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250:. With lithium being a key strategic resource is facilitating this shift, many countries are rushing to acquire as much as possible. Any form of protest against such mining operations is deemed to be an opposition to climate change, ergo hindering the global agenda in combatting climate change. This discourse has resulted in the marginalisation of opposed indigenous voices rendering them nearly powerless.
22:
175:, Argentina was, by November 2022, the country with most ongoing lithium extraction projects; in total 40. By one estimate Argentina could displace Chile as the second largest lithium producer by 2027. Similarly, there are estimates that posit Argentina producing 16% of the World's lithium by 2030 instead of the 6% it produced in 2021. Low
190:
for lithium extraction. The cooperation with ACISA was, by June 2022, deemed to have stalled with
Bolivia negotiating larger lithium projects with Canadian, Chinese, and United States companies. Since the early 2020s, the Bolivian government has been advocating that the countries in the region
222:
dropped by 15% during the day, their largest daily drop since
September 20, 2022. The government's decision was thought to have less impact for Albemarle than for SQM given that it had many more years to negotiate before its license expired. The state-owned copper company
242:
which Chile signed in 2008. It is argued that "greements between
Indigenous organizations and lithium companies have brought significant economic resources for community development, but have also expanded the mining industry's capacity for social control in the area.".
113:
As of 2017 the area was thought to hold around 54% of the world's lithium reserves, however, these reserves, which are the largest in size and the highest in quality in the world, are not expected to make the surrounding countries wealthy, as oil has done for the
285:
Anlauf, Axel (2016). "Greening the imperial mode of living? Socio- ecological (in)justice, electromobility, and lithium mining in
Argentina". In Pichler, Melanie; Staritz, Cornelia; Küblböck, Karin; Plank, Christina; Raza, Werner; Ruiz Peyré, Fernando (eds.).
214:, have licenses to extract lithium until 2030 and 2043 respectively. In April 2023, the Chilean government announced plans for nationalizing its lithium industry. The announcement impacts chiefly the companies SQM and Albemarle. In response, the
145:
is an essential resource, e.g., the shift to electric vehicles and battery storage systems. Yet, in most Global North countries, lithium is not nearly as abundant as in the lithium triangle. Therefore, contemporary power relations in
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has the highest concentration of lithium (0.15% by weight) among all world's brine sources. The shape of the area of interest for lithium resources in salt pans is however not a triangle but more of a crescent starting with
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Annual production in the early 2020’s was as follows: 140,000 tons per year in Chile, 33,000 tons per year in
Argentina, and 600 tons per year in Bolivia.
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162:. This green extractivist practice taking place in the lithium triangle leads to severe impact on the environment and socio-economic/socio-cultural
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Voskoboynik, D.M., & Andreucci, D. (2022). "Greening extractivism: environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines".
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This control is rooted in a dominant discourse that has taken root in the global rush to a sustainable future in light of global
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Lorca, Mauricio; Olivera
Andrade, Manuel; Escosteguy, Melisa; Köppel, Jonas; Scoville-Simonds, Morgan; Hufty, Marc (2022).
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134:
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775:"Control estatal de los salares, negociar con SQM y empresa nacional: Las claves de la estrategia del Gobierno por litio"
663:
Giglio, E. (2022). "Extractivism and its socio-environmental impact in South
America. Overview of the Lithium Triangle".
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867:"Acción de SQM se desploma por política del litio y borra más de US$ 3.300 millones en capitalización bursátil"
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615:"Towards a climate change consensus"how mining and agriculture legitimize green extractivism in Argentina"
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Vera, María L.; Torres, Walter R.; Galli, Claudia I.; Chagnes, Alexandre; Flexer, Victoria (March 2023).
415:)"En 2022, Argentina produjo 33.000 toneladas de LCE, el segundo país de la región y el cuarto del mundo"
1866:
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402:)"Chile has expanded output at its existing operations by 80% since 2016 to about 140,000 tons annually”
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952:"Native groups sit on a treasure trove of lithium. Now mines threaten their water, culture and wealth"
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in order to achieve sustainability directives. Many of these directives include solutions for which
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1031:[El sitio con más litio está perdiéndose la revolución de los carros eléctricos].
978:"Lithium as a Strategic Resource: Geopolitics, Industrialization, and Mining in Argentina"
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306:"Brine grades in Andean salars: When basin size matters A review of the Lithium Triangle"
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559:"Socio-environmental impacts of lithium mineral extraction: towards a research agenda"
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Agusdinata, Datu Buyung; Liu, Wenjuan; Eakin, Hallie; Romero, Hugo (November 2018).
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809:"Las razones del desplome bursátil de SQM tras el anuncio presidencial del litio"
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106:(27° S) in the south. Because of this it has been proposed to rename the area
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Lithium: The Global Race for
Battery Dominance and the New Energy Revolution.
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Inequality and the global climate regime: breaking the north-south impasse
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was commissioned by the government to negotiate nationalization with SQM.
206:. The only two lithium-extracting companies currently operating in Chile,
77:. The largest areas three main salt pans that define its vertices are the
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234:– have a history of both opposing lithium extraction and negotiating for
1029:"The Place With the Most Lithium Is Blowing the Electric-Car Revolution"
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is worth "less than Saudi Arabia's three years' worth of oil exports."
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with lithium companies. Negotiations occur under the framework of the
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organize themselves so that they can influence international trade of
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In
December 2018 Bolivia signed an agreement with the German company
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Janetsky, Megan; Caivano, Victor R.; Abd, Rodrigo (13 March 2024).
686:"Argentina could help the world by becoming a big lithium exporter"
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428:)"la producción solo alcanzó 600 toneladas de LCE el año pasado"
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479:"Environmental impact of direct lithium extraction from brines"
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717:"Bolivia: el sueño alemán del litio amenaza con derrumbarse"
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The indigenous inhabitants of Salar de
Atacama basin –the
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López Steinmetz, Romina Lucrecia; Salvi, Stefano (2021).
65:. The lithium in the triangle is concentrated in various
1063:"El litio: ¿esperanza o espejismo para América Latina?"
839:
Villegas, Alexander; Scheyder, Ernest (21 April 2023).
195:, including the creation of an organization similar to
118:. For example, the total amount of lithium minerals in
841:"Chile plans to nationalize its vast lithium industry"
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All lithium extracted in Chile as of 2023 comes from
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Pescio, Benjamín; Arvelo, María C. (21 April 2023).
355:"South America's prospective - The Lithium Triangle"
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have enabled Global North countries to expand their
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154:to the lithium triangle, touching upon notions of
613:Dorn, F. M., Hafner, R., & Plank, C. (2022).
288:Fairness and Justice in Natural Resource Politics
262: – Mining area at the Salton Sea, California
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976:Dorn, Felix M.; Ruiz Peyré, Fernando (2020).
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645:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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462:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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905:The Extractive Industries and Society
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102:(19° S) in the north and ending with
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807:Browne R., Vicente (21 April 2023).
773:Munita C., Ignacia (21 April 2023).
438:Parks, B. & Roberts, J. (2009).
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179:when compared to Chile are cited by
982:Journal of Latin American Geography
16:Region of the Andes rich in lithium
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25:The Lithium Triangle within the
442:. Routledge. pp. 161–191.
332:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103615
563:Environmental Research Letters
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1907:Geology of Catamarca Province
1897:Geology of Antofagasta Region
1102:The dictionary definition of
1922:Geology of Potosí Department
89:in Argentina. Of these, the
1917:Geology of Oruro Department
183:as a particular advantage.
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1932:Geology of Tarapacá Region
1763:Pampean Pegmatite Province
918:10.1016/j.exis.2022.101047
725:(in Spanish). 13 June 2022
632:10.1016/j.exis.2022.101130
503:10.1038/s43017-022-00387-5
353:Ellsworth Dickson (2017).
137:are trying to incorporate
1927:Geology of Salta Province
1912:Geology of Jujuy Province
1902:Geology of Atacama Region
1235:Arequipa-Antofalla Craton
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751:(in Spanish). 23 May 2022
266:Lithium § Production
1721:Metallogenetic provinces
1245:Central Brazilian Shield
584:10.1088/1748-9326/aae9b1
1356:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta
1034:The Wall Street Journal
220:Santiago Stock Exchange
87:Salar del Hombre Muerto
1284:Structures undergoing
1265:Río de la Plata Craton
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139:technocratic solutions
75:neighboring arid areas
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994:10.1353/lag.2020.0101
311:Earth-Science Reviews
69:that exist along the
45:) is a region of the
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1309:Juan Fernández Ridge
1270:São Francisco Craton
1068:El Tiempo (Colombia)
1061:Quinn, Jack (2024).
381:2021. L. Bednarski.
166:of local residents.
1829:Paraná and Etendeka
1027:Dube, Ryan (2022).
575:2018ERL....13l3001B
495:2023NRvEE...4..149V
324:2021ESRv..21703615L
43:Triángulo del Litio
1783:Volcanic provinces
1743:El Indio Gold Belt
1541:Sedimentary basins
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694:. 15 November 2022
156:green extractivism
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27:Arid Diagonal
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1080:. Retrieved
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1021:Bibliography
988:(4): 68–90.
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959:. Retrieved
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877:. Retrieved
875:(in Spanish)
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783:(in Spanish)
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689:
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160:Global South
135:Global North
132:
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81:in Bolivia,
34:
32:
18:
1531:Salta Rifts
1497:Amazon Rift
1338:shear zones
1324:Nazca Ridge
1319:Nazca Plate
1187:North Andes
1082:19 February
232:Likan Antay
164:livelihoods
148:geopolitics
1891:Categories
1695:San Rafael
1678:Gondwanide
1673:Famatinian
1658:Brasiliano
1596:Magallanes
1428:Pernambuco
1361:Cochabamba
1304:Chile Rise
1286:subduction
911:: 101047.
532:: 149–165.
426:Quinn 2024
413:Quinn 2024
387:1787386732
364:7 December
272:References
129:Background
1867:San Felix
1857:Galápagos
1847:Ascension
1819:Caribbean
1773:Volcanism
1711:Tilcarian
1646:Orogenies
1549:Altiplano
1525:Paramirim
1507:Cuyo Rift
1443:San Ramón
1423:Oca-Ancón
1162:Caribbean
1157:Antarctic
1077:0121-9987
1052:11 August
1047:1042-9840
1010:226967147
1002:1548-5811
937:246456703
593:1748-9326
511:2662-138X
458:cite book
400:Dube 2022
340:233846211
212:Albemarle
67:salt pans
55:Argentina
1872:Trindade
1839:Hotspots
1748:El Mutún
1636:Solimões
1612:Pantanal
1601:Malvinas
1576:Colorado
1463:El Tigre
1433:El Pilar
961:23 March
879:22 April
850:21 April
821:21 April
787:21 April
755:26 March
729:20 April
698:21 April
667:: 47–53.
389:. p. 97.
254:See also
1812:Austral
1802:Central
1690:Pampean
1668:Chonide
1619:Paraíba
1606:Neuquén
1491:Aguapeí
1482:grabens
1438:Romeral
1396:Huincul
1381:Domeyko
1371:Córdoba
1346:Atacama
1222:shields
1218:Cratons
1177:Malpelo
956:AP News
845:Reuters
814:Ex-Ante
571:Bibcode
491:Bibcode
320:Bibcode
225:Codelco
193:lithium
143:lithium
59:Bolivia
51:lithium
39:Spanish
1792:Andean
1700:Sunsás
1653:Andean
1625:Paraná
1554:Amazon
1513:Espino
1458:Sobral
1391:Gastre
1351:Boconó
1334:Faults
1192:Scotia
1075:
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1041:(35).
1039:CCLXXX
1008:
1000:
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591:
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446:
385:
338:
216:shares
61:, and
1807:South
1797:North
1684:Juruá
1630:Salta
1571:Chaco
1478:Rifts
1418:Morón
1182:Nazca
1172:Coiba
1167:Cocos
1006:S2CID
933:S2CID
749:CELAG
336:S2CID
188:ACISA
120:Chile
95:Chile
63:Chile
47:Andes
1581:Cuyo
1480:and
1412:Meta
1336:and
1220:and
1084:2024
1073:ISSN
1054:2022
1043:ISSN
998:ISSN
963:2024
881:2023
852:2023
823:2023
789:2023
780:Emol
757:2023
731:2023
700:2023
647:link
589:ISSN
544:link
507:ISSN
464:link
444:ISBN
383:ISBN
366:2019
210:and
197:OPEC
73:and
33:The
990:doi
923:hdl
913:doi
627:doi
579:doi
499:doi
328:doi
316:217
208:SQM
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
