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completion of the gun stations increased as the
Japanese moved through Malaya, Singapore and finally to various islands north of Australia. As a result, no time was allocated to allow the concrete to cure. However the original guns intended for Lithgow were sent to Singapore and remained on the docks there until captured by the Japanese in 1942. This delayed the delivery of the guns to the last week of 1941. The Clwydd guns were not installed until 2 January 1942. The guns at the Bowenfels Gun Station were installed soon after. The guns were protected by temporary sand bag revetments until the reinforced concrete and brick revetments were constructed. These revetments also became the ammunition/storage bays and were designed to protect the gunners from bomb blasts.
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latter half of World War II. The defences were introduced to protect
Lithgow's important mining, manufacturing and transport industries and the Lithgow Small Arms Factory. The construction of these defence facilities together with those at the Small Arms Factory represents a changing national defence policy in response to the entry of Japan into World War II, and an increased perception of the vulnerability of inland areas brought about by improvements in aircraft technology. This is further demonstrated by the construction of the dummy batteries to ensure local defence facilities were not easily targeted during an enemy attack.
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transport hub located there, in particular the Small Arms
Factory. The construction of the stations and the associated dummy stations, farm and villages in the Lithgow area demonstrates the increased perception of the threat of the enemy to Australian inland industries and defence sites when Japan entered the war and concerns regarding Japan's ability to reach Australian shores. The establishment of the site represents a change in military defence policy connected with the changing course of the war, and a move from coastal defences to inland defences.
289:. In addition, bridges and roads were identified for destruction, road blocks and obstacles were erected in northern suburban areas of Sydney, tank traps were constructed and a variety of activities undertaken to prevent a land based enemy invasion reaching the inland areas. Lithgow was included as an adjunct to the Sydney Fortress Area in order to place its industries, transport infrastructure and defence site under protection from aerial attack, including the Small Arms Factory in the centre of Lithgow, the ammunition depots at
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personnel; one sergeant, one bombardier, nine gunners. Mobile guns had nine; the difference was that the static gun needed two men to load the shell, as the gun was too high for the method used with the mobiles, where a gunner punched the shell into the breach. The guns were located in revetments built to trunnion height and laid out in a shallow arc of about 90 degrees close to and easily seen from the
Command Post.
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a central iron pipe located in the centre cut off to the height of the platform are located on a larger circular base appearing to consist of sand, cement, slag and other materials that have now broken down to form a loose surface that has deteriorated significantly. Overall, each dummy emplacement has a diameter of approximately six metres.
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The
Command Posts at both batteries were the next items to be constructed. The Command Post was centrally located among the four gun emplacements and was, according to Southall, of a World War I blockhouse design. From the central room of the blockhouse protected passages gave access to the platforms
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The Army concluded that any aerial attack on the
Lithgow area would, because of the topography of the Lithgow Valley, be from either end of the valley rather than across the narrow valley. This dictated the placement of one Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Station (A Troop) at the western end of the valley at
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As at 3 November 2010, the
Bowenfels Gun Station is in good, sound condition having been cleaned, stabilised and had debris removed. The Scenic Hill Gun Station has suffered significant subsidence resulting in partial collapse in some areas and nature has begun to reclaim the site. The Dummy Battery
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At least two examples of dummy gun emplacements are known to exist near
Hassans Wall Road at Lithgow. They are accessed via a driveable track leading from Chifley Road. The dummy emplacements are located in small clearings with small, scrubby, native plantings. Raised octagonal cement platforms with
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The
Command Post (CP) was manned by a Lieutenant, Gun Position Officer (GPO); a Sergeant, Gun Position Officer Assistant (GPOA); a telescope identification (TI) operator; a height finder (UB7) manned by three men; and the predictor manned by six men including a bombardier. Each static gun had eleven
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The
Predictor, manned by six gunners, was manufactured by Vickers in England and was the equivalent of a computer which determined the direction and speed of travel of the enemy aircraft and the time of flight for the projectile fuse setting. This information was transmitted by coaxial cable to each
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As at 11 May 2011, the Lithgow Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station have state significance as the only known inland heavy anti aircraft gun stations of their type in NSW. The emplacements were introduced as an important part of the network of defence sites established at Lithgow during the
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Three 3.7 inch heavy anti aircraft guns have been relocated to the Bowenfels Gun Station and positioned in three of the emplacements. They are similar to the original guns but are a mobile version. All three appear to be in good condition when viewed by the casual observer, however they are in need
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There were over 100 static Anti Aircraft Gun Station sites for defence against air attack were established in Australia during World War II. Approximately thirty were established in NSW, primarily along the coast between Port Kembla and Newcastle. By the end of 1940 Sydney had 36 anti-aircraft guns
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The Scenic Hill Dummy Anti Aircraft Gun Station, on which the dummy guns no longer exist, demonstrates not only a change in military defence policy connected with these events, but the desire to ensure that those facilities designed to defend Lithgow did not themselves become targets of the enemy.
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and provided protection from bomb blasts are built into the main walls on alternate sides of the octagon. Commencing on the first side left of the entry point of the emplacement, the storage bays are accessible from inside the emplacements only. The rear of these storage spaces projects beyond the
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The four gun emplacements are designed to house 3.7" anti-aircraft guns. Each has a single entry point via a break in the outer walls. Inner and outer concrete walls form the rifle trench. The emplacements all contain evidence of the gun fixings in the centre. These consist of eight locating bolts
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The manning of units varied throughout the war but basically they consisted of a four-gun sub-unit with command post. HAA guns were sited in fours, with a multi core cable from the predictor to each gun. This cable operated two dials (bearing and elevation) on the gun, and with time fuses, a fuse
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The main equipment of the Heavy Anti Aircraft artillery was the 3.7 inch anti-aircraft gun which came in two versions, static and mobile. The main difference between the two types of gun was that the mobile has the outrigger legs and the static was bolted to the ground and had a large arm atop to
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The reinforced concrete command post bunker is a square, three level building connected to a smaller two level octagonal building. It contains various rooms in the form of a World War One Block House (a single small fort). Protective, narrow concrete passages link the buildings. The two smaller
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and the other Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Station (B Troop) at the eastern end of the valley on the heights of Scenic Hill overlooking the Vale of Clwydd. A third detachment was to be mounted on the roof of the Small Arms Factory using a Lewis Machine Gun for the close defence of the factory and to
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The primary role of HAA artillery is defence against hostile aircraft flying at a height up to 11,000 metres (35,000 ft). During World War II the accuracy of bombing was limited to the skill of the aircrew and the higher the bombers were flying the less likely they would hit their target.
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The Bowenfels and Scenic Hill Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and the Scenic Hill Dummy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations have state historical significance as an important part of the World War II network of defences of Lithgow established during the War to defend the important mining, manufacturing and
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Work began on the stations immediately and workmen from the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission poured the concrete floors of the emplacements prior to 22 December 1941. The emplacements were ready to receive and mount the guns on their hold-down bolts on that date. The urgency for
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containing the tracking instruments: the Predictor on the roof of the octagonal section of the Command Post and the Barr & Stroud Height Range Finder and the Telescope (or Toc 1). All the platforms were protected with removable roofs which could swing open on hinges ready for action.
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The threat to Australia moved further north and the guns were removed during December 1943 and January 1944. The guns and their artillery crews are believed to have been shipped to islands off the northern coast of Australia. The "hoax farm" buildings were auctioned off after 1945.
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The gun fired a 22-kilogram (49 lb) 3.7 inch round (shell weight 13 kilograms (28 lb)) to an effective height of 7,600 metres (25,000 ft). The muzzle velocity was 810 metres per second (2,670 ft/s). Maximum rate of fire was between 12 and 15 per minute.
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The two stations include four octagonal reinforced concrete gun emplacements for 3.7 heavy anti-aircraft guns arranged around a central reinforced concrete command bunker consisting of a square, three level building connected to a smaller two level octagonal building.
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is in close proximity. The station at Scenic Hill is located in a vastly different environment among disturbed bushland demonstrating the more isolated environment it was historically a part of. Its dummy gun station is located off a track in the middle of bushland.
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At the end of World War II all static guns were removed and only the mobile versions retained. Although Australia produced 600 static 3.7 inch guns of the type originally located at Lithgow, only two are known to remain today. Both are located at North Fort on
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In 2003 three anti-aircraft guns of the type originally located at South Bowenfels and Scenic Hill were installed at Bowenfels, following their restoration. Works were then completed around the gun emplacements to facilitate public access to the site.
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The Lithgow Anti Aircraft Gun Stations are set in vastly different landscapes. The Bowenfels Gun Station is located in a vast cleared area which gives way to new development in some directions with the mountains clearly visible in the distance. The
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The Bowenfels Anti Aircraft Gun Station has significance to a broad section of the local community who participate in commemorative activities at the site, actively support its ongoing conservation and provide informal surveillance of the site.
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The sites have considerable research potential at a state level in terms of the design, layout and construction of the type and in relation to their use as an inland anti-aircraft gun station and their relationship to other defence sites.
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counter the weight of the barrel being slightly further forward of the point of balance. It is believed that approximately 50 mobile units are known to survive in Australia. Only two static guns are known to remain.
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and the various coal mines in the Lithgow Valley and nearby. Sydney Command was particularly concerned about attack from the high level Japanese bombers and low level strafing fighter planes or dive bombers. The
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The anti aircraft gun stations and dummy anti aircraft gun station have state significance as the only known inland heavy anti-aircraft gun stations, and dummy gun station complexes of their type in inland NSW.
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The gun stations were connected to the Headquarters in the Lithgow Drill Hall. Both were operational by the end of January 1942. Dummy gun emplacements, farms and other facilities were established around them.
285:. However, Japan's rapid advance and its attack on Malaya and Pearl Harbor, saw the decision made that certain country areas also needed defensive measures in the event of an air attack, including Lithgow and
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and a variety of other guns. Newcastle had 28 Anti-Aircraft guns and six others. Numerous additional guns had been added by 1943. Guns, searchlights and other facilities were located at places including
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outer of the wall of the reinforced concrete rifle trenches. What appear to be later addition, purpose built blonde brick walls are located parallel to the original sides on the remaining walls.
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of the four guns in the battery. Whilst the Predictor may have been a primitive computer it had to be kept on target visually by one operator following the "line" and the other the "elevation".
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inspection of December recommended the defences take the form of two 4-gun 3.7 inch anti-aircraft batteries plus a Lewis Machine Gun detachment for the close defence of the
306:. The Small Arms Factory had been constructed as a central defence arsenal between 1909 and 1911 as part of Australia's general movement towards self sufficiency following
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The Bowenfels gun station has been cleared of debris and made accessible. Alternatively, the Scenic Hill gun station is in much poorer condition due to their isolation.
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The only changes to the gun stations have been the conservation and cleaning of the gun station at Bowenfels an installation of mobile heavy anti-aircraft guns there.
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One of a series of World War II anti aircraft defence sites developed in NSW from Newcastle to Port Kembla and of a limited number constructed inland from 1941.
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The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
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Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station; Lithgow Anti Aircraft Gun Emplacements; Heavy Anti Aircraft guns 3.7 inch anti aircraft guns
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buildings each include a flat concrete platform. One was for the predictor, the other for the Barr & Stroud height finder and the Telescope.
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in early December 1941 it was the policy of Military Command in New South Wales to give priority to the fortification of the industrial areas of
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in 1901. This movement saw greater desire to manufacture and grow food, supplies and other needs at home rather than buying them from overseas.
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The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
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of some conservation and ongoing maintenance works to arrest rust and other forms of deterioration resulting from exposure to the weather.
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2003 - Bowenfels Gun Station cleared and cleaned and guns representative of the original guns located in three of the four emplacements.
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All structures have fittings such as bolts, indicating the locations of various elements such as timber covers long since deteriorated.
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249:, Australia. It was built from 1941 to 1942 by Water Conservation & Irrigation Commission, Defence. It is also known as
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emplacements are in fair condition, although the outer areas have begun to crumble and are likely to continue to do so.
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The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
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in Sydney. Surviving mobile guns at South Bowenfels are considered the largest collection of their type in NSW.
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The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
392:. The Anti Aircraft sites at Lithgow were the only sites located west of the Blue Mountains
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The Defence of Lithgow: under threat of invasion and air attack during the Second World War
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Location of Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station in New South Wales
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World Wars 1 & 2, Survey of Buildings, Sites and Cultural Landscapes in NSW
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Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station was listed on the
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257:. The property is owned by Lithgow City Council. It was added to the
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provide protection against strafing fighters and from dive bombers.
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388:, facilities were located at Freeman's Reach and Clarenden near
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712:"Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station"
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Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station
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Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station
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on 5 August 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.
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Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station
24:
Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station
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Water Conservation & Irrigation Commission, Defence
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This Knowledge (XXG) article was originally based on
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Heavy Anti Aircraft guns 3.7 inch anti aircraft guns
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843:Robertson & Hindmarsh P/L, Architects (2006).
811:Robertson & Hindmarsh Vol 2, 2004-2006: 73-74.
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413:dial, each with an operator matching pointers.
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293:and other railway tunnels, the major depot at
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1296:Artillery battery fortifications in Australia
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18:Historic site in New South Wales, Australia
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1291:Military installations in New South Wales
463:arranged in a circular pattern. Concrete
396:The role of heavy anti-aircraft artillery
1152:Lithgow Valley Colliery and Pottery Site
722:Department of Planning & Environment
511:1943-44 - Guns removed from Gun stations
1276:New South Wales State Heritage Register
868:New South Wales State Heritage Register
764:Robertson & Hindmarsh, 2006: 66-94.
717:New South Wales State Heritage Register
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545:New South Wales State Heritage Register
259:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1301:Rail infrastructure in New South Wales
251:Lithgow Anti Aircraft Gun Emplacements
539:Heritage boundaries for Gun Battery B
527:Heritage boundaries for Gun Battery A
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269:Prior to the entry of Japan into
120:New South Wales Heritage Register
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138:State heritage (complex / group)
347:Anti-aircraft gun station sites
467:which form ammunition storage
380:(Newcastle), and Port Kembla (
1:
1137:Lithgow Coal Stage Signal Box
621:Military history of Australia
1068:Cooerwull railway footbridge
877:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
866:, entry number 01862 in the
237:located via Kirkley Street,
1255:Lithgow Correctional Centre
1192:Wallerawang railway station
1167:Marrangaroo railway viaduct
227:anti aircraft gun batteries
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1281:Bowenfels, New South Wales
825:Browning, K. (July 2010).
304:Lithgow Small Arms Factory
1117:Bowenfels railway station
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28:
834:Southall, Colin (1995).
785:Browning, K., July 2010.
1172:Rydal rail underbridges
1127:Eskbank railway station
1122:Bowenfels rail viaducts
827:Personal communications
506:Modifications and dates
384:). Inland, east of the
1182:Tarana railway station
911:City of Lithgow topics
613:New South Wales portal
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1286:Anti-aircraft warfare
1187:Ten Tunnels Deviation
1177:Rydal railway station
1147:Lithgow power station
1132:Lithgow Blast Furnace
1053:Hartley historic site
773:Southall, 1995: 10-1.
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444:Great Western Highway
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755:Southall, 1995: 7-9.
109:Lithgow City Council
82:33.5014°S 150.1214°E
44:via Kirkley Street,
35:Gun at Gun Battery A
1157:Lithgow Underbridge
1041:Tourist attractions
78: /
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261:on 5 August 2011.
235:railway signal box
151:Reference no.
87:-33.5014; 150.1214
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1213:Gardens of Stone
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243:City of Lithgow
231:dummy batteries
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101:1941–1942
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146:5 August 2011
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127:Official name
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918:City, towns,
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1032:Wallerawang
1002:Meadow Flat
997:Marrangaroo
853:Attribution
429:Description
378:Nobbys Head
295:Marrangaroo
283:Port Kembla
85: /
73:150°07′17″E
61:Coordinates
56:, Australia
1270:Categories
1239:Coxs River
967:Glen Davis
962:Glen Alice
932:Ben Bullen
627:References
465:revetments
423:North Head
382:Wollongong
366:Moore Park
308:Federation
143:Designated
70:33°30′05″S
937:Bowenfels
872:CC-BY 4.0
802:, 2003:1.
741:CC-BY 4.0
494:Condition
370:Rathmines
354:Bankstown
275:Newcastle
239:Bowenfels
46:Bowenfels
1022:Sodwalls
1012:Portland
947:Clarence
942:Capertee
724:. H01862
599:See also
390:Richmond
374:Stockton
291:Clarence
287:Bathurst
175:Builders
167:Category
41:Location
1223:Wollemi
1079:Valleys
987:Lithgow
977:Hartley
972:Hampton
875:licence
744:licence
265:History
170:Defence
162:Battery
1232:Rivers
1027:Tarana
1007:Newnes
957:Dargan
728:2 June
372:North
279:Sydney
1218:Turon
1017:Rydal
106:Owner
98:Built
927:Bell
730:2018
469:bays
376:and
281:and
253:and
229:and
221:The
159:Type
154:1862
135:Type
1272::
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