1713:
141:
2204:
2294:
2210:
118:
618:
This particular study defaults to the traditional paleognath classification scheme, based on the similarities with tinamous. The more recent genetic revaluations are vindicated, however, in that it recognises that the features uniting lithornithids to tinamous in the study are most likely basal to
570:
has toe claws and reversed halluxes that allow for efficient perching. Also unlike modern tinamous most lithornithids were capable flyers, with their wings and sterna comparable to those of storks and vultures some even able to perform long distance migrations. The exception is
518:
Several studies have shown conflicting status on the monophyly of the group. Some studies recover them as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern paleognaths, but more recent examinations group them in a single, natural group basal to the rest of
Palaeognathae. Of issue is
799:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Clarke, Julia A., The anatomy and taxonomy of the exquisitely preserved Green River
Formation (early Eocene) lithornithids (Aves) and the relationships of Lithornithidae. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 406), 30 June
944:
Torres, Christopher R.; Norell, Mark A.; Clarke, Julia A. (2019). "Estimating Flight Style of Early Eocene Stem
Palaeognath Bird Calciavis grandei(Lithornithidae)". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.24207. PMID
561:
ranks among the taxa with well developed olfactory lobes. This is consistent with a nocturnal, forest-dwelling lifestyle, though as much all volant birds it retains large optical lobes.
525:, which differs radically from other lithornithids and has been suggested to be more closely related to extant paleognaths, though it is recently recovered as a derived lithornithid.
693:
963:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early
Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA) 22.
602:
Lithornithids, much like modern paleognaths, ibises and shorebirds, had a vibrotactile bill tip organ, suggesting the development of this feature in the
Cretaceous.
2387:
954:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early
Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA)
935:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early
Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA)
809:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early
Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA)
1712:
2471:
2374:
741:
1134:
1106:
828:"Osteology Supports a Stem-Galliform Affinity for the Giant Extinct Flightless Bird Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres)"
887:"Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions"
700:
2476:
2461:
285:
representatives. All are extinct today; the youngest specimen is the currently unnamed SGPIMH MEV1 specimen from the mid-Eocene
2466:
648:
140:
577:
which was similar to modern tinamous and fowl in its sternum and wing proportions and likely was a burst flyer as well.
2203:
1127:
126:
2456:
694:"First substantial Middle Eocene record of the Lithornithidae (Aves): A postcranial skeleton from Messel (Germany)"
1205:
592:
have entire nests assigned to them. Their eggshells are, perhaps unsurprisingly, noted as being "ratite-like".
2451:
2314:
1120:
2413:
2297:
1755:
2361:
1542:
1489:
1259:
1009:
839:
503:
470:
1612:
2352:
2209:
1598:
1525:
766:
2274:
2239:
1952:
1497:
674:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early
Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere".
1232:
448:
223:
135:
2267:
1932:
1605:
2418:
1815:
1619:
2400:
2260:
1731:
1679:
1574:
1511:
1084:
1035:
918:
867:
492:
459:
391:
205:
2428:
2405:
2392:
2246:
1894:
1567:
1440:
1074:
1066:
1025:
1017:
974:
908:
898:
857:
847:
1772:
1588:
1504:
1424:
1190:
823:
660:
A lithornithid (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the
Paleocene (Tiffanian) of southern California
541:
425:
337:
319:
The order Lithornithiformes was erected by Dr. Peter Houde in 1988. Initially, only three
301:
282:
1013:
843:
2125:
1079:
1054:
1030:
997:
913:
886:
862:
827:
481:
595:
Studies on lithornithid feathers shows that some species had gloss similar to that of
2445:
2098:
2034:
1942:
1652:
1630:
1417:
1329:
1316:
1271:
1143:
588:
573:
535:
521:
413:
331:
278:
192:
72:
2253:
2056:
1972:
1482:
1472:
343:
270:
266:
852:
316:
were more curved than in tinamous and probably allowed better perching in trees.
2346:
2153:
2141:
2114:
2074:
2065:
2013:
1979:
1887:
1822:
1764:
1642:
1350:
1244:
596:
47:
2227:
2084:
2027:
1997:
1901:
1860:
1795:
1743:
1403:
1361:
402:
360:
286:
117:
92:
57:
2162:
2107:
2041:
1963:
1557:
1535:
1457:
1410:
1396:
1372:
1217:
582:
566:
529:
436:
353:
325:
305:
274:
152:
97:
41:
30:
2337:
1088:
1070:
1039:
1021:
975:"The eggshell of the Eocene bird Lithornis – Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"
922:
903:
871:
659:
822:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Mitri, Miyess; Handley, Warren D.; Lee, Michael S. Y.;
2331:
2179:
2169:
2006:
1880:
1853:
1805:
1168:
309:
172:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2379:
2020:
1986:
1916:
1871:
1783:
1660:
297:
102:
77:
1162:
1112:
580:
Several egg fossils have been attributed to lithornithid birds. Both
554:
364:
may also belong to the clade, and several unnamed remains are known.
348:
313:
162:
34:
2308:
737:
320:
2366:
1174:
1055:"Cretaceous origins of the vibrotactile bill-tip organ in birds"
293:
182:
2312:
2225:
1729:
1314:
1155:
1116:
998:"Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds"
1840:
1107:
Bird beak extra sense evolved more than 70 million years ago
885:
Torres, Christopher R.; Clarke, Julia A. (31 October 2018).
826:; Sand, Christophe; Evans, Alistair Robert (30 March 2016).
778:
682:. Cambridge Massachusetts, USA: Nuttall Ornithological Club.
304:
skull with relatively unfused cranial bones, a weakly fused
347:(Harrison & Walker, 1977) originally considered a stem-
1053:
Du Toit, C. J.; Chinsamy, A.; Cunningham, S. J. (2020).
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
1059:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
891:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
273:
birds. They are known from fossils dating to the Upper
2175:
2137:
2095:
2080:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1837:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1752:
1648:
1638:
1585:
1554:
1522:
1469:
1453:
1384:
1368:
1357:
1346:
300:, aside from more developed wings. They possessed a
2321:
2152:
2124:
2094:
2064:
2055:
1996:
1962:
1915:
1870:
1836:
1782:
1751:
1742:
1678:
1629:
1584:
1553:
1521:
1468:
1438:
1383:
1327:
1270:
1243:
1216:
1189:
996:Eliason, Chad M.; Clarke, Julia A. (13 May 2020).
817:
815:
973:Grellet-Tinner, Gerald; Dyke, Gareth J. (2005).
676:Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club
1128:
8:
669:
667:
296:for probing. They closely resembled modern
281:of North America and Europe, with possible
2309:
2222:
2130:
2061:
1921:
1845:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1675:
1446:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1311:
1249:
1222:
1195:
1186:
1152:
1135:
1121:
1113:
533:itself may be paraphyletic in relation to
130:fossil cast, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen
116:
22:
1078:
1029:
912:
902:
861:
851:
744:Paleognathia – paleognathous modern birds
341:) and eight named species were included.
632:
611:
510:(London Clay Early Eocene of England)
7:
1109:, on: NewScientist, 2 December 2020
14:
564:Unlike modern tinamous, at least
292:Lithornithids had long, slender,
2472:Paleogene birds of North America
2293:
2292:
2208:
2202:
1711:
351:, is considered synonymous with
139:
269:(but see below) group of early
1:
979:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
853:10.1371/journal.pone.0150871
497:(Harrison, 1984) Houde, 1988
486:(Harrison, 1984) Houde, 1988
443:(Paleocene – Early Eocene)
426:Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius
127:Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius
2493:
736:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
109:Possible Cretaceous record
2477:Prehistoric bird families
2462:Paleogene birds of Europe
2288:
2234:
2221:
2199:
2133:
1924:
1848:
1738:
1725:
1708:
1674:
1449:
1342:
1338:
1323:
1310:
1252:
1225:
1198:
1185:
1151:
253:
248:
136:Scientific classification
134:
124:
115:
25:
1105:Christa Lesté-Lasserre:
265:is an extinct, possibly
740:Haaramo, Mikko (2007).
619:paleognaths as a whole.
420:(Early Eocene of WC US)
18:Extinct family of birds
1071:10.1098/rspb.2020.2322
1022:10.1126/sciadv.aba0187
904:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
726:Paleogene Fossil Birds
649:Paleogene Fossil Birds
414:Paracathartes howardae
2467:Bartonian extinctions
2414:Paleobiology Database
769:Taxonomic lists- Aves
1014:2020SciA....6..187E
844:2016PLoSO..1150871W
403:Fissuravis weigelti
897:(1890): 20181540.
781:on 11 January 2016
372:Lithornithiformes
2457:Notopalaeognathae
2439:
2438:
2401:Open Tree of Life
2315:Taxon identifiers
2306:
2305:
2284:
2283:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2051:
2050:
1911:
1910:
1832:
1831:
1756:Opisthodactylidae
1732:Notopalaeognathae
1721:
1720:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1680:Notopalaeognathae
1670:
1669:
1434:
1433:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
553:In a study about
509:
498:
487:
476:
465:
454:
442:
431:
419:
408:
397:
392:Calciavis grandei
386:(False tinamous)
385:
375:
260:
259:
244:
227:
219:Lithornithiformes
206:Notopalaeognathae
110:
2484:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2310:
2296:
2295:
2247:Incognitoolithus
2223:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2177:
2139:
2131:
2097:
2082:
2062:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1846:
1841:Dinornithiformes
1839:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1676:
1650:
1640:
1587:
1556:
1524:
1471:
1455:
1447:
1441:Struthioniformes
1386:
1370:
1359:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1312:
1250:
1223:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1008:(20): eaba0187.
1002:Science Advances
993:
987:
986:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
942:
936:
933:
927:
926:
916:
906:
882:
876:
875:
865:
855:
824:Anderson, Atholl
819:
810:
807:
801:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
777:. Archived from
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
734:
728:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
705:
699:. Archived from
698:
690:
684:
683:
671:
662:
657:
651:
646:
620:
616:
507:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
440:
429:
417:
406:
395:
383:
373:
242:
237:
222:
217:
144:
143:
120:
108:
107:
44:
29:Temporal range:
23:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2280:
2230:
2213:
2201:
2185:
2148:
2120:
2090:
2047:
1992:
1958:
1907:
1866:
1828:
1778:
1773:Opisthodactylus
1734:
1717:
1710:
1694:
1666:
1625:
1589:Ergilornithidae
1580:
1549:
1543:Galligeranoides
1517:
1505:Palaeophasianus
1490:Galligeranoides
1464:
1443:
1430:
1425:Pseudocrypturus
1379:
1332:
1319:
1286:
1266:
1239:
1212:
1206:Avemetatarsalia
1191:Avemetatarsalia
1181:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1052:
1051:
1047:
995:
994:
990:
972:
971:
967:
962:
958:
953:
949:
943:
939:
934:
930:
884:
883:
879:
838:(3): e0150871.
821:
820:
813:
808:
804:
798:
794:
784:
782:
765:
764:
760:
750:
748:
739:
735:
731:
723:
719:
709:
707:
706:on 10 June 2011
703:
696:
692:
691:
687:
673:
672:
665:
658:
654:
647:
634:
629:
624:
623:
617:
613:
608:
551:
542:Pseudocrypturus
370:
338:Pseudocrypturus
283:Late Cretaceous
241:
235:
221:
215:
138:
111:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Lithornithidae
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2353:Lithornithidae
2343:
2327:
2325:
2323:Lithornithidae
2319:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2126:Casuariiformes
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2099:Aepyornithidae
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1994:
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1983:
1976:
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1664:
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1646:
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1627:
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1613:Sinoergilornis
1609:
1602:
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1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:Lithornithidae
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1355:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1308:
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1208:
1199:
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1100:External links
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418:Harrison, 1979
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381:Lithornithidae
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302:rhynchokinetic
263:Lithornithidae
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239:Lithornithidae
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26:Lithornithidae
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2269:
2265:
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2258:
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2233:
2229:
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2205:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
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2164:
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2159:
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2127:
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2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
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2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
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2039:
2037:
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2032:
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2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:Querandiornis
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:Anomalopteryx
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
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1858:
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1653:Pachystruthio
1647:
1645:
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1632:
1631:Struthionidae
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:Amphipelargus
1596:
1595:
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1526:Palaeotididae
1520:
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1330:Palaeognathae
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Palaeognathae
1313:
1309:
1280:
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1275:
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1269:
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812:
806:
803:
796:
793:
780:
776:
775:Paleofile.com
772:
770:
762:
759:
747:
745:
738:
733:
730:
727:
724:Gerald Mayr,
721:
718:
702:
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689:
686:
681:
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670:
668:
664:
661:
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612:
605:
603:
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589:Paracathartes
585:
584:
578:
576:
575:
574:Paracathartes
569:
568:
562:
560:
556:
548:
546:
544:
543:
538:
537:
536:Paracathartes
532:
531:
526:
524:
523:
522:Paracathartes
506:
505:
504:L. vulturinus
500:
495:
494:
489:
484:
483:
478:
473:
472:
471:L. promiscuus
467:
462:
461:
456:
451:
450:
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444:
439:
438:
433:
428:
427:
422:
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405:
404:
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396:Nesbitt, 2016
394:
393:
388:
387:
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378:
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376:
367:
365:
363:
362:
357:
355:
350:
346:
345:
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332:Paracathartes
328:
327:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:Middle Eocene
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
252:
247:
240:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:Palaeognathae
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
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137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
114:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
24:
21:
16:
2322:
2275:Tsondabornis
2273:
2266:
2259:
2254:Medioolithus
2252:
2245:
2240:Diamantornis
2238:
2178:
2168:
2161:
2140:
2113:
2106:
2083:
2073:
2057:Novaeratitae
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1973:Crypturellus
1971:
1953:Roveretornis
1951:
1941:
1931:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1861:Megalapteryx
1859:
1852:
1821:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1771:
1763:
1659:
1651:
1641:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1573:
1566:
1541:
1534:
1510:
1503:
1498:Geranodornis
1496:
1488:
1483:Eogeranoides
1481:
1473:Geranoididae
1456:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1005:
1001:
991:
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978:
968:
959:
950:
940:
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894:
890:
880:
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805:
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783:. Retrieved
779:the original
774:
768:
761:
749:. Retrieved
743:
732:
725:
720:
708:. Retrieved
701:the original
688:
679:
675:
655:
614:
601:
594:
587:
581:
579:
572:
565:
563:
558:
552:
549:Paleobiology
540:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
502:
491:
480:
469:
458:
447:
435:
424:
412:
401:
390:
380:
371:
359:
352:
344:Promusophaga
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
291:
277:through the
267:paraphyletic
262:
261:
254:
238:
218:
199:
189:Infraclass:
125:
20:
15:
2347:Wikispecies
2154:Casuariidae
2142:Diogenornis
2115:Mullerornis
2066:Apterygidae
2014:Nothoprocta
1980:Nothocercus
1895:Euryapteryx
1765:Diogenornis
1643:Orientornis
1351:Asteriornis
1260:Maniraptora
1245:Maniraptora
1144:Palaeognath
785:30 December
751:30 December
597:cassowaries
557:endocasts,
475:Houde, 1988
464:Houde, 1988
453:Houde, 1988
449:L. celetius
430:Houde, 1988
384:Houde, 1988
374:Houde, 1988
243:Houde, 1988
40:62–40
2446:Categories
2268:Psammornis
2085:Proapteryx
2028:Rhynchotus
1998:Nothurinae
1933:Miniothura
1902:Pachyornis
1796:Heterorhea
1744:Rheiformes
1689:see below↓
1606:Ergilornis
1404:Fissuravis
1362:Eremopezus
1281:see below↓
627:References
508:Owen, 1840
493:L. hookeri
460:L. plebius
441:Owen, 1840
407:Mayr, 2007
361:Fissuravis
356:vulturinus
287:Messel Pit
271:paleognath
2163:Casuarius
2108:Aepyornis
2042:Tinamotis
2035:Taoniscus
1964:Tinaminae
1917:Tinamidae
1816:Protorhea
1620:Urmiornis
1558:Eogruidae
1536:Palaeotis
1458:Remiornis
1411:Lithornis
1397:Calciavis
1373:Limenavis
1233:Theropoda
1218:Theropoda
1161:Kingdom:
945:31313482.
583:Lithornis
567:Lithornis
559:Lithornis
530:Lithornis
437:Lithornis
354:Lithornis
326:Lithornis
306:pygostyle
275:Paleocene
255:See text
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
31:Paleocene
2332:Wikidata
2298:Category
2261:Namornis
2180:Emuarius
2170:Dromaius
2007:Eudromia
1854:Dinornis
1806:Hinasuri
1661:Struthio
1575:Sonogrus
1512:Paragrus
1169:Chordata
1167:Phylum:
1163:Animalia
1089:33259758
1065:(1940).
1040:32426504
923:30381378
872:27027304
832:PLOS ONE
368:Taxonomy
310:splenial
298:tinamous
232:Family:
173:Chordata
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
2429:6032664
2406:3600975
2380:4850308
2367:4434497
2075:Apteryx
2021:Nothura
1987:Tinamus
1872:Emeidae
1784:Rheidae
1173:Class:
1080:7739938
1031:7220335
1010:Bibcode
914:6235046
863:4814122
840:Bibcode
710:11 June
482:L. nasi
314:unguals
312:. The
249:Genera
212:Order:
179:Class:
2426:uBio:
2393:102492
2338:Q19169
2228:Ootaxa
1568:Eogrus
1146:genera
1087:
1077:
1038:
1028:
921:
911:
870:
860:
555:ratite
349:turaco
335:, and
321:genera
308:and a
289:site.
226:, 1988
35:Eocene
2419:98813
2388:IRMNG
1888:Emeus
704:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
606:Notes
294:bills
224:Houde
200:Clade
2375:GBIF
1823:Rhea
1258:see
1231:see
1204:see
1175:Aves
1085:PMID
1036:PMID
919:PMID
868:PMID
800:2016
787:2015
753:2015
712:2016
586:and
539:and
183:Aves
48:PreꞒ
2362:EoL
1075:PMC
1067:doi
1063:287
1026:PMC
1018:doi
909:PMC
899:doi
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858:PMC
848:doi
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103:N
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88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
33:-
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