152:
31:
53:
560:
Kawahara, A. Y.; Plotkin, D.; Ohshima, I.; Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Houlihan, P. R.; Breinholt, J. W.; Davis, D. R.; Kumata, T.; Sohn, J.-C.; De Prins, J.; Mitter, C. (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family
Gracillariidae and its implications
219:
Moths of the subfamily are small, with wingspans under 10 millimeters. They are often colorful, with forewings in shades of orange or red-brown with white or silvery streaks, and a metallic, shiny ground color. Another trait sometimes used to distinguish species is the style of
353:
origins and uncertain taxonomic classification. The definitions of the genera are not yet fully developed. Molecular analysis is ongoing. Collection of specimens is continuing, and new genera are being observed and will be described in the future.
224:
distribution. Species may leave their frass scattered about, deposited neatly along leaf veins or gathered at the feeding area, knit into a pile with silk threads, or spun into the
802:
764:
712:
738:
743:
52:
751:
236:
These moths are associated with at least 870 species of host plants in 36 botanical families. Many feed on plants of the
637:
313:
299:
691:
769:
545:
Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of
Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae).
830:
704:
825:
157:
151:
590:
290:
129:
39:
244:, and five genera are limited to them. Many species are monophagic, known from only one host plant. The
779:
628:
285:
452:
362:
208:
47:
30:
787:
673:
462:
184:
792:
570:
422:
382:
200:
280:
544:
499:
699:
686:
642:
432:
318:
204:
180:
114:
819:
350:
225:
678:
442:
756:
725:
622:
412:
402:
104:
613:
372:
271:, which feed on leaves and produce distorting tissue damage. Most larvae suck
268:
261:
253:
392:
168:
84:
64:
660:
652:
607:
257:
249:
241:
665:
279:, and consume the leaves during their final two instar stages. Familiar
717:
574:
172:
730:
276:
237:
195:
As of 2012, the subfamily contains over 540 species divided into ten
94:
74:
584:
504:
with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).
304:
245:
221:
196:
150:
326:
176:
588:
272:
248:
of most species are found on legumes, as well as the
183:. It is distributed worldwide, with most species in
597:
341:, contains around 400 species, while the smallest,
211:, 41 of which were described in the year 2012.
8:
585:
29:
20:
543:De Prins, J. and A. Y. Kawahara. (2012).
500:Systematics and biology of the new genus
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
482:
498:Davis, D. R. and J. De Prins. (2011).
539:
537:
535:
7:
780:704bc446-dc15-4c16-a356-a0cab79c8fe2
705:275861c7-e353-407d-b871-1d22341a92e8
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
337:There are 11 genera. The largest,
14:
349:contains many species of unclear
561:for larval host-use evolution".
207:. About 66 species occur in the
51:
199:. About half are native to the
1:
155:Leaf mine on hickory made by
203:, and over 100 occur in the
314:Cremastobombycia lantanella
300:Phyllonorycter blancardella
847:
191:Diversity and distribution
283:in the subfamily include
275:during their first three
142:
137:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
417:Davis and De Prins, 2011
345:, has only one species.
158:Cameraria caryaefoliella
325:). Some larvae produce
295:Aesculus hippocastanum
161:
40:Phyllonorycter issikii
563:Systematic Entomology
154:
700:Fauna Europaea (new)
260:(Rosaceae), and the
286:Cameraria ohridella
575:10.1111/syen.12210
453:Protolithocolletis
343:Protolithocolletis
256:(Betulaceae), the
209:Afrotropical realm
162:
16:Subfamily of moths
813:
812:
788:Open Tree of Life
591:Taxon identifiers
472:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
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398:
388:
378:
368:
303:, which feeds on
289:, which feeds on
149:
148:
133:
838:
831:Moth subfamilies
806:
805:
796:
795:
783:
782:
773:
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760:
759:
757:NHMSYS0000503072
747:
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423:Neolithocolletis
416:
406:
396:
386:
383:Cremastobombycia
376:
366:
317:, which attacks
267:Most larvae are
252:(Fagaceae), the
201:Palearctic realm
128:
56:
55:
33:
24:Lithocolletinae
21:
846:
845:
841:
840:
839:
837:
836:
835:
826:Lithocolletinae
816:
815:
814:
809:
803:lithocolletinae
801:
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786:
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755:
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742:
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724:
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643:Lithocolletinae
641:
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629:Lithocolletinae
627:
626:
621:
612:
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599:Lithocolletinae
593:
583:
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559:
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542:
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484:
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335:
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217:
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165:Lithocolletinae
127:
125:Lithocolletinae
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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842:
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828:
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687:Fauna Europaea
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433:Phyllonorycter
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347:Phyllonorycter
339:Phyllonorycter
334:
331:
323:Lantana camara
291:horse chestnut
264:(Salicaceae).
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205:Nearctic realm
192:
189:
181:Gracillariidae
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115:Gracillariidae
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13:
10:
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2:
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407:Clemens, 1859
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367:Chapman, 1902
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262:willow family
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36:
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27:
22:
19:
598:
566:
562:
555:
550:3594: 1–283.
547:
509:(98), 29-82.
506:
501:
468:
461:
451:
443:Porphyrosela
441:
437:Hübner, 1822
431:
427:Kumata, 1963
421:
411:
401:
397:Kumata, 1963
391:
381:
377:Kumata, 1961
371:
361:
356:
351:phylogenetic
346:
342:
338:
336:
322:
312:
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284:
266:
254:birch family
250:beech family
235:
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164:
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143:
124:
38:
18:
726:iNaturalist
623:Wikispecies
502:Macrosaccus
457:Braun, 1929
447:Braun, 1908
413:Macrosaccus
403:Leucanthiza
387:Braun, 1908
329:on plants.
269:leaf miners
258:rose family
215:Description
121:Subfamily:
105:Lepidoptera
820:Categories
477:References
373:Chrysaster
85:Arthropoda
569:: 60–81.
467:De Prins
393:Hyloconis
363:Cameraria
187:regions.
185:temperate
169:subfamily
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
661:BugGuide
650:BioLib:
614:Q1315117
608:Wikidata
463:Triberta
357:Genera:
242:Fabaceae
240:family,
130:Stainton
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
718:6117548
548:Zootaxa
507:ZooKeys
319:lantana
311:spp.),
277:instars
232:Biology
179:family
175:in the
173:insects
138:Genera
101:Order:
95:Insecta
91:Class:
793:754826
777:NZOR:
770:134904
744:694070
731:124274
692:433540
666:642103
471:, 2013
469:et al.
333:Genera
305:apples
246:larvae
238:legume
226:cocoon
197:genera
132:, 1854
800:PPE:
679:8V4WY
653:45617
327:galls
309:Malus
281:pests
222:frass
167:is a
765:NCBI
739:ITIS
713:GBIF
177:moth
752:NBN
674:CoL
638:AFD
571:doi
297:),
273:sap
171:of
144:11
822::
790::
767::
754::
741::
728::
715::
702::
689::
676::
663::
640::
625::
610::
567:42
565:.
514:^
485:^
228:.
577:.
573::
321:(
307:(
293:(
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