuses in
60:
59:
51:into this page. (
16:(Redirected from
4795:
4641:
4438:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4377:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4324:. Archived from
4311:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4175:on 10 April 2017
4174:
4168:. Archived from
4163:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4065:
4063:
4056:Hearst Magazines
4054:. Vol. 87.
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3906:on 7 August 2009
3902:. Archived from
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3872:on 5 August 2009
3871:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3664:Folha de S.Paulo
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2784:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:on 9 August 2010
2651:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2598:. Archived from
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2464:
2456:
2421:Filling carousel
2409:
2404:
2403:
2327:pressure vessels
2306:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2263:
2255:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2087:
2079:
1833:fuel consumption
1708:electric heating
1639:voting pattern.
1605:
1585:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1505:
1485:
1465:
1445:
1425:
1405:
1385:
1365:
1345:
1325:
1305:
1285:
1265:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1185:
1165:
1145:
1125:
1105:
1085:
1065:
1045:
1025:
1005:
985:
965:
945:
925:
905:
885:
865:
845:
825:
805:
785:
765:
745:
725:
705:
685:
665:
645:
625:
605:
585:
565:
545:
525:
474:
453:explosive limits
395:custody transfer
387:relative density
357:and very little
314:
303:
296:
271:
270:
269:
261:
260:
250:
249:
248:
240:
239:
223:or even just as
38:
37:
30:
21:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4698:
4642:
4629:
4613:
4585:
4530:
4442:
4429:
4424:
4383:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4061:
4059:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4026:on 19 July 2008
4023:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2276:
2264:
2253:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:carbon monoxide
2183:
2155:calorific value
2139:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2104:
2088:
2077:
2054:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2009:asthma inhalers
1950:
1942:
1869:
1853:
1788:
1771:
1752:
1685:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1583:
1563:
1543:
1523:
1503:
1483:
1463:
1443:
1423:
1403:
1383:
1363:
1343:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1183:
1163:
1143:
1123:
1103:
1083:
1063:
1043:
1023:
1003:
983:
963:
943:
923:
903:
883:
863:
843:
823:
803:
783:
763:
743:
723:
703:
683:
663:
643:
623:
603:
583:
563:
543:
523:
495:
484:
472:
425:vapour pressure
371:calorific value
363:water pollution
327:(thiophane) or
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
268:
265:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
252:
247:
244:
243:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
231:
75:
56:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4647:Infrastructure
4644:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Regasification
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4450:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4382:
4381:External links
4379:
4361:
4360:
4331:
4306:
4299:
4279:
4273:978-9264279643
4272:
4253:
4222:
4186:
4150:
4129:
4080:
4037:
4001:
3990:on 22 May 2005
3974:
3963:on 1 July 2009
3947:
3917:
3883:
3847:
3821:
3795:
3770:
3744:
3714:
3676:
3651:
3619:
3605:
3591:
3577:
3563:
3549:
3535:
3521:
3507:
3493:
3479:
3465:
3451:
3437:
3423:
3409:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3353:
3339:
3325:
3311:
3297:
3283:
3269:
3255:
3241:
3227:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3129:
3115:
3101:
3087:
3073:
3059:
3045:
3031:
3017:
3003:
2989:
2975:
2961:
2947:
2933:
2919:
2905:
2891:
2877:
2863:
2849:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2755:
2748:
2726:
2710:
2692:
2666:
2639:
2628:
2608:
2584:
2553:
2519:
2513:978-1455913879
2512:
2487:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Industrial gas
2428:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2391:
2309:
2308:
2291:September 2009
2267:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2215:
2203:
2191:greenhouse gas
2187:carbon dioxide
2182:
2179:
2141:
2140:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2015:(HFA): either
1997:carbon dioxide
1981:Dimethyl ether
1951:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1868:
1865:
1852:
1849:
1814:tetraethyllead
1784:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1763:energy storage
1750:
1684:
1681:
1628:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:United Kingdom
1349:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:Czech Republic
1029:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:
989:
988:
986:
981:
978:
975:
969:
968:
966:
961:
958:
955:
949:
948:
946:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
926:
921:
918:
915:
909:
908:
906:
901:
898:
895:
889:
888:
886:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
866:
861:
858:
855:
849:
848:
846:
841:
838:
835:
829:
828:
826:
821:
818:
815:
809:
808:
806:
801:
798:
795:
789:
788:
786:
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
766:
761:
758:
755:
749:
748:
746:
741:
738:
735:
729:
728:
726:
721:
718:
715:
709:
708:
706:
701:
698:
695:
689:
688:
686:
681:
678:
675:
669:
668:
666:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
646:
641:
638:
635:
629:
628:
626:
621:
618:
615:
609:
608:
606:
601:
598:
595:
589:
588:
586:
581:
578:
575:
569:
568:
566:
561:
558:
555:
549:
548:
546:
541:
538:
535:
529:
528:
526:
521:
518:
515:
509:
508:
503:
498:
494:US$ /US gallon
491:
480:
471:
468:
383:energy density
329:amyl mercaptan
266:
257:
245:
236:
58:
57:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Bunsen burner
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4300:9781315302348
4296:
4293:. CRC Press.
4292:
4291:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3936:on 5 May 2005
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3636:
3629:
3628:"LPG Profile"
3623:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2749:0-8376-0333-1
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2629:9780803120969
2625:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:Energy portal
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:Horton sphere
2328:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2268:This section
2266:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2123:February 2022
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2092:This section
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:cooking spray
2002:
2001:whipped cream
1998:
1994:
1993:Nitrous oxide
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1867:Refrigeration
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:octane rating
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1683:Rural heating
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:North America
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:Bolsa Família
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:water heating
1613:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
987:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
907:
902:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
822:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
787:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
707:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
667:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
642:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
622:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
502:
501:Date of price
497:
490:
488:
479:
475:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:air pollution
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
285:
281:
277:
275:
274:United States
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
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19:
4788:Fossil fuels
4735:Gas lighting
4720:Gas cylinder
4590:
4506:Producer gas
4491:Landfill gas
4486:Gasification
4374:the original
4369:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4342:
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4170:the original
4165:
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4100:(1): 00177.
4097:
4093:
4083:
4074:insect bombs
4067:
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4049:
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3988:the original
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3833:
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3810:. 1 May 2024
3807:
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2669:
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2653:the original
2642:
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2587:
2575:. Retrieved
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2478:. Retrieved
2454:
2368:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2324:
2297:
2288:
2277:Please help
2272:verification
2269:
2242:
2234:hydrocarbons
2231:
2184:
2175:
2170:peak shaving
2167:
2144:
2129:
2120:
2105:Please help
2093:
2066:
2055:
2039:
1967:, typically
1965:hydrocarbons
1930:
1923:
1919:refrigerants
1883:
1881:
1873:off-the-grid
1870:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:particulates
1797:
1743:fossil fuels
1740:
1724:
1705:
1670:
1653:
1641:
1637:middle class
1633:
1630:
1617:
553:Saudi Arabia
505:
500:
493:
482:
477:
460:gas cylinder
457:
402:
399:
333:
278:
229:
211:, replacing
194:
171:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
76:
4757:Pilot light
4752:Gas turbine
4659:Gas carrier
4536:Natural gas
4501:Pintsch gas
4353:28 November
4343:www.cdc.gov
4166:Argus Media
3840:21 February
3788:21 February
3763:21 February
2719:49 CFR
2647:Unipetrol.
2436:Intumescent
2342:flare stack
2163:Wobbe index
2159:natural gas
2042:natural gas
1961:ozone layer
1894:, very low
1809:hydrocarbon
1720:natural gas
1712:heating oil
1553:Switzerland
1273:Netherlands
993:Philippines
913:South Korea
458:A full LPG
441:natural gas
405:temperature
347:fossil fuel
343:natural gas
321:ethanethiol
217:ozone layer
209:refrigerant
163:hydrocarbon
161:mixture of
126:, Australia
122:taxicab in
120:Ford Falcon
97:New Zealand
66:, nor with
4772:Categories
4740:Gas mantle
4730:Gas heater
4725:Gas engine
4715:Gas burner
4664:Gas holder
4215:13 January
4179:13 January
3834:unctad.org
3733:(2): 500.
3695:(2): 207.
3669:25 January
2480:8 February
2447:References
1983:(DME) and
1910:and other
1769:Motor fuel
1604:9 Mar 2023
1584:9 Mar 2023
1564:9 Mar 2023
1544:9 Mar 2023
1524:9 Mar 2023
1504:9 Mar 2023
1484:9 Mar 2023
1464:9 Mar 2023
1444:9 Mar 2023
1424:9 Mar 2023
1404:9 Mar 2023
1384:9 Mar 2023
1364:9 Mar 2023
1344:9 Mar 2023
1324:9 Mar 2023
1304:9 Mar 2023
1284:9 Mar 2023
1264:9 Mar 2023
1253:Luxembourg
1244:9 Mar 2023
1224:9 Mar 2023
1204:9 Mar 2023
1184:9 Mar 2023
1164:9 Mar 2023
1144:9 Mar 2023
1124:9 Mar 2023
1113:San Marino
1104:9 Mar 2023
1084:9 Mar 2023
1064:9 Mar 2023
1044:9 Mar 2023
1024:9 Mar 2023
1004:9 Mar 2023
984:9 Mar 2023
964:9 Mar 2023
944:9 Mar 2023
924:9 Mar 2023
904:9 Mar 2023
884:9 Mar 2023
864:9 Mar 2023
844:9 Mar 2023
824:9 Mar 2023
804:9 Mar 2023
784:9 Mar 2023
764:9 Mar 2023
744:9 Mar 2023
724:9 Mar 2023
704:9 Mar 2023
684:9 Mar 2023
664:9 Mar 2023
644:9 Mar 2023
624:9 Mar 2023
613:Azerbaijan
604:9 Mar 2023
593:Kyrgyzstan
584:9 Mar 2023
564:9 Mar 2023
544:9 Mar 2023
524:9 Mar 2023
4747:Gas stove
4669:Gas meter
4521:Water gas
4145:Honeywell
4124:2325-1026
3709:109657186
2841:"LPG pdf"
2799:211776025
2791:0368-6418
2548:955421604
2441:POL valve
2094:does not
2046:crude oil
1989:flammable
1977:isobutane
1926:flammable
1888:isobutane
1820:(102–108
1779:Skoda 120
1665:Petrobras
1656:Brazilian
1644:Hong Kong
1193:Macedonia
773:Lithuania
653:Australia
449:explosion
445:basements
439:, unlike
409:pressures
341:or "wet"
339:petroleum
284:butylenes
280:Propylene
190:isobutene
182:propylene
178:isobutane
159:flammable
109:Hong Kong
4689:Odorizer
4674:Gasworks
4625:Hydrogen
4526:Wood gas
4496:Mond gas
4481:Blau gas
4454:Coal gas
4427:Fuel gas
4347:Archived
4246:10 April
4240:Archived
4206:Archived
3757:BW Group
3644:30 March
3635:Archived
2705:Archived
2679:Archived
2659:29 April
2634:Archived
2571:Archived
2498:(2017).
2471:Archived
2393:See also
2364:pressure
2337:(ASME).
2017:HFA 134a
1861:gasoline
1857:alkylate
1716:kerosene
1677:grilling
1648:town gas
1393:Slovenia
1333:Portugal
1093:Slovakia
853:Mongolia
793:Bulgaria
753:Paraguay
733:Cambodia
673:Honduras
496:(95 RON)
391:gasoline
375:fuel oil
336:refining
197:fuel gas
186:butylene
155:fuel gas
153:), is a
4609:Propane
4599:Autogas
4579:Bio-SNG
4445:History
4147:. 2017.
4102:Bibcode
3994:30 July
3967:30 July
3940:30 July
3910:30 July
3876:30 July
2829:. 2011.
2722:173.315
2577:14 June
2147:methane
2115:removed
2100:sources
2021:HFA 227
1969:propane
1804:autogas
1786:Autogas
1627:Cooking
1597:1.3451
1577:1.1531
1573:Germany
1557:1.1411
1537:1.0601
1517:1.0571
1497:1.0531
1477:1.0491
1457:1.0431
1453:Hungary
1437:1.0341
1417:1.0261
1413:Croatia
1397:0.9931
1377:0.9281
1357:0.9171
1337:0.9151
1317:0.9101
1297:0.9031
1293:Lebanon
1277:0.8891
1257:0.8701
1237:0.8681
1233:Belgium
1217:0.8611
1213:Moldova
1197:0.8611
1177:0.8591
1157:0.8571
1153:Romania
1137:0.8411
1117:0.8381
1097:0.8361
1077:0.8191
1057:0.8061
1037:0.7921
1017:0.7721
1013:Estonia
997:0.7701
977:0.7331
957:0.7191
937:0.7021
917:0.6941
897:0.6921
893:Albania
877:0.6851
873:Georgia
857:0.6801
837:0.6511
833:Ukraine
817:0.6281
797:0.6271
777:0.6171
757:0.5831
737:0.5671
717:0.5191
713:Belarus
697:0.5071
677:0.5071
657:0.4981
637:0.4751
617:0.3821
597:0.3371
577:0.2561
557:0.2401
537:0.1991
517:0.0661
513:Algeria
506:Sources
433:propane
416:vessels
317:odorant
221:autogas
174:-butane
167:propane
53:Discuss
45:Propane
4604:Butane
4516:Syngas
4471:Biogas
4297:
4270:
4122:
4062:7 June
4030:24 May
3814:13 May
3808:BW LPG
3783:BW LPG
3707:
2797:
2789:
2746:
2685:18 May
2626:
2546:
2510:
2319:Repsol
2151:ethane
1973:butane
1908:R-134a
1886:) and
1593:Sweden
1513:Greece
1493:France
1433:Israel
1373:Canada
1313:Serbia
1133:Latvia
953:Poland
813:Turkey
633:Taiwan
573:Russia
533:Angola
483:US$ /L
464:ullage
429:butane
379:petrol
359:sulfur
304:, and
207:and a
188:, and
151:LP gas
4618:Other
4434:Types
4209:(PDF)
4198:(PDF)
4173:(PDF)
4162:(PDF)
4141:(PDF)
4024:(PDF)
4013:(PDF)
3870:(PDF)
3859:(PDF)
3705:S2CID
3638:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2795:S2CID
2603:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2530:[
2474:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2417:(CNG)
2360:valve
2227:joule
1884:R-290
1759:solar
1714:, or
1693:India
1600:5.09
1580:4.36
1560:4.32
1540:4.01
1520:4.00
1500:3.99
1480:3.97
1473:Spain
1460:3.95
1440:3.91
1420:3.88
1400:3.76
1380:3.51
1360:3.47
1340:3.46
1320:3.45
1300:3.42
1280:3.37
1260:3.29
1240:3.29
1220:3.26
1200:3.26
1180:3.25
1173:Italy
1160:3.24
1140:3.18
1120:3.17
1100:3.16
1080:3.10
1073:India
1060:3.05
1040:3.00
1020:2.92
1000:2.92
980:2.78
973:Chile
960:2.72
940:2.66
920:2.63
900:2.62
880:2.59
860:2.57
840:2.46
820:2.38
800:2.37
780:2.34
760:2.21
740:2.15
720:1.97
700:1.92
680:1.92
660:1.89
640:1.80
620:1.45
600:1.28
580:0.97
560:0.91
540:0.75
520:0.25
413:steel
124:Perth
49:moved
4703:Uses
4559:HCNG
4355:2015
4295:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4248:2017
4217:2017
4181:2017
4120:ISSN
4064:2019
4032:2012
4017:VASA
3996:2009
3969:2009
3942:2009
3912:2009
3878:2009
3842:2024
3816:2024
3790:2024
3765:2024
3671:2019
3646:2017
2787:ISSN
2744:ISBN
2687:2012
2661:2013
2624:ISBN
2579:2016
2544:OCLC
2538:and
2508:ISBN
2496:NFPA
2482:2024
2221:per
2189:, a
2149:and
2098:any
2096:cite
2011:use
2003:and
1995:and
1975:and
1971:, n-
1904:R-22
1900:R-12
1757:and
1755:wind
1614:Uses
1533:Fiji
693:Peru
485:(95
355:soot
176:and
4591:LPG
4574:SNG
4569:NGC
4564:LNG
4554:CNG
4549:CBM
4544:APG
4322:WHO
4110:doi
4070:DDT
3735:doi
3697:doi
3693:219
2777:doi
2536:Eni
2281:by
2223:kWh
2109:by
1914:or
1822:RON
487:RON
437:air
225:gas
199:in
149:or
147:LPG
95:in
47:be
4774::
4389:–
4368:.
4345:.
4238:.
4234:.
4204:.
4200:.
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4096:.
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4048:.
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3928:.
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3861:.
3832:.
3806:.
3781:.
3755:.
3731:48
3729:.
3717:^
3703:.
3691:.
3679:^
3662:.
3633:.
2793:.
2785:.
2773:80
2771:.
2767:.
2632:.
2569:.
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2469:.
2344:.
2240:.
2211:CO
2199:CO
1991:.
1979:.
1906:,
1902:,
1879:.
1710:,
1679:.
319:,
299:CH
297:,
282:,
267:10
227:.
192:.
184:,
169:,
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4112::
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4098:9
4034:.
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3971:.
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3880:.
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3818:.
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3767:.
3741:.
3737::
3711:.
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3588:.
3574:.
3560:.
3546:.
3532:.
3518:.
3504:.
3490:.
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3420:.
3406:.
3392:.
3378:.
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3336:.
3322:.
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3210:.
3196:.
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3070:.
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3000:.
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2815:.
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2298:(
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2121:(
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2103:.
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310:H
308:3
306:C
301:4
294:6
292:H
290:2
288:C
262:H
258:4
253:C
246:8
241:H
237:3
232:C
172:n
145:(
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