353:
There needed to be no direct communication, because conduct in accordance with terms of an agreement can constitute acceptance. When an offer is made to all the world, nothing can be imported beyond the conditions initially stated, nor can notice before the event be required. The promise is to those who do the required acts, not to those who say and then do the act. The terms were not uncertain, nor were the parties uncertain, and it should be clear that people who lawfully acquired a smokeball could benefit. There would be no reason for a limitation to people who got the smokeball as a gift, because an increased sale being a benefit to the defendants, though effected through a middleman, and the use of the balls must be presumed to serve as an advertisement and increase the sale. The amount of time the smokeball should last (and the company be bound by) was a matter of construction, of which several were possible (a fortnight, till the flu epidemic ends). The best would be a reasonable period of a fortnight. The
294:
in their proposal, and would fulfil their promise in the event mentioned; their own words, “shewing our sincerity in the matter,” state as much. It may be that, of the many readers of the advertisement, very few of the sensible ones would have entertained expectations that in the event of the smoke ball failing to act as a preventive against the disease, the defendants had any intention to fulfil their attractive and alluring promise; but it must be remembered that such advertisements do not appeal so much to the wise and thoughtful as to the credulous and weak portions of the community; and if the vendor of an article, whether it be medicine smoke or anything else, with a view to increase its sale or use, thinks fit publicly to promise to all who buy or use it that, to those who shall not find it as surely efficacious as it is represented by him to be he will pay a substantial sum of money, he must not be surprised if occasionally he is held to his
190:(the future Prime Minister) and Herman William Loehnis represented the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. They made three submissions. Firstly, that there was no contract, because Carbolic had not intended to create an obligation enforceable by law upon themselves, shown by the wide terms in which the advertisement was expressed. The advertisement said the "reward" was for anyone getting influenza "after having used the ball", which could mean any time in someone's life. It would be absurd to impose an obligation on the company for some who got the flu years after using the ball. Moreover, contracting the flu was not something in the plaintiff's control, and so this case should be distinguished from reward cases like
563:, Hawkins, J., appended to his judgment the following note: “In this case the Court held, that the fact, as found by the jury, that the plaintiff was not induced by the offer of the reward, but by other motives, to give the information, did not affect her right to recover. I presume, however, that the offer had been brought to her knowledge before the information was given. Otherwise, it is difficult to understand how it could be said that she was party to a contract, or gave the information in fulfilment of the condition.”
39:
329:, but also relied on new authorities to argue the company out of any contract. They again argued that the contract was not like other reward cases, because catching the flu was not something you had control over, and that the words in the advertisement expressed a vague intention but in no way amounted to a promise. They said the terms were far too vague to make any contract. New arguments were that there was no "
312:, Littledale, Parke, and Patteson, JJ., held, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the 20l. upon the ground that the advertisement amounted to a general promise or contract to pay the offered reward to any person who performed the condition mentioned in it, namely, who gave the information. If authority was wanted to confirm the view I have taken, it is furnished by the case I have just cited.
308:(1833) 4 B. & Ad. 621 the defendant, on April 25, 1831, published a handbill, stating that whoever would give such information as should lead to the discovery of the murder of Walter Carwardine should, on conviction, receive a reward of 20l. In August, 1831, the plaintiff gave information which led to the conviction of one Williams. The Court, consisting of
373:. The use of the ball at home stands on the same level as the writing a letter which is kept in the writer's drawer. There was no service done for the company. On the issue of time limits, the fact that it is difficult to decide should show, submitted Finlay QC, that the fair result is no contract at all.
293:
in large type was undoubtedly so inserted in the hope that it would be read by all who read that journal, and the announcement that 1000l. had been deposited with the
Alliance Bank could only have been inserted with the object of leading those who read it to believe that the defendants were serious
343:
had said that to get a contract simply performing a private act is not enough to create obligations on other people. If one was honestly going to take the advertisement seriously, then it would allow someone that stole the Smoke Ball, and used it and got the flu, to get a reward. But that would be
278:
I am of opinion that the offer or proposal in the advertisement, coupled with the performance by the plaintiff of the condition, created a contract on the part of the defendants to pay the 100l. upon the happening of the event mentioned in the proposal. It seems to me that the contract may be thus
366:
Finlay QC then replied, again stressing the absurdity of holding the company liable on such a vague advertisement, and especially because there was no real request to use the smokeball in the advert. That a contract should be completed by a private act is against the language of Lord
Blackburn in
352:
appeared for Mrs
Carlill. They argued the advertisement was clearly an advertisement that looked like it should be acted on, and it was rich for the company to then say it was an empty boast. The advert was to the whole public, and a contract arose whenever the conditions in the ad were acted on.
506:
60 LJ MC 116, where the publisher of a book containing information as to horse-races promised to pay a sum of money to any purchaser of the book who correctly prophesied the winning horses in certain future races, it was held that the promise was not a wager, there being no mutuality of gain and
447:
s. 2 of 14 Geo. 3, c. 48, "It shall not be lawful to make any policy or policies on the life or lives of any person or persons, or other event or events, without inserting in such policy or policies the person or persons, name or names, interested therein, or for whose use, benefit, or on whose
301:
I notice that in the present case, the promise is of 100l. reward; but the substance of the offer is to pay the named sum as compensation for the failure of the article to produce the guaranteed effect of the two weeks' daily use as directed. Such daily use was sufficient legal consideration to
466:
5 E & B 860 Lord
Campbell and Wightman, J. held that the statement by a railway company in their timetables of the times at which their trains would run, amounted to a contract with any person who came to the station and tendered the price of a ticket that the trains would run at the times
344:
absurd because there would be no benefit given to the company. And, using the arguments from the Queen's Bench briefly, even if it was a contract between a purchaser and the company, it would still be void as a wagering (gambling) contract or as an insurance contract without the required form.
490:
says, "The essence of gaming and wagering is that one party is to win and the other to lose upon a future event, which at the time of the contract is of an uncertain nature - that is to say, if the event turns out one way A. will lose, but if it turns out the other way he will
173:
283:
that the plaintiff would use the carbolic smoke ball three times daily for two weeks according to printed directions supplied with the ball, the defendants would pay to her 100l. if after having so used the ball she contracted the epidemic known as influenza.
138:
served as counsel for the company. A close reading of the submissions and the decision in the Queen's Bench show that the result of the Court of Appeal was not inevitable or necessarily a decision on orthodox principles of previous case law.
243:
said wagers are about one side winning and another losing. Here, even if Mrs
Carlill did not "win" £100, Carbolic won nothing. Third, using the smokeball could not be an insurance policy, because it was not shaped as an insurance policy.
224:
a contract. The contract was a warranty to prevent disease that sounded in liquidated (money) damages. The advertisement was an offer. It was accepted when the conditions of the offer were performed. This could be seen in
333:" moving from the plaintiff - Mrs Carlill did nothing of value for the company - by getting the flu. They also argued that there was no communication of an intention by Mrs Carlill to accept the offer, and they relied on
273:
To the last three questions, Hawkins essentially agreed with Mrs
Carlill's counsel, and said "no", adding arguments of his own. To the question of whether there was a contract, he said "yes," and gave his reasons.
347:
After these arguments were given, the court of appeal indicated they did not need further submissions on the wager or insurance point (they did not think the arguments were very good at all). Dickens QC and
476:
11 A 7 E 856, the defendant offered a reward to whoever would give such information as would lead to the conviction of a felon, and the plaintiff gave such information, it was held that he was entitled to
217:. Third, even if it were contract and not a wagering contract, it still would be void because it would be an insurance contract that failed to follow the prescribed form of stating people's names.
200:, which said "wagering contracts" (gambling contracts) were unlawful and void. This was a wager, gambling, like a lottery, as in a number of cases, such as
164:
decided that
Carlill was bound to recover £100. The facts were not in dispute. Submissions were made by both sides and then Hawkins J gave his judgment.
383:
144:
49:
672:
17:
161:
196:
where someone positively does something to deserve a reward. Second, even if a contract existed, it should be void because of the
179:
gave the leading submissions for the
Carbolic company. In 1908 he became the Liberal Party's Prime Minister, and led Britain into
340:
682:
654:
369:
335:
309:
677:
354:
330:
280:
227:
457:
The law report also says "Bonner", who was in fact W.B. Allen, as appears in the Court of Appeal; Simpson (1985) 363
220:
William Graham and John
Patrick Murphy QC for Mrs Carlill responded to the submissions by first arguing that there
326:
157:
574:
559:
304:
233:
202:
192:
502:
625:
359:
213:
610:
517:
487:
239:
589:
207:
595:
349:
523:
640:
289:
253:
187:
176:
197:
172:
537:
322:
135:
38:
666:
321:
For the
Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., two new barristers (Asquith QC had just become
180:
121:
Advertisements, Conditions, Insurance, Offer and acceptance, Wagering contracts
325:), Finlay QC and T. Terrell made similar submissions to the counsel in the
295:
18:
Litigation before the judgment in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
237:
Second, it was not a wager contract, and therefore not void, because
171:
134:
was a rather decorated affair, considering that a future
156:At first instance, on the 4th of July 1892, in the
115:
105:
97:
86:
81:
73:
65:
55:
45:
31:
276:
448:account such policy is so made or underwrote."
256:) framed his decision through four questions:
60:Louisa Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
8:
142:For the facts and full final decision, see
37:
28:
395:
317:Submissions before the Court of Appeal
269:Did insurance contract statutes apply?
263:If a contract, did it require a stamp?
384:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
145:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
131:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
7:
287:The advertisement inserted in the
129:Litigation before the judgment in
25:
91:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co
50:Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
32:Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co
655:Brogden v. Metropolitan Ry. Co.
370:Brogden v. Metropolitan Ry. Co.
336:Brogden v. Metropolitan Ry. Co.
228:Denton v Great Northern Ry. Co.
557:With reference to the case of
1:
593:(1603) 1 Roll. Abr. 6 (M.);
699:
673:English agreement case law
167:
578:(1833) 4 B. & Ad. 621
357:was good and the case of
120:
110:
36:
302:support the promise. In
683:Advertising regulation
575:Williams v. Carwardine
411:8 & 9 Vict. c. 109
363:did not undermine it.
314:
184:
678:The Pall Mall Gazette
560:Williams v Carwardine
305:Williams v Carwardine
260:Was there a contract?
193:Williams v Carwardine
175:
168:Counsels' submissions
151:
599:Law Rep. 8 Q. B. 286
572:Distinguishing from
521:, 3 Bing. N. C.457;
629:, 2 E. & B. 476
596:Harris v. Nickerson
350:Wilfred Baugh Allen
641:Spencer v. Harding
614:2 B. & Ad. 232
587:Counsel relied on
234:England v Davidson
203:Brogden v Marriott
185:
548:2 Q.B. 484, 488-9
503:Caminada v Hulton
310:Lord Denman, C.J.
290:Pall Mall Gazette
254:Sir Henry Hawkins
125:
124:
98:Subsequent action
16:(Redirected from
690:
658:
650:
644:
636:
630:
626:Gerhard v. Bates
621:
615:
606:
600:
585:
579:
570:
564:
555:
549:
546:
540:
534:
528:
514:
508:
498:
492:
486:4 QBD 685, 695,
484:
478:
474:
468:
464:
458:
455:
449:
445:
439:
436:
430:
427:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
402:4 B & Ad 621
400:
360:Gerhard v. Bates
214:Taylor v Smetten
188:H. H. Asquith QC
177:H. H. Asquith QC
41:
29:
21:
698:
697:
693:
692:
691:
689:
688:
687:
663:
662:
661:
651:
647:
637:
633:
622:
618:
611:Guthing v. Lynn
607:
603:
586:
582:
571:
567:
556:
552:
547:
543:
535:
531:
518:Morgan v Pebrer
515:
511:
499:
495:
485:
481:
475:
471:
465:
461:
456:
452:
446:
442:
437:
433:
428:
424:
419:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
379:
319:
266:Was it a wager?
250:
240:Thacker v Hardy
198:Gaming Act 1845
170:
154:
69:7 December 1892
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
696:
694:
686:
685:
680:
675:
665:
664:
660:
659:
645:
631:
616:
601:
590:Week v. Tibold
580:
565:
550:
541:
538:Stamp Act 1891
529:
509:
493:
479:
469:
459:
450:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
378:
375:
341:Lord Blackburn
323:Home Secretary
318:
315:
279:described. In
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
249:
246:
208:Rourke v Short
169:
166:
153:
150:
136:Prime Minister
123:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
93:2 QB 484 (QBD)
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:Full case name
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
695:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
657:
656:
649:
646:
643:
642:
635:
632:
628:
627:
620:
617:
613:
612:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
591:
584:
581:
577:
576:
569:
566:
562:
561:
554:
551:
545:
542:
539:
533:
530:
527:, 15 Q.B. 460
526:
525:
520:
519:
513:
510:
505:
504:
497:
494:
489:
483:
480:
473:
470:
463:
460:
454:
451:
444:
441:
435:
432:
426:
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
396:
390:
386:
385:
381:
380:
376:
374:
372:
371:
364:
362:
361:
356:
355:consideration
351:
345:
342:
338:
337:
332:
331:consideration
328:
327:Queen's Bench
324:
316:
313:
311:
307:
306:
299:
297:
292:
291:
285:
282:
281:consideration
275:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
257:
255:
247:
245:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
229:
223:
218:
216:
215:
210:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
182:
178:
174:
165:
163:
159:
158:Queen's Bench
152:Queen's Bench
149:
147:
146:
140:
137:
133:
132:
119:
114:
109:
106:Case opinions
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
653:
648:
639:
634:
624:
619:
609:
604:
594:
588:
583:
573:
568:
558:
553:
544:
532:
524:Cook v Field
522:
516:
512:
501:
496:
482:
472:
462:
453:
443:
434:
425:
420:3 Bing NC 88
416:
407:
398:
382:
368:
365:
358:
346:
334:
320:
303:
300:
288:
286:
277:
272:
251:
238:
232:
226:
221:
219:
212:
206:
201:
191:
186:
155:
143:
141:
130:
128:
126:
90:
87:Prior action
82:Case history
59:
26:
652:Relying on
638:Relying on
623:Relying on
608:Relying on
252:Hawkins J (
181:World War I
667:Categories
536:Under the
500:See also,
438:11 QBD 207
488:Cotton LJ
162:Hawkins J
111:Hawkins J
477:recover.
429:5 EB 904
377:See also
339:, where
248:Judgment
116:Keywords
77:1 QB 256
74:Citation
467:stated.
296:promise
66:Decided
507:loss.
491:win."
391:Notes
46:Court
231:and
211:and
127:The
101:none
222:was
669::
298:.
160:,
148:.
183:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
