508:
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203:). The combination of a negative battery-type LTO electrode and a positive capacitor type activated carbon (AC) resulted in an energy density of ca. 20 W⋅h/kg which is about 4–5 times that of a standard Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC). The power density, however, has been shown to match that of EDLCs, as it is able to completely discharge in seconds.
247:. However, in order to employ an anode in LICs, one needs to slightly incline their properties towards those of a capacitor by designing hybrid anode materials. The hybrid materials can be prepared using capacitor and battery type storage mechanisms. Currently, the best electrochemical species is lithium titanium oxide (LTO),
349:
Another reason for pre-lithiation is that high-capacity electrodes irreversibly lose capacity after the initial charge and discharge cycles. This is mainly attributed to the formation of a Solid
Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) film. By pre-lithiation of the electrodes the loss of lithium ions to the SEI
332:
Bifunctional cathodes use a combination of materials used for their EDLC properties and materials used for their good Li intercalation properties to increase the energy density of the LIC. A similar idea was applied to the anode materials where their properties were slightly inclined towards those of
162:
It wasn't until 2001 that a research group was able to bring the idea of a hybrid ion capacitor into existence. A lot of research was done to improve electrode and electrolyte performance and cycle life but it wasn't until 2010 that Naoi et al. made a real breakthrough by developing a nano-structured
531:
Lithium-ion capacitors are fairly suitable for applications which require a high energy density, high power densities and excellent durability. Since they combine high energy density with high power density, there is no need for additional electrical storage devices in various kinds of applications,
554:
One important potential end-use of HIC(hybrid ion capacitor) devices is in regenerative braking. Regenerative braking energy harvesting from trains, heavy automotive, and ultimately light vehicles represents a huge potential market that remains not fully exploited due to the limitations of existing
341:
The anode of LIC's is often pre-lithiated in order to prevent the anode from experiencing a large potential drop during charge and discharge cycles. When a LIC comes near its maximum or minimum voltage the electrolyte and electrodes start to degrade. This will irreversibly damage the device and the
293:
Other candidates for anode materials are being investigated as alternative to graphitic carbons, such as hard carbon, soft carbon and graphene-based carbons. The expected benefit, compared to graphitic carbons, is to increase the doped electrode potential which leads to improved power capability as
281:
versus SHE (standard hydrogen electrode) is lowered further to −2.8 V by intercalating lithium ions. This step is referred to as "doping" and often takes place in the device between the anode and a sacrificial lithium electrode. Doping the anode lowers the anode potential and leads to a higher
154:
In 1981, Dr. Yamabe of Kyoto
University, in collaboration with Dr. Yata of Kanebo Co., created a material known as PAS (polyacenic semiconductive) by pyrolyzing phenolic resin at 400–700 °C. This amorphous carbonaceous material performs well as the electrode in high-energy-density rechargeable
516:
Lithium-ion capacitors offer superior performance in cold environments compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. As demonstrated in recent studies, LiCs can maintain approximately 50% of their capacity at temperatures as low as -10°C under high discharge rates (7.5C). In contrast, lithium-ion
395:
A separator prevents direct electrical contact between the anode and the cathode. It must be chemically inert in order to prevent it from reacting with the electrolyte which will lower the capabilities of the LIC. However, the separator should let ions through but not the electrons that are formed
391:
are added to increase conductivity and these even enhance SEI formation stability. Where the latter means that there is a smaller chance that much SEI is formed after the initial cycles. Another category of electrolytes are the inorganic glass and ceramic electrolytes. These are not mentioned very
363:
such that lithium ions can easily reach the anode. Normally, one would use aqueous electrolyte to achieve this but water will react with the lithium ions so non-aqueous electrolytes are often used. The electrolyte used in a LIC is a lithium-ion salt solution that can be combined with other organic
214:
that develops at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte. Like EDLCs, LIC voltages vary linearly adding to complications integrating them into systems which have power electronics that expect the more stable voltage of batteries. As a consequence, LICs have a high energy density,
285:
The nanostructured materials are metal oxides with a high specific surface area. Their main advantage is that it's a way to increase the rate capability of the anode by reducing the diffusion pathways of the electrolytic species. Different forms of nanostructures have been developed including
328:
Porous carbon cathodes are made similar to activated carbon cathodes. By using different methods to produce the carbon, it can be made with a higher porosity. This is useful because for the double layer effect to work the ions have to move between the double layer and the separator. Having a
874:
Schroeder, M.; Menne, S.; Ségalini, J.; Saurel, D.; Casas-Cabanas, M.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M.; Balducci, A. (November 2014). "Considerations about the influence of the structural and electrochemical properties of carbonaceous materials on the behavior of lithium-ion capacitors".
242:
There are two groups of anodes. The first group are the hybrids of electrochemical active species and carbonaceous materials. The second group are the nanostructured anode materials. The anode of LIC's is basically an intercalation type battery material which has sluggish
457:
and LICs each have different strengths and weaknesses, making them useful for different categories of applications. Energy storage devices are characterized by three main criteria: power density (in W/kg), energy density (in W⋅h/kg) and cycle life (no. of charge cycles).
358:
The third part of nearly any energy storage device is the electrolyte. The electrolyte must be able to transport electrons from one electrode to the other but it must not limit the electrochemical species in its reaction rate. For LIC's the electrolyte ideally has a high
215:
which varies with the square of the voltage. The capacitance of the anode is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the cathode. As a result, the change of the anode potential during charge and discharge is much smaller than the change in the cathode potential.
487:
In conclusion, the LIC will probably never reach the energy density of a lithium-ion battery and never reach the combined cycle life and power density of a supercapacitor. Therefore, it should be seen as a separate technology with its own uses and applications.
310:. Initially activated carbon was used to make cathodes but in order to improve performance, different cathodes have been used in LIC's. These can be sorted into four groups: heteroatom-doped carbon, graphene-based, porous carbon, and bifunctional cathodes.
517:
batteries experience a significant reduction in capacity, dropping to around 50% capacity at just 5°C under the same conditions. This makes LiCs particularly suitable for applications in cold climates or where the temperature fluctuates widely.
910:
Ajuria, Jon; Arnaiz, Maria; Botas, Cristina; Carriazo, Daniel; Mysyk, Roman; Rojo, Teofilo; Talyzin, Alexandr V.; Goikolea, Eider (September 2017). "Graphene-based lithium ion capacitor with high gravimetric energy and power densities".
687:
Ajuria, Jon; Redondo, Edurne; Arnaiz, Maria; Mysyk, Roman; Rojo, Teófilo; Goikolea, Eider (August 2017). "Lithium and sodium ion capacitors with high energy and power densities based on carbons from recycled olive pits".
1213:
Xu, Nansheng; Sun, Xianzhong; Zhao, Feifei; Jin, Xinfang; Zhang, Xiong; Wang, Kai; Huang, Kevin; Ma, Yanwei (10 May 2017). "The Role of Pre-Lithiation in
Activated Carbon/Li4Ti5O12 Asymmetric Capacitors".
324:
has excellent electrical conductivity, its thin layers have a high specific surface area, and it can be produced cheaply. It has been shown to be effective and stable compared to other cathode materials.
274:
so a hybrid is needed. The advantages of LTO combined with the great electrical conductivity and ionic diffusivity of carbonaceous materials like carbon coatings lead to economically viable LIC's.
484:
The cycle life performance of LICs is much better than batteries and but is not near that of EDLCs. Some LIC's have a longer cycle life but this is often at the cost of a lower energy density.
231:
of lithium ions. This process is an electrochemical reaction. This is the reason that degradation is more of a problem for the anode than for the cathode since the cathode is involved in an
350:
formation can be mainly compensated. In general, the anode of LIC's is pre-lithiated since the cathode is Li-free and will not take part in lithium insertion/desertion processes.
277:
The electrode potential of LTO is fairly stable around −1.5 V versus Li/Li. Since carbonaceous material is used the graphitic electrode potential which is initially at −0.1
392:
often but they do have their applications and have their own advantages and disadvantages compared to organic electrolytes which mainly comes from their porous structure.
847:
Schroeder, M.; Winter, M.; Passerini, S.; Balducci, A. (September 2013). "On the cycling stability of lithium-ion capacitors containing soft carbon as anodic material".
282:
output voltage of the capacitor. Typically, output voltages for LICs are in the range of 3.8–4.0 V but are limited to minimum allowed voltages of 1.8–2.2 V.
126:. It is called a hybrid because the anode is the same as those used in lithium-ion batteries and the cathode is the same as those used in supercapacitors. Activated
773:
Sivakkumar, S.R.; Pandolfo, A.G. (20 March 2012). "Evaluation of lithium-ion capacitors assembled with pre-lithiated graphite anode and activated carbon cathode".
372:
307:
267:
1361:
Tatrari, G.; Ahmed, M.; Shah, F. U. (2024). "Synthesis, thermoelectric and energy storage performance of transition metal oxides composites".
1058:"High-power and long-life lithium-ion capacitors constructed from N-doped hierarchical carbon nanolayer cathode and mesoporous graphene anode"
1250:
1003:"Electrospun N-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanofiber with Improved Degree of Graphitization for High-Performance Lithium Ion Capacitor"
227:
of the LIC is the battery type or high energy density electrode. The anode can be charged to contain large amounts of energy by reversible
1299:
1113:"Nonaqueous Lithium-Ion Capacitors with High Energy Densities using Trigol-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Cathode-Active Material"
730:
Ding, Jia; Hu, Wenbin; Paek, Eunsu; Mitlin, David (25 July 2018). "Review of Hybrid Ion
Capacitors: From Aqueous to Lithium to Sodium".
302:
The cathode of LIC's uses an electric double layer to store energy. To maximise the effectiveness of the cathode it should have a high
1001:
Shi, Ruiying; Han, Cuiping; Xu, Xiaofu; Qin, Xianying; Xu, Lei; Li, Hongfei; Li, Junqin; Wong, Ching-Ping; Li, Baohua (25 June 2018).
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is much cheaper than lithium. Nevertheless, the LIC still outperforms the NIC so it's not economically viable at the moment.
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power generation, energy recovery systems in industrial machinery, electric and hybrid vehicles and transportation systems.
507:
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Aravindan, Vanchiappan; Mhamane, Dattakumar; Ling, Wong Chui; Ogale, Satishchandra; Madhavi, Srinivasan (12 August 2013).
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high energy density compared to a capacitor (14 W⋅h/kg reported), though low energy density compared to a Li-ion cell
1405:
540:
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Naoi, Katsuhiko; Ishimoto, Shuichi; Isobe, Yusaku; Aoyagi, Shintaro (15 September 2010). "High-rate nano-crystalline Li
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high capacitance compared to a capacitor, because of the large anode, though low capacity compared to a Li-ion cell
1166:
Zhang, Tengfei; Zhang, Fan; Zhang, Long; Lu, Yanhong; Zhang, Yi; Yang, Xi; Ma, Yanfeng; Huang, Yi (October 2015).
159:
and lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) began. The PAS capacitor was first used in 1986, and the LIC capacitor in 1991.
228:
188:
211:
473:), the LIC has a higher output voltage. Although they have similar power densities, the LIC has a much higher
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317:. Doping activated carbon with nitrogen improves both the capacitance and the conductivity of the cathode.
948:"Fabrication of High-Power Li-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors by Enhancing the Exterior Surface Charge Storage"
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ions. This pre-doping process lowers the potential of the anode and allows a relatively high output
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secondary battery and supercapacitor (electrochemical capacitor and ultracapacitor) technologies.
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in figure 1 shows that LICs combine the high energy of LIBs with the high power density of EDLCs.
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Yang, Mei; Zhong, Yiren; Ren, Jingjing; Zhou, Xianlong; Wei, Jinping; Zhou, Zhen (23 June 2015).
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1323:"Lithium-Ion Supercapacitors and Batteries for Off-Grid PV Applications: Lifetime and Sizing"
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A lithium-ion capacitor is a hybrid electrochemical energy storage device which combines the
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Proceedings Annual
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devices. Patents were filed in the early 1980s by Kanebo Co., and efforts to commercialize
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Jagadale, Ajay; Zhou, Xuan; Xiong, Rui; Dubal, Deepak P.; Xu, Jun; Yang, Sen (May 2019).
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Ibrahim, Tarek; Kerekes, Tamas; Sera, Dezso; Lashab, Ahmed; Stroe, Daniel-Ioan (2024).
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Potential applications for lithium-ion capacitors are, for example, in the fields of
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1168:"High energy density Li-ion capacitor assembled with all graphene-based electrodes"
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International
Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals 1986, Kyoto
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167:. Nowadays, another field of interest is the Sodium Ion Capacitor (NIC) because
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Li, Chen; Zhang, Xiong; Wang, Kai; Sun, Xianzhong; Ma, Yanwei (December 2018).
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low self-discharge (<5% voltage drop at 25 °C over three months)
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reactions may occur. Compared to the electric double-layer capacitor (
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LIC's have higher power densities than batteries, and are safer than
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of the LIC consists of carbon material which is often pre-doped with
127:
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Single-ended lithium-ion capacitors up to 200 F for PCB mounting
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well as reducing the risk of metal (lithium) plating on the anode.
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Capacity of LiBs under varying temperatures and discharge C-rates.
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Capacity of LiCs under varying temperatures and discharge C-rates.
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1275:"FDK To Begin Mass Production of High-Capacity Li-Ion Capacitors"
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Hierarchical classification of supercapacitors and related types
589:"Lithium ion capacitors (LICs): Development of the materials"
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In general, organic electrolytes are used which have a lower
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attached on carbon nano-fibers for hybrid supercapacitors".
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hierarchical pore structure makes this quicker and easier.
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Heteroatom-doped carbon has as of yet only been doped with
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components and is generally identical to that used in
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composite of LTO (lithium titanium oxide) with carbon
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446:Ragone plot comparing LIC to other technologies
320:Graphene based cathodes have been used because
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645:Japanese patent application No. 56-92626,1981
206:At the negative electrode (anode), for which
195:anode with the double-layer mechanism of the
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427:ranging from −20 °C to 70 °C
21:
1406:Introducing JM Energy Lithium-Ion Capacitor
1300:"ULTIMO Li-ion hybrid capacitor Spec Sheet"
375:(10 to 60 mS/cm) than aqueous electrolytes
27:
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1243:Lithium batteries: science and technology
396:since this would create a short circuit.
84:< 5% per month (temperature dependent)
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379:but are much more stable. Often cyclic (
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210:is often used, charges are stored in an
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495:LiC and LiB temperature Performance
146:compared to other supercapacitors.
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404:Typical properties of an LIC are
477:than other supercapacitors. The
438:Comparison to other technologies
1228:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.189
787:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.076
1363:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
1007:Chemistry – A European Journal
933:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.096
897:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.024
861:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.045
834:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.104
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1:
1192:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.032
1082:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.044
541:uninterruptible power source
532:resulting in reduced costs.
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337:Pre-lithiation (pre-doping)
73:Charge/discharge efficiency
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1387:: CS1 maint: url-status (
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342:degradation products will
223:The negative electrode or
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1340:10.3390/batteries10020042
952:Advanced Energy Materials
130:is typically used as the
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913:Journal of Power Sources
877:Journal of Power Sources
849:Journal of Power Sources
814:Journal of Power Sources
690:Journal of Power Sources
596:Energy Storage Materials
122:classified as a type of
16:Hybrid type of capacitor
373:electrical conductivity
268:electrical conductivity
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366:lithium-ion batteries
346:further degradation.
304:specific surface area
212:electric double layer
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108:lithium-ion capacitor
22:Lithium-ion capacitor
669:J. Electrochem. Soc.
539:generation systems,
264:coulombic efficiency
97:Nominal cell voltage
68:300–156000 W/kg
1216:Electrochimica Acta
1184:2015Carbo..92..106Z
1129:2013ChSCh...6.2240A
1074:2018Carbo.140..237L
1013:(41): 10460–10467.
964:2015AdEnM...500550Y
925:2017JPS...363..422A
889:2014JPS...266..250S
826:2010JPS...195.6250N
775:Electrochimica Acta
702:2017JPS...359...17A
608:2019EneSM..19..314J
377:(100 to 1000 mS/cm)
193:lithium-ion battery
92:100–75,000 over 90%
81:Self-discharge rate
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663:Glenn G. Amatucci
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385:dimethyl carbonate
381:ethylene carbonate
361:ionic conductivity
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1252:978-0-387-92675-9
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820:(18): 6250–6254.
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1408:, JM Energy
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1178:: 106–118.
1117:ChemSusChem
1068:: 237–248.
919:: 422–427.
883:: 250–258.
855:: 388–394.
781:: 280–287.
602:: 314–329.
545:voltage sag
479:Ragone plot
465:, in which
354:Electrolyte
272:diffusivity
1428:Capacitors
1369:: 215470.
559:References
537:wind power
400:Properties
389:carbonates
165:nanofibers
1349:2313-0105
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1327:Batteries
1261:883392364
1200:0008-6223
1145:1864-5631
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1027:0947-6539
980:1614-6832
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624:139348398
451:Batteries
306:and good
288:nanotubes
120:capacitor
1422:Category
1153:23939711
1043:46890766
1035:29761568
988:93783565
760:49600737
752:29953230
344:catalyse
322:graphene
315:nitrogen
245:kinetics
1281:23 July
1180:Bibcode
1125:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
921:Bibcode
885:Bibcode
822:Bibcode
698:Bibcode
604:Bibcode
418:density
298:Cathode
197:cathode
175:Concept
150:History
144:voltage
140:lithium
132:cathode
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169:sodium
134:. The
128:carbon
1303:(PDF)
1094:S2CID
1039:S2CID
984:S2CID
756:S2CID
667:2001
665:et al
620:S2CID
592:(PDF)
416:power
414:high
239:one.
225:anode
219:Anode
136:anode
1389:link
1345:ISSN
1283:2010
1257:OCLC
1247:ISBN
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694:359
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116:LiC
114:or
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