328:
archaeologists have applied models of risk management to stone artifacts. Theories have suggested that in times of high risk, more effort will be put into acquiring high quality material that is more reliable and can be maintained over longer periods of time. In times of low risk, lower quality materials may be acquired from closer sources. However, Mackay and
Marwick (2011) found that this pattern does not always hold true in their application of this theory to the South African Pleistocene record. They then used computer simulations to understand why the relationship between the time put into producing technology and subsistence acquisition would produce the patterns they saw. Mackay and Marwick found that when less time was put into acquiring material for and producing technology, that extra time increased the chances of encounters and thus increases the chances of acquiring more resources in a shorter period of time. This demonstrates that raw material choice is not always straightforward, nor are high quality materials always sought out.
303:(New Stone Age). Not all cultures in all parts of the world exhibit the same pattern of lithic technological development, and stone tool technology continues to be used to this day, but these three time periods represent the span of the archaeological record when lithic technology was paramount. By analysing modern stone tool usage within an ethnoarchaeological context, insight into the breadth of factors influencing lithic technologies in general may be studied. See:
307:. For example, for the Gamo of Southern Ethiopia, political, environmental, and social factors influence the patterns of technology variation in different subgroups of the Gamo culture; through understanding the relationship between these different factors in a modern context, archaeologists can better understand the ways that these factors could have shaped the technological variation that is present in the archaeological record.
450:) is struck against the raw material to chip off large flakes and begin to shape the stone. Using a hammerstone produces what is called a preform, which is the core of the tool in need of more detailed refinements. The next technique allows for an increased level of detail; using a soft hammer (often made of wood or bone), one can chip away flakes of material with more precision. The most precise technique is known as
478:
for flakes that are big and sharp enough for a variety of tools to be made. Obsidian is a great example of a material that is perfect for making tools with, as it is both cryptocrystalline and it fractures conchoidally. Many early Middle
Eastern and American civilizations used obsidian as a basis for tools as its internal structure made it easier to chip away than most of the other stones in the area.
454:. This technique involves pressing small flakes off rather than by means of percussion. Bone and antlers are often used as punches to create a precisely detailed tool. Another technique, known as indirect percussion, combines the use of a punch and a hammer to apply pressure to a precise area of the stone. For the most part, stone cores can only be used to a certain extent before they become
482:
a low exterior platform angle, a feather termination is produced. When the exterior platform angle is hit near a mid-range to low angle, a hinge termination is produced. The highest exterior platforms produce the overshoots. The desired termination is generally the feather termination due to its sharp edge.
481:
During an experiment conducted by Dibble and
Whittaker, they found that the angle hit at the exterior platform would produce different flake types. The exterior platform angle is an angle formed by hitting the intersection of the platform surface and the exterior of the core. When hitting the core at
477:
structure, and how conchoidally the stone fractures. A cryptocrystalline stone is one that is made up of minute crystals that can only be seen with a microscope. Conchoidal fractures are described as smooth, curved breaks from the base stone. Stones that have both of these characteristics allow
327:
There are numerous factors as to why some raw materials would be chosen over others and can result in the use of low quality materials. A few examples of such factors include the availability of materials, the proximity to materials, and the quality of materials. To help understand this,
516:
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise (2015).
315:
Useful raw materials all have common characteristics, which make them ideal for stone tool production. To make a stone material ideal for tool production, it must be non-crystalline or glassy, which allows for
625:
Mackay, Alex; Marwick, Ben (2011). "Costs and benefits in technological decision making under variable conditions: examples from the late
Pleistocene in southern Africa".
724:
2482:
2223:
1819:
283:
includes a broad array of techniques used to produce usable tools from various types of stone. The earliest stone tools to date have been found at the site of
2438:
1947:
2270:
1721:
442:. The technique used is dependent upon the level of detail required for the desired tool. The technique with the least detail is conducted using a
462:, that are the basis for stone tools. The flakes are shaped using the lithic reduction techniques, allowing for creation of various tools such as
102:
473:
Two stone characteristics will determine whether one is able to chip away large enough flakes to make tools out of: whether the stone is of a
717:
262:
1848:
754:
1942:
2467:
1858:
896:
710:
67:
2080:
1610:
870:
2075:
1615:
1088:
575:
Weedman, Kathryn (2006). "An ethnoarchaeological study of hafting and stone tool diversity among the Gamo of
Ethiopia".
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1041:
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127:
2055:
1964:
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1123:
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781:
288:
191:
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2240:
1954:
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880:
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673:
530:
205:
118:
641:
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2008:
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1128:
1103:
317:
186:
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79:
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109:
53:
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2018:
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1108:
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216:
142:
83:
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2407:
2377:
2139:
2067:
2045:
2003:
1898:
1868:
1733:
1728:
1379:
1262:
833:
659:"New Experimental Evidence on the Relation Between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation"
176:
135:
113:
677:
534:
2599:
2516:
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2265:
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31:
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1352:
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923:
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850:
828:
685:
627:
Keeping your Edge: Recent
Approaches to the Organisation of Stone Artefact Technology
209:
160:
122:
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2013:
1937:
1759:
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1200:
1133:
970:
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292:
276:
89:
47:
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2171:
2134:
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1357:
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1113:
1026:
943:
911:
865:
776:
744:
588:
518:
350:
304:
296:
287:(LOM3) in Kenya and they have been dated to around 3.3 million years ago. The
148:
72:
550:
2412:
2311:
2203:
2181:
2166:
1981:
1764:
1749:
1674:
1657:
1575:
1460:
1391:
1386:
1309:
1188:
1076:
1002:
769:
759:
463:
447:
409:
404:
300:
221:
197:
156:
23:
558:
2186:
2122:
1927:
1667:
1662:
1570:
1445:
1267:
1230:
1210:
702:
491:
459:
419:
389:
171:
38:
596:
542:
2248:
2154:
2040:
1998:
1974:
1754:
1560:
1470:
1324:
1225:
1183:
1046:
965:
918:
906:
467:
375:
360:
284:
226:
519:"3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya"
324:) to control the reduction precisely to make a wide variety of tools.
2316:
1993:
1853:
1831:
1684:
1620:
1565:
955:
933:
901:
875:
414:
399:
384:
345:
291:
of lithic technology is divided into three major time periods: the
2382:
2102:
1986:
1836:
1790:
1652:
1507:
1455:
1401:
1031:
997:
365:
355:
340:
164:
96:
320:. These characteristics allow the person forming the stone (the
2328:
2289:
1969:
1769:
1625:
1555:
1475:
1347:
860:
394:
61:
1896:
1535:
801:
706:
1932:
1640:
1406:
1364:
643:
Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric
Ireland
334:
614:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–66.
438:
Stone tools are manufactured using a process known as
2426:
2239:
2066:
1913:
1778:
1742:
1591:
1548:
1338:
1169:
1142:
1067:
984:
889:
814:
718:
256:
8:
577:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
458:. As such, it is typically the flakes, or
1910:
1893:
1545:
1532:
990:
811:
798:
725:
711:
703:
263:
249:
18:
657:Dibble, Harold; Whittaker, John (1981).
508:
21:
103:Recent African origin of modern humans
7:
646:(Thesis). University College Dublin.
570:
568:
14:
1849:Megalithic architectural elements
666:Journal of Archaeological Science
331:Some types of raw materials are:
2468:Evolutionary origin of religion
446:, in which a hard rock (often
1:
2081:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1611:British megalith architecture
612:Time, Energy, and Stone Tools
16:Ancient production techniques
2076:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1616:Nordic megalith architecture
686:10.1016/0305-4403(81)90004-2
2616:
2224:British Isles and Brittany
2145:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
640:Driscoll, Killian (2010).
128:Origin of the domestic dog
1909:
1892:
1544:
1531:
993:
810:
797:
740:
589:10.1007/s10816-006-9010-4
610:Torrence, Robin (1989).
497:Experimental archaeology
299:(Middle Stone Age), and
2456:Evolutionary musicology
1859:Oldest extant buildings
1786:Archaeological features
1305:Prepared-core technique
2418:Unchambered long cairn
2266:Mound Builders culture
1599:Neolithic architecture
734:Prehistoric technology
2093:List of Stone Age art
1295:Microblade technology
1243:Langdale axe industry
841:Ard / plough
318:conchoidal fracturing
289:archaeological record
192:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
90:Homo neanderthalensis
2500:Prehistoric medicine
2495:Prehistoric counting
2478:Prehistoric religion
2473:Paleolithic religion
2451:Behavioral modernity
1808:Causewayed enclosure
1700:Abri de la Madeleine
824:Neolithic Revolution
206:Neolithic Revolution
119:Behavioral modernity
2539:Prehistoric warfare
1285:Magdalenian culture
1248:Levallois technique
1179:Earliest toolmaking
678:1981JArSc...8..283D
543:10.1038/nature14464
535:2015Natur.521..310H
187:Trihedral Neolithic
2595:Ancient technology
2490:Origin of language
2483:Spiritual drug use
2393:Rectangular dolmen
2295:Dartmoor kistvaens
2108:Carved stone balls
1820:Circular enclosure
1779:Other architecture
1722:Alp pile dwellings
1310:Solutrean industry
1221:Gravettian culture
871:Secondary products
182:Shepherd Neolithic
80:Middle Paleolithic
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2512:Prehistoric music
2461:music archaeology
2118:Cup and ring mark
1943:Clothing/textiles
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1330:Yubetsu technique
1315:Striking platform
1280:Lithic technology
1165:
1164:
1150:Game drive system
1069:Projectile points
961:Mortar and pestle
529:(7552): 310–315.
475:cryptocrystalline
430:
429:
295:(Old Stone Age),
281:lithic technology
273:
272:
222:Pottery Neolithic
110:Upper Paleolithic
54:Lower Paleolithic
2607:
2527:Divje Babe flute
2434:Archaeoastronomy
2177:Petrosomatoglyph
1911:
1894:
1743:Water management
1546:
1533:
1436:Denticulate tool
1258:Lithic reduction
991:
812:
799:
727:
720:
713:
704:
697:
696:
694:
692:
663:
654:
648:
647:
637:
631:
630:
622:
616:
615:
607:
601:
600:
572:
563:
562:
513:
452:pressure flaking
440:lithic reduction
335:
265:
258:
251:
217:Khiamian culture
84:Middle Stone Age
57:Early Stone Age
19:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2422:
2408:Stone box grave
2378:Megalithic tomb
2283:Cotswold-Severn
2235:
2140:Guardian stones
2068:Prehistoric art
2062:
1905:
1880:
1869:Timber trackway
1774:
1738:
1734:Wattle and daub
1587:
1566:Standing stones
1540:
1519:
1334:
1161:
1138:
1063:
980:
890:Food processing
885:
834:New World crops
806:
793:
736:
731:
701:
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690:
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661:
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623:
619:
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574:
573:
566:
515:
514:
510:
505:
488:
456:exhausted cores
436:
431:
313:
269:
208:
177:Heavy Neolithic
138:
136:Epipalaeolithic
126:
114:Later Stone Age
112:
82:
68:Control of fire
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
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2524:
2519:
2517:Alligator drum
2509:
2508:
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2465:
2464:
2463:
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2444:lunar calendar
2441:
2430:
2428:
2427:Other cultural
2424:
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2415:
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2405:
2400:
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2231:Venus figurine
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2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
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2184:
2179:
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2169:
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2162:Megalithic art
2159:
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2132:
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2115:
2113:Cave paintings
2110:
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2016:
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1915:Material goods
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1631:Cliff dwelling
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1245:
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1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:Fire hardening
1213:
1208:
1206:Clovis culture
1203:
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1196:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
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1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
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1144:
1140:
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1137:
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1131:
1129:Manis Mastodon
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
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1084:
1073:
1071:
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1024:
1023:
1022:
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1008:throwing stick
1000:
994:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
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958:
953:
948:
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926:
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916:
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904:
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757:
752:
741:
738:
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732:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
699:
698:
672:(3): 283–296.
649:
632:
617:
602:
583:(3): 198–238.
564:
507:
506:
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161:Bow and Arrows
146:
145:
133:
132:
131:
130:
107:
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105:
100:
93:
77:
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70:
65:
43:
42:
27:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2513:
2510:
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2502:
2501:
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856:Domestication
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851:Digging stick
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829:Founder crops
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311:Raw materials
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210:Domestication
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29:
28:
25:
20:
2344:wedge-shaped
2329:Funeral pyre
2322:Great dolmen
2278:Chamber tomb
2259:Round barrow
2214:Stone circle
2086:Blombos Cave
2014:Grooved ware
1938:Chalcolithic
1842:Thornborough
1760:Flush toilet
1695:Blombos Cave
1690:Rock shelter
1646:Quiggly hole
1538:Architecture
1513:illustration
1279:
1170:
1155:Buffalo jump
976:Storage pits
939:Aşıklı Höyük
929:Ground stone
803:
765:Subdivisions
689:. Retrieved
669:
665:
652:
642:
635:
626:
620:
611:
605:
580:
576:
526:
522:
511:
480:
472:
455:
437:
424:
330:
326:
322:flintknapper
314:
280:
274:
239:Chalcolithic
196:
147:
134:
97:Homo sapiens
95:
88:
60:
46:
33:
2580:Archaeology
2366:unchambered
2361:Long barrow
2351:Grave goods
2307:Court cairn
2302:Clava cairn
2254:Bowl barrow
2192:Rock cupule
2135:Golden hats
2128:Hill figure
2029:Unstan ware
2009:Cord-marked
1874:Sweet Track
1796:Burnt mound
1717:Stilt house
1705:Sibudu Cave
1498:Tally stick
1466:Quern-stone
1451:Hammerstone
1441:Fire plough
1412:Pesse canoe
1370:Bannerstone
1340:Other tools
1253:Lithic core
1201:Aurignacian
1089:Bare Island
971:Quern-stone
444:hammerstone
434:Manufacture
293:Paleolithic
277:archaeology
73:Stone tools
48:Paleolithic
2590:Prehistory
2574:Categories
2505:trepanning
2398:Ring cairn
2356:Jar burial
2339:transepted
2271:U.S. sites
2172:Petroglyph
2098:Bird stone
2056:wine press
1729:Stone roof
1712:Roundhouse
1604:long house
1581:Stonehenge
1549:Ceremonial
1493:Stone tool
1320:Tool stone
1290:Metallurgy
1194:Mousterian
1171:Toolmaking
1109:Cumberland
1082:Transverse
1052:Schöningen
944:Qesem cave
912:Earth oven
866:Irrigation
777:Technology
745:Prehistory
503:References
464:arrowheads
371:Greenstone
351:Chalcedony
305:Stone tool
297:Mesolithic
157:Microliths
149:Mesolithic
2549:symbolism
2413:Tor cairn
2371:Grønsalen
2312:Cremation
2204:Sculpture
2182:Pictogram
2167:Petroform
1987:amber use
1955:Cosmetics
1765:Reservoir
1750:Check dam
1680:Pueblitos
1675:Pit-house
1658:Longhouse
1592:Dwellings
1461:Microlith
1392:Bow drill
1387:Bone tool
1380:prismatic
1189:Acheulean
1104:Cresswell
1077:Arrowhead
1003:Boomerang
919:Granaries
881:Terracing
760:Stone Age
551:1476-4687
448:sandstone
410:Sandstone
405:Quartzite
301:Neolithic
285:Lomekwi 3
198:Neolithic
24:Stone Age
2187:Rock art
2150:painting
2123:Geoglyph
1948:timeline
1928:Beadwork
1668:Mehrgarh
1663:Mudbrick
1571:megalith
1446:Fire-saw
1268:debitage
1263:analysis
1231:Hand axe
1211:Cupstone
789:Glossary
750:Timeline
597:20177539
559:25993961
492:Knapping
486:See also
468:handaxes
460:debitage
420:Silcrete
390:Obsidian
172:Tahunian
143:Natufian
39:Pliocene
2585:Lithics
2544:Symbols
2155:pigment
2041:Weaving
2004:Cardium
1999:Pottery
1994:Mirrors
1982:Jewelry
1923:Baskets
1903:culture
1755:Cistern
1561:Pyramid
1503:Weapons
1481:Scraper
1471:Racloir
1431:Cleaver
1419:Chopper
1325:Uniface
1236:Grooves
1226:Hafting
1184:Oldowan
1143:Systems
1094:Cascade
1057:woomera
1047:harpoon
1020:history
986:Hunting
966:Pottery
907:Cooking
816:Farming
782:history
755:Outline
691:27 July
674:Bibcode
531:Bibcode
376:Jadeite
361:Diorite
227:Pottery
32:before
2522:flutes
2317:Dolmen
2241:Burial
2051:winery
2024:Linear
1854:Midden
1832:Cursus
1825:Goseck
1685:Pueblo
1636:Dugout
1621:Burdei
1300:Mining
1124:Lamoka
1119:Folsom
1099:Clovis
956:Metate
934:Hearth
902:Basket
876:Sickle
595:
557:
549:
523:Nature
425:
415:Schist
400:Quartz
385:Jasper
346:Basalt
165:Canoes
123:Atlatl
2600:Tools
2439:sites
2383:Mummy
2103:Cairn
2019:JĹŤmon
1970:shoes
1965:Hides
1837:Henge
1791:Broch
1653:Jacal
1508:Wheel
1456:Knife
1402:Canoe
1397:Burin
1375:Blade
1273:flake
1134:Plano
1042:baton
1032:Spear
998:Arrow
951:Manos
804:Tools
662:(PDF)
593:JSTOR
366:Flint
356:Chert
341:Agate
2532:gudi
2290:Cist
2219:list
2046:Wine
1975:Ă–tzi
1960:Glue
1933:Beds
1901:and
1899:Arts
1770:Well
1626:Cave
1556:Kiva
1486:side
1476:Rope
1424:tool
1358:bone
1348:Adze
1114:Eden
1027:Nets
897:Fire
861:Goad
846:Celt
693:2017
555:PMID
547:ISSN
466:and
395:Onyx
62:Homo
34:Homo
22:The
1641:Hut
1576:row
1407:Oar
1365:Axe
1353:Awl
682:doi
585:doi
539:doi
527:521
275:In
2576::
680:.
668:.
664:.
591:.
581:13
579:.
567:^
553:.
545:.
537:.
525:.
521:.
470:.
279:,
237:↓
163:,
159:,
125:,
121:,
30:↑
726:e
719:t
712:v
695:.
684::
676::
670:8
629:.
599:.
587::
561:.
541::
533::
264:e
257:t
250:v
41:)
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.