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thin, delicate layer of organic material can be easily affected by humans. For instance, forest litter raking as a replacement for straw in husbandry is an old non-timber practice in forest management that has been widespread in Europe since the seventeenth century. In 1853, an estimated 50 Tg of dry litter per year was raked in
European forests, when the practice reached its peak. This human disturbance, if not combined with other degradation factors, could promote podzolisation; if managed properly (for example, by burying litter removed after its use in animal husbandry), even the repeated removal of forest biomass may not have negative effects on
193:. The most extreme variability of litterfall is seen as a function of seasonality; each individual species of plant has seasonal losses of certain parts of its body, which can be determined by the collection and classification of plant litterfall throughout the year, and in turn affects the thickness of the litter layer. In tropical environments, the largest amount of debris falls in the latter part of dry seasons and early during wet season. As a result of this variability due to seasons, the decomposition rate for any given area will also be variable.
329:
570:, a portion of the plant's nutrients are reabsorbed from the leaves. The nutrient concentrations in litterfall differ from the nutrient concentrations in the mature foliage by the reabsorption of constituents during leaf senescence. Plants that grow in areas with low nutrient availability tend to produce litter with low nutrient concentrations, as a larger proportion of the available nutrients is reabsorbed. After senescence, the nutrient-enriched leaves become litterfall and settle on the soil below.
317:
31:
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of the forest. The quantity, depth and humidity of leaf litter varies in different habitats. The leaf litter found in primary forests is more abundant, deeper and holds more humidity than in secondary forests. This condition also allows for a more stable leaf litter quantity throughout the year. This
216:
Surface detritus facilitates the capture and infiltration of rainwater into lower soil layers. The surface detritus also protects soil from excess drying and warming. Soil litter protects soil aggregates from raindrop impact, preventing the release of clay and silt particles from plugging soil pores.
953:
In some regions of glaciated North
America, earthworms have been introduced where they are not native. Non-native earthworms have led to environmental changes by accelerating the rate of decomposition of litter. These changes are being studied, but may have negative impacts on some inhabitants such
232:
damage. Soil litter can be completely removed depending on intensity and severity of wildfires and season. Regions with high frequency wildfires have reduced vegetation density and reduced soil litter accumulation. Climate also influences the depth of plant litter. Typically humid tropical and
747:
and water composition. They also find that the exact carbonaceous contribution of each plant species can be traced from the plant, through the crab, to its sediment or water disposition in this way. Crabs are usually the only significant macrofauna in this process, however Raw et al 2017 find
249:
and litter fall. Due to their interconnectedness, global patterns of litterfall are similar to global patterns of net primary productivity. Plant litter, which can be made up of fallen leaves, twigs, seeds, flowers, and other woody debris, makes up a large portion of above ground net primary
672:
The decline of nutrient ratios is also a function of decomposition of litterfall (i.e. as litterfall decomposes, more nutrients enter the soil below and the litter will have a lower nutrient ratio). Litterfall containing high nutrient concentrations will decompose more rapidly and
766:
The main objectives of litterfall sampling and analysis are to quantify litterfall production and chemical composition over time in order to assess the variation in litterfall quantities, and hence its role in nutrient cycling across an environmental gradient of
233:
sub-tropical climates have reduced organic matter layers and horizons due to year-round decomposition and high vegetation density and growth. In temperate and cold climates, litter tends to accumulate and decompose slower due to a shorter growing season.
1659:
J. Chave, D. Navarrete, S. Almeida, E. Ălvarez, L. E. O. C. AragĂŁo, D. Bonal, P. ChĂątelet, J. E. Silva-Espejo, J.-Y. Goret, P. von
Hildebrand, E. Jiménez, S. Patiño, M. C. Peñuela, O. L. Phillips, P. Stevenson & Y. Malhi (2009).
786:
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as an index of a potential rate of decomposition for any given area. Globally, data from various forest ecosystems shows an inverse relationship in the decline in nutrient ratios to the apparent nutrition availability of the forest.
1032:
Ochoa-Hueso, R; Delgado-Baquerizo, M; King, PTA; Benham, M; Arca, V; Power, SA (February 2019). "Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition".
813:
The litterbag may also be used to study decomposition of the litter layer. By confining fresh litter in the mesh bags and placing them on the ground, an ecologist can monitor and collect the decay measurements of that litter. An
145:
Litterfall is characterized as fresh, undecomposed, and easily recognizable (by species and type) plant debris. This can be anything from leaves, cones, needles, twigs, bark, seeds/nuts, logs, or reproductive organs (e.g. the
204:
Latitude also has a strong effect on litterfall rates and thickness. Specifically, litterfall declines with increasing latitude. In tropical rainforests, there is a thin litter layer due to the rapid decomposition, while in
1305:
Chanasyk, D.S.; Whitson, I.R.; Mapfumo, E.; Burke, J.M.; Prepas, E.E. (2003). "The
Impacts of Forest Harvest and Wildfire on Soils and Hydrology in Temperate Forests: A Baseline to Develop Hypotheses for the Boreal Plain".
1832:
479:) into the soil where the surrounding plants can then reabsorb the nutrients that were shed as litterfall. In this way, litterfall becomes an important part of the nutrient cycle that sustains forest environments.
1943:â United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution: International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests. (2004).
738:
is the predominant disposal route, they can take 80% of leaf material. Bakkar et al 2017 studied the chemical contribution of the resulting crab defecation. They find crabs pass a noticeable amount of undegraded
805:(if possible) and recorded on a spreadsheet. When measuring bulk litterfall for an area, ecologists will weigh the dry contents of the litterbag. By this method litterfall flux can be defined as:
918:
The mass-balance approach is also utilized in these experiments and suggests that the decomposition for a given amount of time should equal the input of litterfall for that same amount of time.
689:. Therefore, nutrient reabsorption during senescence presents an opportunity for a plant's future net primary production use. A relationship between nutrient stores can also be defined as:
158:
type. For example, leaf tissues account for about 70 percent of litterfall in forests, but woody litter tends to increase with forest age. In grasslands, there is very little aboveground
486:. Litter aids in soil moisture retention by cooling the ground surface and holding moisture in decaying organic matter. The flora and fauna working to decompose soil litter also aid in
866:
2079:"Dynamics of leaf litter humidity, depth and quantity: two restoration strategies failed to mimic ground microhabitat conditions of a low montane and premontane forest in Costa Rica"
2326:
2232:
2168:
2006:
1706:
1930:
Estrella, Stephanie. âStandard
Operating Procedures for Litterfall Collection, Processing, and Analysis: Version 2.0.â Washington State Department of Ecology. (2008).
1831:
Cragg, Simon M.; Friess, Daniel A.; Gillis, Lucy G.; Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M.; Terrett, Oliver M.; Watts, Joy E.M.; Distel, Daniel L.; Dupree, Paul (2020-01-03).
893:
778:. A litterbag is simply any type of container that can be set out in any given area for a specified amount of time to collect the plant litter that falls from the
1649:â Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Vol. 56: Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands Carbon Budget, Ch. 3. (1996).
913:
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exchange capacity of the soil. This holds especially true for highly weathered tropical soils. Decomposition rate is tied to the type of litterfall present.
801:
or local coordinates, and then monitored on a specific time interval. Once the samples have been collected, they are usually classified on type, size and
138:
534:
film crew captured footage of a female caecilian with young for the first time in a documentary that aired in 2008. Some species of birds, such as the
2078:
213:. Net primary production works inversely to this trend, suggesting that the accumulation of organic matter is mainly a result of decomposition rate.
2021:
1123:
Schlesinger, William H. Biogeochemistry: An
Analysis of Global Change. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 108, 135, 152â158, 180â183, 191â194. (1997).
574:
1774:â Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Vol. 21: The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions, Ch. 6. (1983).
948:
482:
As litter decomposes, nutrients are released into the environment. The portion of the litter that is not readily decomposable is known as
581:(SWECON site). Based on data from Andersson et al.(1980). Units are in kg of organic matter per ha. Att. -attached; Surf. -surface; min. -
1334:
693:
annual storage of nutrients in plant tissues + replacement of losses from litterfall and leaching = the amount of uptake in an ecosystem
41:
1258:"Can plant litter affect net primary production of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia?: Can plant litter affect net primary production"
626:(Al), as well as organic matter are removed from the litterfall and transported downward into the soil below. This process is known as
245:
and litterfall are intimately connected. In every terrestrial ecosystem, the largest fraction of all net primary production is lost to
2377:
1722:"Nutrient-use efficiency: a litterfall index, a model, and a test along a nutrient-availability gradient in North Carolina peatlands"
774:
Ecologists employ a simple approach to the collection of litterfall, most of which centers around one piece of equipment, known as a
604:. Once the litterfall has settled, decomposition of the litter layer, accomplished through the leaching of nutrients by rainfall and
1585:
1539:
1237:
217:
Releasing clay and silt particles reduces the capacity for soil to absorb water and increases cross surface flow, accelerating soil
99:
or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or
1721:
2362:
1837:
1603:
944:
169:, soil litter is classified in three layers, which form on the surface of the O Horizon. These are the L, F, and H layers:
1601:
Richard L. Ward & C. Les Marcum (2005). "Lichen litterfall consumption by wintering deer and elk in western
Montana".
601:
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and by the efforts of detritivores, releases the breakdown products into the soil below and therefore contributes to the
2367:
2357:
185:
The litter layer is quite variable in its thickness, decomposition rate and nutrient content and is affected in part by
154:, while anything smaller is referred to as fine litter or litter. The type of litterfall is most directly affected by
1846:
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as those nutrients decrease. Knowing this, ecologists have been able to use nutrient concentrations as measured by
1661:
294:
180:
H â organic horizon below F characterized by accumulation of fully decomposed organic matter mostly indiscernible
1616:
821:
292:
Certain plants are specially adapted for germinating and thriving in the litter layers. For example, bluebell (
1555:
Writer David
Attenborough, Director Scott Alexander, Producer Hilary Jeffkins (2008-02-11). "Land Invaders".
209:, the rate of decomposition is slower and leads to the accumulation of a thick litter layer, also known as a
2387:
1729:
108:
1460:"Leaf litter copepods from a cloud forest mountain top in Honduras (Copepoda: Cyclopidae, Canthocamptidae)"
1159:
A. V. Spain (1984). "Litterfall and the standing crop of litter in three tropical
Australian rainforests".
328:
1786:"Reviewing the role of plant litter inputs to forested wetland ecosystems: leafing through the literature"
615:
451:
The consumption of the litterfall by decomposers results in the breakdown of simple carbon compounds into
334:
2320:
2226:
2162:
2000:
1700:
1577:
1955:"Differential contribution of soil biota groups to plant litter decomposition as mediated by soil use"
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underneath fallen leaves for part or all of their life cycle. This makes them difficult to observe. A
177:
F â organic horizon found beneath L characterized by accumulation of partly decomposed organic matter.
2300:
2259:
2183:
1850:
1256:
Wang, Jing; Zhao, Mengli; Willms, Walter D.; Han, Guodong; Wang, Zhongwu; Bai, Yongfei (April 2011).
1133:
750:
321:
36:
2022:"Declines in Woodland Salamander Abundance Associated with Non-Native Earthworm and Plant Invasions"
2121:"Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests"
980:
963:
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tissue so the annual litterfall is very low and quite nearly equal to the net primary production.
2214:
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and is particularly intense in boreal and cool temperate forests that are mainly constituted by
2289:"Consequence of litter removal on pedogenesis: A case study in Bachs and Irchel (Switzerland)"
2101:
2044:
1988:
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1866:
1805:
1581:
1535:
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1233:
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For study various groups from edaphic fauna you need a different mesh sizes in the litterbags
815:
707:
703:
448:) live in moist leaf litter habitats and play an important role as predators and decomposers.
316:
304:
280:
263:
222:
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L â organic horizon characterized by relatively undecomposed plant material (described above).
30:
2120:
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1196:
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of eastern North
America for example, require leaf litter for both foraging and material for
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Non-terrestrial litterfall follows a very different path. Litter is produced both inland by
658:
487:
225:
by preventing soil from losing moisture and providing cover preventing soil transportation.
2184:"Soil carbon pools in Swiss forests show legacy effects from historic forest litter raking"
1720:
Scott D. Bridgham; John Pastor; Charles A. McClaugherty & Curtis J. Richardson (1995).
871:
254:
plays a large role in cycling the nutrients from the plant litter back into the ecosystem.
1910:"Spatial variations of nitrogen deposition and its effect on forest biochemical processes"
1197:"Litter Fall in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network, Illinois to Louisiana, 2003"
744:
711:
84:
1862:
1833:"Vascular Plants Are Globally Significant Contributors to Marine Carbon Fluxes and Sinks"
685:
Once nutrients have re-entered the soil, the plants can then reabsorb them through their
2304:
2263:
1854:
1412:
200:
Litter fall in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network, Illinois to Louisiana, 2003
1983:
1954:
1940:
1899:
Simmons, Jeffrey A. âMeasuring Litterfall Flux.â West Virginia Wesleyan College (2003).
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755:
678:
635:
573:
452:
387:
285:
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206:
127:
116:
112:
1534:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. pp. Chapter 3.
1078:
W. M. Lonsdale (1988). "Predicting the amount of litterfall in forests of the world".
2351:
2040:
1886:
1817:
1754:
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Litterbags are generally set in random locations within a given area and marked with
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391:
80:
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2154:
2056:
1750:
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Litterfall is the dominant pathway for nutrient return to the soil, especially for
527:
196:
166:
2342:
1909:
1046:
1367:
Tennakoon, DS; Gentekaki, E; Jeewon, R; Kuo, CH; Promputtha, I; Hyde, KD (2021).
968:
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639:
605:
578:
420:
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542:. Sometimes litterfall even provides energy to much larger mammals, such as in
2210:
2202:
2145:
2136:
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Leaf litter accumulation depends on factors like wind, decomposition rate and
646:
631:
600:(P). The accumulation of these nutrients in the top layer of soil is known as
597:
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519:
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442:
383:
246:
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of flowering plants). Items larger than 2 cm diameter are referred to as
1870:
1809:
1483:
1436:
714:. From the coast Robertson & Daniel 1989 found it is then removed by the
2272:
2247:
2182:
Gimmi, U., Poulter, B., Wolf, A., Portner, H., Weber, P., BĂŒrgi, M. (2013).
2097:
1507:"Cryptozoic copepods from Belgium: Diversity and biogeographic implications"
1000:
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159:
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100:
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2048:
1992:
1878:
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17:
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985:
731:
623:
593:
535:
472:
399:
371:
363:
229:
190:
96:
1662:"Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America"
1055:
1624:
1369:"Life in leaf litter: Fungal community succession during decomposition"
1182:
1004:
802:
785:
768:
723:
582:
503:
491:
415:
375:
299:
218:
92:
1973:
1801:
1224:
Packham, J.R.; Harding, D.J.L.; Hilton, G.M.; Stuttard, R.A. (1992).
740:
609:
547:
515:
367:
251:
147:
1319:
1174:
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provides a continuous energy source for macro- and micro-organisms.
2288:
1742:
1959:
809:
litterfall (kg m yr) = total litter mass (kg) / litterbag area (m)
784:
726:. They also noticed that which of those three is most significant
666:
662:
577:
A budget for organic matter in a mature (120-year-old) Scots pine
483:
460:
395:
351:
339:
327:
315:
298:) shoots puncture the layer to emerge in spring. Some plants with
273:
210:
195:
126:
72:
29:
362:. The community of decomposers in the litter layer also includes
2287:
Scalenghe, R, Minoja, A.P., Zimmermann, S., Bertini, S. (2016).
1953:
Castro-Huerta, R., Falco, L., Sandler, R., Coviella, C. (2015).
719:
715:
686:
619:
551:
539:
511:
468:
88:
76:
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composes the bulk of organic matter in the lower soil profile.
798:
555:
531:
2248:"Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010"
1413:"The effects of plant litter on vegetation: a meta-analysis"
2020:
Maerz, John C.; Nuzzo, Victoria A.; Blossey, Bernd (2009).
1617:
10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[1081:LLCBWD]2.0.CO;2
354:. Organisms whose diet consists of plant detritus, such as
1772:
Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Forest Ecosystems
518:
rely on litter for shelter and forage. Amphibians such as
228:
Organic matter accumulation also helps protect soils from
1645:
Breymeyer, A.I., B. Berg, S.T. Gower, & D. Johnson. â
661:, and a decomposition-resistant organic substance called
189:, plant species, climate, soil fertility, elevation, and
550:
litterfall is one of the main constituents of wintering
730:. Nordhaus et al. 2011 find crabs forage for leaves at
1505:
Fiers, Frank Fiers; Ghenne, VĂ©ronique (January 2000).
1335:"Effects of Wildfire on Soils and Watershed Processes"
818:
pattern has been produced by this type of experiment:
103:("O" for "organic"). Litter is an important factor in
901:
874:
824:
414:. Even some species of microcrustaceans, especially
1411:Xiong, Shaojun; Nilsson, Christer (December 1999).
907:
887:
860:
793:collectors at beech stand in Thetford, East Anglia
1333:Ice, George G.; Neary, D.G.; Adams, P.W. (2004).
346:Many organisms that live on the forest floor are
27:Dead plant material that has fallen to the ground
1406:
1404:
1308:Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science
771:(moisture and temperature) and soil conditions.
1784:Stoler, Aaron B.; Relyea, Rick A. (May 2020).
1251:
1249:
645:By the process of biological decomposition by
1941:Report on Sampling and Analysis of Litterfall
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
8:
2325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2231:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2005:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1458:Fiers, Frank; Jocque, Merlijn (2013-03-20).
754:competes with crabs unusually vigorously in
1226:Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests
250:production of all terrestrial ecosystems.
2271:
2144:
1982:
1972:
1939:Bastrup-Birk, A., & Nathalie BrĂ©da. â
1682:
1384:
1281:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1054:
915:is a constant fraction of detrital mass.
900:
879:
873:
861:{\displaystyle {\frac {X}{X_{o}}}=e^{-k}}
849:
834:
825:
823:
111:and may be useful in predicting regional
618:is the process by which cations such as
572:
1021:
95:) that have fallen to the ground. This
2318:
2224:
2160:
1998:
1698:
1027:
1025:
139:Mount BakerâSnoqualmie National Forest
131:Plant litter, mainly western hemlock,
1531:The Importance of Soil Organic Matter
7:
1863:10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095333
1572:Dunn, Jon; Garrett, Kimball (1997).
1140:. The University of British Columbia
949:Invasive earthworms of North America
2246:McGrath, M.J.; et al. (2015).
42:Black Bulga State Conservation Area
1232:. pp. 133â134, 246â247, 265.
1094:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087560
634:pines whose litterfall is rich in
312:Detritivores and other decomposers
221:. In addition soil litter reduces
25:
1770:Melillo, J.M., & J.R. Gosz. â
939:Change due to invasive earthworms
34:Leaf litter, mainly White Beech,
2041:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01167.x
1429:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00414.x
1274:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01257.x
1138:Faculty of Land and Food Systems
490:. A litter layer of decomposing
1838:Annual Review of Marine Science
895:is the initial leaf litter and
123:Characteristics and variability
2313:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.02.024
1604:Journal of Wildlife Management
945:Earthworms as invasive species
302:, such as common wood sorrel (
1:
2119:BĂŒrgi, M., Gimmi, U. (2007).
1262:Journal of Vegetation Science
1047:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009
1035:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2086:Revista de BiologĂa Tropical
2077:Barrientos, Zaidett (2012).
1647:Temperate Coniferous Forests
266:for a variety of organisms.
1199:. Nwrc.usgs.gov. 2013-08-19
728:depends on the tidal regime
467:O), and releases inorganic
320:Fungi in the forest floor (
308:) do well in this habitat.
141:, Washington, United States
2404:
1511:Belgian Journal of Zoology
942:
706:and moved to the coast by
698:Non-terrestrial Litterfall
2378:Environmental terminology
2203:10.1007/s10980-012-9778-4
2137:10.1007/s10980-007-9128-0
1476:10.11646/zootaxa.3630.2.4
1386:10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/5
649:, bacteria, and fungi, CO
295:Hyacinthoides non-scripta
107:, as it is indicative of
237:Net primary productivity
2273:10.5194/bg-12-4291-2015
2098:10.15517/rbt.v60i3.1756
1730:The American Naturalist
1528:Bot, Alexandra (2005).
762:Collection and analysis
109:ecological productivity
2363:Ecological restoration
909:
889:
862:
794:
589:
343:
335:Eutropis multifasciata
325:
289:
201:
142:
45:
2343:forestresearch.gov.uk
1790:Ecological Monographs
1578:Peterson Field Guides
1134:"Soil Classification"
910:
890:
888:{\displaystyle X_{o}}
863:
788:
576:
331:
319:
277:
199:
130:
33:
2029:Conservation Biology
1684:10.5194/bg-7-43-2010
958:Forest litter raking
899:
872:
822:
751:Terebralia palustris
338:, in leaf litter in
322:Marselisborg Forests
278:Common wood sorrel (
37:Gmelina leichhardtii
2368:Ecology terminology
2358:Biology terminology
2305:2016Geode.271..191S
2264:2015BGeo...12.4291M
1855:2020ARMS...12..469C
1342:Journal of Forestry
981:Coarse woody debris
964:species composition
712:mangrove ecosystems
602:soil immobilization
2211:20.500.11850/66782
2146:20.500.11850/58945
1558:Life in Cold Blood
1417:Journal of Ecology
1230:Chapman & Hall
1162:Journal of Ecology
905:
885:
858:
795:
704:terrestrial plants
636:phenolic compounds
590:
431:Olmeccyclops hondo
344:
326:
290:
243:primary production
202:
143:
134:Tsuga heterophylla
105:ecosystem dynamics
75:material (such as
46:
2258:(14): 4291â4316.
2191:Landscape Ecology
2125:Landscape Ecology
1974:10.7717/peerj.826
1912:. Forest Research
996:Leaf litter sieve
908:{\displaystyle k}
840:
816:exponential decay
708:fluvial processes
526:inhabit the damp
427:Graeteriella spp.
305:Oxalis acetosella
281:Oxalis acetosella
16:(Redirected from
2395:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2284:
2278:
2277:
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2243:
2237:
2236:
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2222:
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2092:(3): 1041â1053.
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2017:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1950:
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1937:
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1822:
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1802:10.1002/ecm.1400
1781:
1775:
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1759:
1753:. Archived from
1726:
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1696:
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1643:
1637:
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1611:(3): 1081â1089.
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1098:
1097:
1081:Annals of Botany
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1029:
954:as salamanders.
914:
912:
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894:
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883:
867:
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841:
839:
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826:
514:, and even some
488:soil respiration
262:Litter provides
258:Habitat and food
113:nutrient cycling
44:, NSW, Australia
21:
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2019:
2018:
2014:
1997:
1952:
1951:
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1580:. p. 451.
1571:
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1561:. BBC. BBC One.
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943:Main articles:
941:
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926:(detrital mass)
897:
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830:
820:
819:
789:Litterfall and
764:
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656:
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439:Bryocamptus spp
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183:
125:
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2337:External links
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2252:Biogeosciences
2238:
2197:(5): 385â846.
2174:
2111:
2069:
2035:(4): 975â981.
2012:
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1932:
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1901:
1892:
1847:Annual Reviews
1823:
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1760:on 2011-08-13.
1743:10.1086/285725
1712:
1670:Biogeosciences
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756:southeast Asia
699:
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679:remote sensing
665:are released.
654:
650:
563:
562:Nutrient cycle
560:
544:boreal forests
499:
498:Larger animals
496:
464:
456:
453:carbon dioxide
418:(for instance
404:oribatid mites
388:cryptostigmata
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286:Ivanovo Oblast
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734:and if their
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628:podzolization
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497:
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449:
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444:Atheyella spp
440:
436:
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417:
413:
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397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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358:, are termed
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153:
152:coarse litter
149:
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98:
94:
90:
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2321:cite journal
2296:
2292:
2282:
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2227:cite journal
2194:
2190:
2177:
2163:cite journal
2128:
2124:
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2089:
2085:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2032:
2028:
2015:
2001:cite journal
1964:
1958:
1948:
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1842:
1836:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1766:
1755:the original
1734:
1728:
1715:
1701:cite journal
1677:(1): 43â55.
1674:
1668:
1654:
1641:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1576:. New York:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1500:
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1463:
1453:
1420:
1416:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1341:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1265:
1261:
1225:
1201:. Retrieved
1191:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1056:10261/336676
1038:
1034:
1011:Soil horizon
991:Forest floor
961:
952:
929:
923:
917:
812:
796:
775:
773:
765:
749:
743:to both the
701:
684:
671:
657:O, nutrient
644:
614:
591:
585:; and veg. -
566:During leaf
565:
528:microclimate
501:
481:
450:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
360:detritivores
345:
333:
303:
293:
291:
279:
261:
240:
227:
223:wind erosion
215:
203:
184:
167:soil science
164:
144:
132:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:Plant litter
48:
47:
35:
2299:: 191â201.
1849:: 469â497.
1737:(1): 1â21.
1517:(1): 11â19.
1379:: 406â429.
1314:: S51âS62.
1041:: 144â152.
1003:(a type of
969:pedogenesis
791:throughfall
736:detritivory
640:fulvic acid
606:throughfall
579:monoculture
520:salamanders
435:Moraria spp
421:Bryocyclops
384:springtails
380:tardigrades
348:decomposers
324:in Denmark)
187:seasonality
61:soil litter
57:tree litter
53:leaf litter
18:Litter-fall
2352:Categories
1373:Mycosphere
1228:. London:
1203:2014-04-09
1017:References
647:microfauna
632:coniferous
598:phosphorus
587:vegetation
568:senescence
524:caecilians
508:amphibians
477:phosphorus
412:millipedes
356:earthworms
350:, such as
342:, Malaysia
247:herbivores
71:) is dead
65:litterfall
2131:: 77â87.
1916:March 27,
1887:202555776
1871:1941-1405
1818:214580288
1810:0012-9615
1484:1175-5334
1437:0022-0477
1395:232767453
1352:March 20,
1144:March 20,
1001:Leaf mold
851:−
776:litterbag
745:sediments
710:, and by
675:asymptote
622:(Fe) and
502:Numerous
394:, insect
372:nematodes
332:A skink,
160:perennial
156:ecosystem
101:O horizon
2293:Geoderma
2219:16930894
2155:21130814
2106:23025078
2062:28 April
2057:24139505
2049:19236449
1993:25780777
1967:: e826.
1879:31505131
1751:84467103
1693:18041426
1633:86256436
1574:Warblers
1492:26131511
1445:84516249
1292:32336913
1065:92606851
986:Detritus
975:See also
868:, where
732:low tide
724:microbes
659:elements
624:aluminum
616:Leaching
596:(N) and
594:nitrogen
536:ovenbird
504:reptiles
473:nitrogen
416:copepods
408:woodlice
400:mollusks
392:potworms
364:bacteria
300:rhizomes
288:, Russia
230:wildfire
191:latitude
97:detritus
93:cladodes
2383:Habitat
2373:Ecology
2301:Bibcode
2260:Bibcode
1984:4359044
1851:Bibcode
1625:3803347
1464:Zootaxa
1283:7166792
1183:2259543
1005:compost
803:species
782:above.
769:climate
741:lignins
583:mineral
558:diets.
516:mammals
492:biomass
376:rotifer
264:habitat
219:erosion
85:needles
40:, from
2217:
2153:
2104:
2055:
2047:
1991:
1981:
1885:
1877:
1869:
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1631:
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1584:
1538:
1490:
1482:
1443:
1435:
1393:
1290:
1280:
1236:
1181:
1063:
934:Issues
780:canopy
610:cation
548:lichen
546:where
471:(like
459:) and
410:, and
396:larvae
368:amoeba
270:Plants
252:Fungus
148:stamen
91:, and
77:leaves
51:(also
2215:S2CID
2187:(PDF)
2151:S2CID
2082:(PDF)
2053:S2CID
2025:(PDF)
1960:PeerJ
1883:S2CID
1845:(1).
1814:S2CID
1796:(2).
1758:(PDF)
1747:S2CID
1725:(PDF)
1689:S2CID
1665:(PDF)
1629:S2CID
1621:JSTOR
1441:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1338:(PDF)
1179:JSTOR
1061:S2CID
720:crabs
687:roots
667:Humus
663:humus
653:and H
540:nests
512:birds
484:humus
461:water
352:fungi
340:Sabah
284:) in
137:, in
89:twigs
73:plant
2327:link
2233:link
2169:link
2102:PMID
2064:2012
2045:PMID
2007:link
1989:PMID
1918:2011
1875:PMID
1867:ISSN
1806:ISSN
1707:link
1582:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1488:PMID
1480:ISSN
1468:3630
1433:ISSN
1354:2012
1288:PMID
1234:ISBN
1146:2012
947:and
722:and
716:tide
638:and
620:iron
554:and
552:deer
522:and
475:and
469:ions
241:Net
115:and
81:bark
69:duff
2309:doi
2297:271
2268:doi
2207:hdl
2199:doi
2141:hdl
2133:doi
2094:doi
2037:doi
1979:PMC
1969:doi
1859:doi
1798:doi
1739:doi
1735:145
1679:doi
1613:doi
1515:130
1472:doi
1425:doi
1381:doi
1346:102
1316:doi
1278:PMC
1270:doi
1171:doi
1090:doi
1051:hdl
1043:doi
1039:129
799:GPS
556:elk
532:BBC
455:(CO
441:.,
425:.,
423:spp
211:mor
165:In
67:or
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2003:}}
1999:{{
1987:.
1977:.
1963:.
1957:.
1881:.
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