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1185:. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years. This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch's brief. This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school: Little Rock Central. The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city's grade schools at an unspecified time, possibly as late as 1963.
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1468:. The referendum, which would either condone or condemn Faubus's law, was to take place within thirty days. A week before the referendum, which was scheduled to take place on September 27, Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes. Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools, and, in doing so, would educate the white and black students separately. Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum. This year came to be known as the "Lost Year".
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1460:, fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation, which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961. Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence. However, in August 1958, the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation, which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills.
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Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision, in
September 1958, Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools. Thus, with this bill signed, on Monday September 15, Faubus ordered the closure of all
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opposed the plan on the grounds that it was "vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration." Despite this view, the majority accepted the plan; most felt that
Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves, that the plan was
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In May 1959, after the firing of forty-four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools, three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones. The new board members reinstated the forty-four staff members to their positions. The new board of directors then began
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school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High. This meant that, even though black students lived closer to
Central, they would be placed in Horace Mann, thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation. The
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The impact of foreign relations, foreign policy and
America's global reputation played an important role in Eisenhower's response to the crisis at Little Rock. This eventually culminated in his decisions to order the intervention of the 101st Airborne Division and to federalize the National Guard.
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Although the Lost Year had come to a close, the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students. Rather, the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school, and, once inside, they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse.
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Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in
December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch. She dropped her lunch, a bowl of chili, onto the boys and was suspended for six days. Two months later, after more confrontation, Brown was suspended for the rest of
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to "recognize and pay tribute to the strength, the determination and the courage displayed by
African-American high school students in the fall of 1957." The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier, with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine. The reverse depicts an image of Little
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In
November 1998, legislation passed designating Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site as a unit of the National Park Service, and Central High Museum, Inc., donated their property to the park service. While the NPS visitor center was under construction, Hunt's painting, titled
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asked us to be supporters of the ship and its crew. I signed on to be a foster grandmother...President
Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers to Little Rock to disperse a mob, bring order, and they made it possible for us to enter Central High School. From that point, I've had very high regard for
1258:, a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus's allies. A few years later, despite the incident with the "Little Rock Nine", Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford, who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962.
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altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but did not give black students the option of attending Hall. This new
Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and, after failed negotiations with the school board, the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8, 1956.
1776:, which was translated into fifteen languages and distributed to many countries. It aimed to reverse the global shame surrounding discrimination in America, accentuated by Soviet propaganda, and instead boasted of the progress that they believed could be achieved in an American democracy.
50:
1764:. U.S. Department of Justice briefs gave only one reason for involvement in cases like this; that segregation harmed U.S. foreign relations. The briefs argued that the existence of discrimination had an adverse effect on relations with other countries, especially countries in the
1237:: "There wasn't any caravan. But we made Orval believe it. We said. 'They're lining up. They're coming in droves.' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall." He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions.
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over a phone call that "this situation was ruining our foreign policy". Brownell asked Dulles to look over a draft of the
President's speech in Arkansas following the crisis, where he suggested that Eisenhower "put in a few more sentences...emphasizing the harm done abroad".
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Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus, facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term, decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High. Former associate justice of the
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The city's teachers were also placed in a difficult position. They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus's bills. Even though Faubus's idea of private schools never played out, the teachers were still bound by their contracts and expected to attend school every day.
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I was one of the kids 'approved' by the school officials. We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened. One girl ran up to me and said, 'I'm so glad you're here. Won't you go to lunch with me today?' I never saw her
1715:. The plates will remain affixed to the submarine throughout its life. Melba Pattillo Beals and Minnijean Brown-Trickey were also named sponsors of the ship, and all members of the Little Rock Nine were honored. Elizabeth Eckford said "(Former Navy) Secretary
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In 1997, Central High Museum, Inc. held a dedication ceremony in observation of the 40th anniversary of the desegregation. With restoration help from the Mobil Foundation, they opened the first visitor center near the High School that September, in a former
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They moved closer and closer. ... Somebody started yelling. ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd—someone who maybe could help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on
1104:, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously approved. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, which would begin in September 1957.
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Faubus's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated. Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court's decision in 1956, desegregation was opposed by his own
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a documentary, entitled "The Lost Year" by Sandra Hubbard and a book, entitled "Finding the Lost Year" By Dr. Gordy. An account by teachers and classmates of the closed high schools of Little Rock after the Crisis at Central High and the Little Rock
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was called in to "preserve the peace". Originally at orders of the governor, they were meant to prevent the black students from entering due to claims that there was "imminent danger of tumult, riot and breach of peace" at the integration. However,
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This view was short-lived, however. Changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned. The altered Blossom Plan had
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In February 1999, members created the Little Rock Nine Foundation which established a scholarship program which had funded, by 2013, 60 university students. In 2013, the foundation decided to exclusively fund students attending the
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In the summer of 1958, as the school year was drawing to a close, Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock. In the
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to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation. Regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students,
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four public high schools, preventing both black and white students from attending school. Despite Faubus's decree, the city's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school-closing law necessitated a
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By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance. Called the "Little Rock Nine", they were
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On November 19, 2022, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Carlotta Walls LaNier and Thelma Mothershed-Wair etched their initials onto metal plates that were then welded onto the keel of the
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the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of Faubus's control. Two segregationists were injured in clashes with federal troops on September 25; one who was struck in the face with a
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On September 9, the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor's deployment of soldiers to the school, and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12. Even President
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The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function, but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred toward the black students in the public high school.
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an attempt to reopen the schools, much to Faubus's dismay. In order to avoid any further complications, the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual, on August 12, 1959.
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in a February 2005 Black History Month commemorative stamp panel, "To Form a More Perfect Union". Printed on top of the artwork on the stamp were the words, "1957 The Little Rock Nine".
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Faubus's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society. Faubus and the school board's intention to open private schools was blocked by an injunction by the
1222:, which dominated all Southern politics at the time. Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration.
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1479:, head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock, was a primary victim of these crimes, in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families.
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1635:. It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country. To receive the Congressional Gold Medal, recipients must be co-sponsored by two-thirds of both the
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Three members of the "Little Rock Nine" (L-R) Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls LaNier, and Terrence Roberts – stand together on the steps of the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014
1317:, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, Eisenhower invoked the
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Kirk, John A. "Daisy Bates, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis: A Gendered Perspective." in
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Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor
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honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award, the university's highest honor, one that had previously been given to
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claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard, supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of
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Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District and is now a National Historic Site that houses a
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Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 149
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and ordered them to support the integration on September 23 of that year, after which they protected the African American students.
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and the U.S. federal government's primary concern in their response was the world's perception of the U.S. Secretary of State
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attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting, warning him not to defy the Supreme Court's ruling.
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Dudziak, Mary (1997). "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance and the Image of American Democracy".
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Rock Central High School, c. 1957. Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site.
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In 2004, art director Ethel Kessler selected George Hunt's Little Rock Nine/America Cares painting for a 37-cent U.S.
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Pierce, Michael. "Historians of the Central High Crisis and Little Rock's Working-Class Whites: A Review Essay,"
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One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent
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By the end of September 1957, the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the
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This lawsuit, along with a number of other factors, contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957.
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Student watching high school classes on TV during 1959 schoolyear when schools were physically shutdown
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1084:(NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the
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On December 9, 2008, the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President-elect
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after trying to grab a soldier's rifle, and a second who received a minor bayonet wound to the arm.
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to Little Rock—initially without its black soldiers at the request of the Department of Justice—and
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3096:"From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans"
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1144:(b. 1941). Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School.
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Calloway, Carolyn et al. "Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way".
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2148:"'Little Rock Nine': 60 Years Ago, Troops With Bayonets Had To Escort Black Teens To School"
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Segregationists protesting the integration of Central High School at the state capitol, 1959
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An Epitaph for Little Rock: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis
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Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High
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to show the global implications of Little Rock. The crisis came partly as a result of the
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Kirk, John A. "Not Quite Black and White: School Desegregation in Arkansas, 1954–1966,"
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Young U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside Central High School, on the cover of
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published "Little Rock", a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the
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Documents regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
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1882:"Our Documents – Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957)"
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African-American students enrolled at a desegregated high school in Arkansas in 1957
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3288:
1670:
1624:
1508:
1457:
1378:
1280:
1109:
1044:
285:
239:
1627:
honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a
6477:
6447:
6074:
6038:
5979:
5974:
5934:
5884:
5819:
5814:
5724:
5674:
5604:
5599:
5539:
5524:
5374:
5369:
5234:
5114:
5084:
5024:
4989:
4250:
4088:
3984:
3716:
3692:
3612:
2246:
2152:
1765:
1689:
1321:
to enable troops to perform domestic law enforcement. The president ordered the
1255:
1251:
1089:
828:
1930:
John A. Kirk, "The Little Rock Crisis and Postwar Black Activism in Arkansas,"
6101:
5759:
5689:
5659:
5529:
5504:
5449:
5349:
4964:
4934:
3960:
3928:
3888:
3792:
3772:
3740:
3720:
3708:
3360:
2707:"HII Authenticates Keel Of Virginia-class Attack Submarine Arkansas (SSN 800)"
1757:
1465:
1219:
774:
2893:
Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970
2672:, United States Postal Service, pp. 44–47, HarperCollins Publishers, New York
1975:
6079:
5549:
5534:
3121:"White Citizens' Council and Resistance to School Desegregation in Arkansas"
3038:
Guardians of Freedom – 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas
2792:
Resistance to Public School Desegregation: Little Rock, Arkansas, and Beyond
1716:
1693:
2969:
A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School
1866:
1673:, the first African-American to be elected President of the United States.
2417:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2401:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2336:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2323:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2279:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2227:"Easing a Country's Conscience: Little Rock's Central High School in Film"
5439:
3976:
3171:
1898:
Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957,"
1729:
1093:
274:
173:
167:
3153:
2941:
2931:
2872:
6028:
2886:
Beyond Little Rock: The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis
2834:
2584:
1593:
was hired to produce a painting of the Little Rock Nine for the event.
1072:, the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be
3112:
to Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Blossom, July 10, 1957.
2005:
1811:, an Academy Award-winning documentary film about the Little Rock Nine
1744:
was particularly aware of the global impact, telling Attorney General
6096:
3145:
3004:
2208:; Moskin, J. Robert (June 24, 1958). "One Girl's Little Rock Story".
3110:
Letter by segregationist lawyer Amis Guthridge Defending Segregation
1039:, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the
4831:
2862:
Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crisis That Shocked the Nation
1611:
1586:
1498:
1440:
1432:
1265:
1189:
1014:
845:
139:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2709:(Press release). Huntington Ingalls Industries. November 19, 2022
2557:"To Form A More Perfect Union Commemorative Stamps Publicity Kit"
57:
attempts to enter Little Rock Central High on September 4, 1957;
840:
4104:
3175:
3037:
1456:
case, the Little Rock School District, under the leadership of
301:
2643:
1553:
1080:
of all schools throughout the nation. After the decision, the
1385:
had acid thrown into her eyes and also recalled in her book,
3078:
3047:
Letters from U.S. citizens regarding the Little Rock Crisis
2444:
2355:"Little Rock's 'Lost Class' of 1959 recalls turbulent year"
1031:
were a group of nine African American students enrolled in
3162:
1197:
reasonable, and that the white community would accept it.
1082:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2822:"Little Rock Revisited: Desegregation to Resegregation."
1772:. Evidence of U.S. propaganda can be seen in the booklet
1051:. They then attended after the intervention of President
3079:
Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
2445:
Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
1552:
movies have depicted the events of the crisis: the 1981
6281:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
6059:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2785:
Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School
1856:
1854:
1270:
101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine to school
6305:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4658:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
4523:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
2855:
The power of one: Daisy Bates and the little Rock Nine
2036:. Xlibris Corporation. January 17, 2011. p. 366.
1650:. It was one of 10 stamps depicting milestones of the
1631:. The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by
3027:
The Tiger, Student Paper of Little Rock Central High.
6418:
6353:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
6320:
6134:
6067:
6009:
5988:
4917:
4723:
4558:
4341:
4199:
4152:
4139:
2982:
2491:
Man-making words: selected poems of Nicolás Guillén
1575:In 1996, seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on
197:
125:
108:
82:
66:
34:
2907:Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal
2747:Dudziak, Mary (2004). "Brown as a Cold War Case".
2488:; Márquez, Robert; McMurray, David Arthur (2003).
6552:African-American history in Little Rock, Arkansas
2926:Bartley, Numan V. "Looking Back at Little Rock."
1192:branch of Little Rock. Militant members like the
1188:This plan was met with varied reactions from the
1147:When integration began on September 4, 1957, the
4889:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2914:Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas
2413:
2411:
1798:", a song written by jazz bassist Charles Mingus
1411:. As depicted in the 1981 made-for-TV docudrama
4879:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4812:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
4703:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2494:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 58–61.
1820:Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools
1393:, was verbally confronted and abused. She said
1294:
1100:agreed to comply with the high court's ruling.
6358:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3085:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
2319:
2317:
2315:
1728:The crisis at Little Rock took place amid the
1417:, and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in
1373:), but they were still subjected to a year of
1035:in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the
6266:List of lynching victims in the United States
4604:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4116:
3187:
1511:Museum, administered in partnership with the
1070:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
1068:, 347 U.S. 483, on May 17, 1954. Tied to the
996:
617:
313:
8:
2853:Fradin, Judith Bloom, and Dennis B. Fradin.
2520:
2518:
1910:
1908:
4733:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1863:"Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary"
1541:Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled
4782:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
4149:
4123:
4109:
4101:
3194:
3180:
3172:
2849:10.1177/002193479602600507.S2CID 145431981
1752:Dudziak highlights other evidence such as
1597:"America Cares", hung in the White House.
1019:The nine students greeting New York mayor
1003:
989:
635:
624:
610:
454:
320:
306:
298:
48:
31:
6338:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3058:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
3034:on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
2614:"The Little Rock Nine: Paying it forward"
1515:, to commemorate the events of 1957. The
6373:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
4413:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2955:The long shadow of Little Rock: A memoir
2432:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2390:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2377:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2348:
2346:
2307:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2294:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2268:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
1976:"Racist "Justice" is dead, but not gone"
1403:the school year. She transferred to the
1350:
6597:School segregation in the United States
6287:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6024:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
6019:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2551:
2549:
2353:Green, Andrew A. (September 27, 1998).
2012:from the original on September 25, 2011
1830:
1536:racial segregation in the United States
638:
468:
457:
6201:African-American women in the movement
4653:White House Conference on Civil Rights
4484:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2997:interview with Melba Patillo Beals on
2979:
2607:
2605:
2464:"NHL nomination for Daisy Bates House"
2434:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 165.
2392:. New York: David McKay, 1962. p. 159.
2379:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 155.
2309:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 154.
2296:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 152.
2270:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 151.
2156:. Associated Press. September 25, 2017
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1425:, a vice-principal during the crisis.
379:54th Arkansas Constitutional Amendment
349:44th Arkansas Constitutional Amendment
4642:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2964:Pioneer, 1980. 510 pp. autobiography.
2957:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
2888:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
2881:(University of Arkansas Press, 2008).
2670:The 2005 Commemorative Stamp Yearbook
2443:United States National Park Service,
1956:from the original on January 26, 2016
1790:History of African-American education
1589:gas station. African-American artist
1527:in 2001 for its role in the episode.
7:
6410:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4874:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4822:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4768:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
4245:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
4170:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2895:(University of Florida Press, 2002).
2106:. September 23, 1957. Archived from
1986:from the original on October 6, 2014
432:Hoxie Schools desegregation incident
6562:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
4817:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4753:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
4423:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2900:Gender in the Civil Rights Movement
2186:from the original on April 21, 2008
2078:from the original on April 13, 2014
732:34th President of the United States
437:New Jersey to Arkansas Freedom Ride
6592:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
6261:African-American churches attacked
4827:Montgomery Improvement Association
4802:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4787:Council of Federated Organizations
4758:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4516:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
4474:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
4280:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4184:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3161:Sandra Hubbard; Dr. Sondra Gordy.
2857:(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004).
2651:from the original on April 2, 2015
2239:University of Southern Mississippi
1840:Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
1262:Integration of Central High School
693:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
25:
6333:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
6206:Jews in the civil rights movement
3129:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2902:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 17–40.
2419:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2403:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2338:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2325:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2281:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2064:Boyd, Herb (September 27, 2007).
2006:"The Pulitzer Prize Winners 1958"
1944:Williams, Juan (March 18, 2007).
1932:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1900:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1473:8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
6567:History of Little Rock, Arkansas
6527:Civil rights movement portal
6520:
6368:Freedom Riders National Monument
6110:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4622:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4581:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
4468:Second Emancipation Proclamation
2988:
2066:"Little Rock Nine paved the way"
1762:Brown vs Board of Education case
1603:Clinton School of Public Service
976:
971:
965:
958:
643:
592:
583:
582:
476:
408:Carlotta Walls residence bombing
273:
166:
6577:Little Rock Central High School
6395:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
6383:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4859:National Council of Negro Women
4797:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3138:Arkansas Historical Association
2749:The Journal of American History
2182:. WGBH Educational Foundation.
1661:made available a commemorative
1381:by many of the white students.
1235:Little Rock Central High School
1033:Little Rock Central High School
947:Presidential library and museum
72:Little Rock Central High School
4275:Mansfield school desegregation
2778:References and further reading
1738:President Dwight D. Eisenhower
18:Little Rock Integration Crisis
1:
6572:History of racism in Arkansas
6405:National Voting Rights Museum
6348:Civil Rights Movement Archive
6147:Lynching in the United States
6034:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
4489:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
4462:University of Chicago sit-ins
4229:Davis v. Prince Edward County
3104:Teaching with Historic Places
2940:(2011) 70#4 pp. 468–483
2938:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2928:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2869:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2126:. Random House. p. 723.
2074:. Vol. 98, no. 40.
1815:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1768:who had been targeted by the
6400:National Civil Rights Museum
6256:March on Washington Movement
6241:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4710:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2770:. Random House. p. 723.
2696:, December 13, 2009, p. B01.
2526:"Magnolia Mobil Gas Station"
419:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6044:"This Little Light of Mine"
4792:Dallas County Voters League
4738:Atlanta Negro Voters League
4501:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4208:Brown v. Board of Education
3241:William Stanley Braithwaite
2768:Eisenhower in War and Peace
2766:Smith, Jean Edward (2012).
2683:We've Completed Our Mission
2589:Little Rock Nine Foundation
2357:. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
2124:Eisenhower in War and Peace
2122:Smith, Jean Edward (2012).
1946:"Showdown over Segregation"
1720:specially trained forces."
1065:Brown v. Board of Education
99:Brown v. Board of Education
6623:
6378:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6246:Holt Street Baptist Church
6216:16th Street Baptist Church
5200:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4844:Nashville Student Movement
4774:An Appeal for Human Rights
2824:Journal of Negro Education
1934:, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 239
1902:, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 148
1844: (U.S. 1954),
1774:The Negro in American Life
1754:U.S. Department of Justice
1525:National Historic Landmark
1361:magazine (October 7, 1957)
1212:
6602:African-American children
6516:
5875:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5845:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4909:Women's Political Council
4904:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4899:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4884:Southern Regional Council
4854:Northern Student Movement
4763:Committee for Freedom Now
4670:Memphis sanitation strike
4636:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4379:Savannah Protest Movement
4160:Journey of Reconciliation
3210:
3068:October 27, 2012, at the
3032:The Legacy of Little Rock
2987:
2225:Collins, Janelle (2008).
1732:. Civil rights historian
1709:Newport News Shipbuilding
1220:southern Democratic Party
806:Interstate Highway System
341:
202:
130:
47:
39:
4743:Atlanta Student Movement
4692:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4617:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4598:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4496:1963 Birmingham campaign
4389:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4313:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3881:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
3497:Charles Hamilton Houston
3281:George Washington Carver
2841:Journal of Black Studies
2450:January 9, 2007, at the
1629:Congressional Gold Medal
1319:Insurrection Act of 1807
1076:, and it called for the
853:Civil Rights Act of 1957
652:This article is part of
374:Arkansas Act 115 of 1959
6295:Voter Education Project
6049:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
5710:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5145:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4571:Chester school protests
4566:Twenty-fourth Amendment
4528:Detroit Walk to Freedom
4270:Tallahassee bus boycott
4191:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3017:," by David Margolick.
2871:(2011) 70#3 pp 225–257
2804:Beals, Melba Pattillo.
2730:SSRN Electronic Journal
2688:April 18, 2018, at the
2466:. National Park Service
2071:New York Amsterdam News
1686:Archbishop Desmond Tutu
1371:Arkansas National Guard
1367:101st Airborne Division
1323:101st Airborne Division
1285:Arkansas National Guard
1275:National Guard blockade
1166:Arkansas National Guard
1149:Arkansas National Guard
369:Arkansas Act 10 of 1958
354:Arkansas Act 83 of 1957
184:Arkansas National Guard
153:101st Airborne Division
147:Arkansas National Guard
6508:Movement photographers
5750:Bernice Johnson Reagon
5470:Martin Luther King Sr.
5465:Martin Luther King Jr.
5035:William Holmes Borders
4807:Highlander Folk School
4697:Poor People's Campaign
4550:St. Augustine movement
4400:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4323:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4294:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
4256:Montgomery bus boycott
3937:Constance Baker Motley
3817:Frederick D. Patterson
3553:Martin Luther King Jr.
3481:Channing Heggie Tobias
3369:William T. B. Williams
3345:Richard Berry Harrison
3329:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
3052:July 20, 2017, at the
3015:Through a Lens, Darkly
2960:Faubus, Orval Eugene.
2930:25.2 (1966): 101–116.
2843:(1996) 5#26: 616–628.
2176:"Melba Pattillo Beals"
2098:"Retreat from Newport"
2008:. the Pulitzer Board.
1713:Newport News, Virginia
1705:USS Arkansas (SSN-800)
1620:
1618:Arkansas State Capitol
1607:University of Arkansas
1578:The Oprah Winfrey Show
1569:The Ernest Green Story
1559:Crisis at Central High
1504:
1446:
1438:
1414:Crisis at Central High
1400:
1362:
1299:
1271:
1228:Arkansas Supreme Court
1024:
952:Tributes and memorials
899:Presidential campaigns
364:Arkansas Act 5 of 1958
359:Arkansas Act 4 of 1958
6557:Civil rights movement
6343:Civil Rights Memorial
6231:Bethel Baptist Church
5880:Charles Kenzie Steele
5325:Audrey Faye Hendricks
5230:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5210:Patricia Stephens Due
5180:Abraham Lincoln Davis
5115:Colia Lafayette Clark
4869:Operation Breadbasket
4864:National Urban League
4611:Katzenbach v. McClung
4479:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
4132:Civil rights movement
3897:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3653:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
3505:Mabel Keaton Staupers
3265:Charles Sidney Gilpin
3101:National Park Service
3075:National Park Service
3023:, September 24, 2007.
2826:1983 52(3): 250–269.
2531:National Park Service
1982:. February 18, 2010.
1869:on December 17, 2006.
1808:Nine from Little Rock
1676:On February 9, 2010,
1652:Civil Rights Movement
1615:
1545:, published in 1994.
1513:National Park Service
1502:
1444:
1436:
1395:
1354:
1310:101st Airborne escort
1269:
1213:Governor's opposition
1158:Executive Order 10730
1126:Carlotta Walls LaNier
1018:
330:Civil Rights Movement
250:Carlotta Walls LaNier
76:Little Rock, Arkansas
42:Civil Rights Movement
6388:other King memorials
6363:Freedom Rides Museum
6300:1960s counterculture
6251:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5930:Walter Francis White
5835:Alexander D. Shimkin
4349:New Year's Day March
4318:Ministers' Manifesto
4165:Executive Order 9981
4001:Frankie Muse Freeman
3765:Benjamin Elijah Mays
3393:Walter Francis White
3297:James Weldon Johnson
3273:Mary Burnett Talbert
2971:, Random House, 2009
2962:Down from the Hills.
2860:Jacoway, Elizabeth.
2794:(2008) 328 pp.
2790:Baer, Frances Lisa.
2647:. November 9, 1999.
1886:www.ourdocuments.gov
1802:"Little Rock" (poem)
1678:Marquette University
1530:In 1958, Cuban poet
1243:, the editor of the
1154:President Eisenhower
1142:Melba Pattillo Beals
1062:issued its historic
1053:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1049:Governor of Arkansas
1021:Robert F. Wagner Jr.
864:Admission of states
712:Surrender of Germany
661:Dwight D. Eisenhower
225:Melba Pattillo Beals
179:Governor of Arkansas
149:(from September 23)
6126:Mary McLeod Bethune
6087:Sermon on the Mount
6054:"We Shall Overcome"
5635:William Lewis Moore
5415:Frank Minis Johnson
5390:Richie Jean Jackson
5345:Donald L. Hollowell
5150:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4955:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4950:William G. Anderson
4930:Victoria Gray Adams
4894:The Freedom Singers
4748:Black Panther Party
4533:March on Washington
4446:Garner v. Louisiana
4407:Boynton v. Virginia
3529:Theodore K. Lawless
3377:Mary McLeod Bethune
3321:Charles W. Chesnutt
3217:Ernest Everett Just
3001:, November 27, 1994
2877:Kirk, John A., ed.
2110:on August 11, 2013.
1950:The Washington Post
1550:made-for-television
1315:Woodrow Wilson Mann
1134:Gloria Ray Karlmark
1041:racially segregated
817:Eisenhower Doctrine
514:Reconstruction Era
470:History of Arkansas
413:Little Rock sit-ins
385:City of Little Rock
245:Gloria Ray Karlmark
6443:Michael Eric Dyson
6328:In popular culture
6211:Fifth Circuit Four
6195:Loving v. Virginia
6188:Hernandez v. Texas
6167:Buchanan v. Warley
6159:Separate but equal
6153:Plessy v. Ferguson
6116:Frederick Douglass
5950:Robert F. Williams
5860:Kelly Miller Smith
5840:Fred Shuttlesworth
5765:Frederick D. Reese
5745:George Raymond Jr.
5735:A. Philip Randolph
5715:Fay Bellamy Powell
5630:Queen Mother Moore
5515:Z. Alexander Looby
5460:Coretta Scott King
5405:Barbara Rose Johns
5385:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5310:William E. Harbour
5090:Stokely Carmichael
5005:Randolph Blackwell
4675:King assassination
4664:Loving v. Virginia
4648:March Against Fear
4628:How Long, Not Long
4506:Children's Crusade
4457:Cambridge movement
4394:Ax Handle Saturday
4359:Greensboro sit-ins
4286:Give Us the Ballot
4041:Nathaniel R. Jones
3905:Earl G. Graves Sr.
3873:John Hope Franklin
3473:Percy Lavon Julian
3433:A. Philip Randolph
3353:Robert Russa Moton
3106:(TwHP) lesson plan
3042:United States Army
2999:Warriors Don't Cry
2967:Lanier, Carlotta,
2639:"Little Rock Nine"
2231:Southern Quarterly
1742:John Foster Dulles
1659:United States Mint
1621:
1543:Warriors Don't Cry
1505:
1447:
1439:
1419:Warriors Don't Cry
1405:New Lincoln School
1387:Warriors Don't Cry
1363:
1327:United States Army
1272:
1060:U.S. Supreme Court
1037:Little Rock Crisis
1025:
892:Kennedy transition
705:Operation Overlord
505:Territorial period
403:Labor Day bombings
391:Little Rock Crisis
89:Racial segregation
35:Little Rock Crisis
6607:American children
6534:
6533:
6311:Eyes on the Prize
6226:A.G. Gaston Motel
6221:Kelly Ingram Park
6181:Sweatt v. Painter
5865:Mary Louise Smith
5825:Cleveland Sellers
5810:Michael Schwerner
5775:Gloria Richardson
5555:Thurgood Marshall
5475:Bernard Lafayette
5205:John Wesley Dobbs
4719:
4718:
4438:Birmingham attack
4418:Rock Hill sit-ins
4369:Sibley Commission
4364:Nashville sit-ins
4236:Gebhart v. Belton
4222:Briggs v. Elliott
4215:Bolling v. Sharpe
4176:Sweatt v. Painter
4098:
4097:
4081:Cato T. Laurencin
3465:Thurgood Marshall
3441:William H. Hastie
3305:Carter G. Woodson
3117:McMillen, Neil R.
3010:
3009:
2835:Fulltext in Jstor
2820:Branton, Wiley A.
2800:978-1-59332-260-1
2783:Anderson, Karen.
2501:978-1-55849-410-7
2133:978-0-679-64429-3
1707:in a ceremony at
1517:Daisy Bates House
1423:Elizabeth Huckaby
1304:Dwight Eisenhower
1290:Elizabeth Eckford
1138:Thelma Mothershed
1114:Elizabeth Eckford
1013:
1012:
725:Crusade in Europe
669:
668:
634:
633:
452:
451:
443:Shelton v. Tucker
344:State of Arkansas
296:
295:
280:State of Arkansas
255:Thelma Mothershed
235:Elizabeth Eckford
193:
192:
186:(to September 23)
61:shouts behind her
55:Elizabeth Eckford
16:(Redirected from
6614:
6547:Little Rock Nine
6525:
6524:
6488:Charles M. Payne
6473:Steven F. Lawson
6463:David Halberstam
6433:Clayborne Carson
6174:Hocutt v. Wilson
6121:W. E. B. Du Bois
5970:Sammy Younge Jr.
5955:Q. V. Williamson
5920:Wyatt Tee Walker
5785:Bernice Robinson
5730:Lincoln Ragsdale
5720:Rodney N. Powell
5615:Douglas E. Moore
5490:Sanford R. Leigh
5425:J. Charles Jones
5300:Fannie Lou Hamer
5215:Joseph Ellwanger
5175:Jonathan Daniels
5165:Claudette Colvin
5155:Annie Lee Cooper
5140:Kathleen Cleaver
5135:Eldridge Cleaver
5110:Shirley Chisholm
5000:Gloria Blackwell
4591:workers' murders
4538:"I Have a Dream"
4433:Anniston bombing
4384:Greenville Eight
4299:Little Rock Nine
4262:Browder v. Gayle
4150:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3945:Robert L. Carter
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3731:
3723:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3597:Robert C. Weaver
3591:
3589:Kenneth B. Clark
3583:
3575:
3567:
3565:Little Rock Nine
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3521:Paul R. Williams
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3257:W. E. B. Du Bois
3251:
3249:Archibald Grimké
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3146:10.2307/40038072
3125:
3090:Little Rock Nine
2992:
2991:
2980:
2912:Stockley, Grif.
2772:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2486:Guillén, Nicolás
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2206:Brown, Minnijean
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2180:Teachers' Domain
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1888:. April 9, 2021.
1878:
1872:
1870:
1865:. Archived from
1858:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1796:Fables of Faubus
1746:Herbert Brownell
1702:attack submarine
1245:Arkansas Gazette
1231:James D. Johnson
1177:The Blossom Plan
1122:Terrence Roberts
1118:Jefferson Thomas
1074:unconstitutional
1029:Little Rock Nine
1005:
998:
991:
980:
975:
969:
968:
962:
887:Farewell Address
858:Little Rock Nine
694:
665:
664:
662:
655:
647:
640:
639:
636:
626:
619:
612:
596:
586:
585:
543:African American
480:
455:
426:Other localities
336:
322:
315:
308:
299:
278:
277:
265:Jefferson Thomas
260:Terrence Roberts
219:Little Rock Nine
171:
170:
143:Little Rock Nine
132:
131:
52:
32:
21:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6519:
6512:
6493:Thomas E. Ricks
6483:Diane McWhorter
6468:Vincent Harding
6453:Adam Fairclough
6420:
6414:
6316:
6271:Freedom Schools
6130:
6063:
6011:
6005:
5996:Omaha, Nebraska
5984:
5900:Hartman Turnbow
5890:Dorothy Tillman
5850:Glenn E. Smiley
5830:Charles Sherrod
5790:Jo Ann Robinson
5665:Charles Neblett
5655:Elijah Muhammad
5620:Harriette Moore
5580:Floyd McKissick
5565:Franklin McCain
5500:Stanley Levison
5365:T. R. M. Howard
5315:Vincent Harding
5245:Walter Fauntroy
5130:Xernona Clayton
5080:John H. Calhoun
5065:Aurelia Browder
5055:Stanley Branche
5050:Raylawni Branch
5030:Joseph E. Boone
5015:Ezell Blair Jr.
5010:Unita Blackwell
4985:Harry Belafonte
4925:Ralph Abernathy
4913:
4849:Nation of Islam
4725:
4715:
4554:
4511:Birmingham riot
4452:Albany Movement
4374:Atlanta sit-ins
4354:Sit-in movement
4337:
4333:Biloxi wade-ins
4305:Cooper v. Aaron
4195:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4065:Patrick Gaspard
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4009:Harry Belafonte
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3734:
3726:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3645:Sammy Davis Jr.
3642:
3634:
3629:John H. Johnson
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3581:Langston Hughes
3578:
3570:
3558:
3550:
3545:Jackie Robinson
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3449:Charles R. Drew
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3417:Louis T. Wright
3414:
3409:Marian Anderson
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3313:Anthony Overton
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3163:"The Lost Year"
3160:
3123:
3119:(Summer 1971).
3115:
3070:Wayback Machine
3054:Wayback Machine
2989:
2983:External videos
2978:
2950:
2948:Primary sources
2923:
2891:Kirk, John A.,
2780:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2736:(6): 1641–1716.
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2694:Washington Post
2690:Wayback Machine
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2612:Brantley, Max.
2611:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2452:Wayback Machine
2442:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2421:, 1997, p. 442.
2416:
2409:
2405:, 1997, p. 436.
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2340:, 1997, p. 431.
2335:
2331:
2327:, 1997, p. 429.
2322:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2283:, 1997, p. 428.
2278:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2033:Profiles in Hue
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1786:
1770:Truman Doctrine
1734:Mary L. Dudziak
1726:
1724:Foreign affairs
1562:, and the 1993
1532:Nicolás Guillén
1497:
1453:Cooper v. Aaron
1431:
1429:The "Lost Year"
1391:Minnijean Brown
1369:(and later the
1349:
1347:School tensions
1344:
1312:
1277:
1264:
1215:
1179:
1174:
1140:(b. 1940), and
1130:Minnijean Brown
1009:
966:
963:
956:
938:
937:Post-Presidency
935:
934:
933:
900:
896:
813:
810:
780:Atoms for Peace
771:
768:
733:
730:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:Military Career
660:
658:
657:
656:
653:
651:
630:
575:
574:
538:
530:
529:
500:Pre-territorial
488:
464:
453:
448:
397:Cooper v. Aaron
337:
328:
326:
292:
291:
272:
269:
230:Minnijean Brown
189:
165:
159:
116:Cooper v. Aaron
78:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6620:
6618:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6503:Akinyele Umoja
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6092:Mahatma Gandhi
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6001:South Carolina
5998:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Hosea Williams
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:Hollis Watkins
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5855:A. Maceo Smith
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Bernie Sanders
5802:
5797:
5795:Angela Russell
5792:
5787:
5782:
5780:David Richmond
5777:
5772:
5770:Walter Reuther
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:Cordell Reagon
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:George Raymond
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:Charles Person
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Huey P. Newton
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Harry T. Moore
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Cecil B. Moore
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:James Meredith
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5420:Clarence Jones
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:Zilphia Horton
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:Lola Hendricks
5327:
5322:
5320:Dorothy Height
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5290:Lawrence Guyot
5287:
5282:
5280:Jack Greenberg
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Andrew Goodman
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Joseph DeLaine
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5160:Dorothy Cotton
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:J. L. Chestnut
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5040:Amelia Boynton
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:Arnold Aronson
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4586:Freedom Summer
4583:
4578:
4576:Bloody Tuesday
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4033:Sidney Poitier
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3857:Dorothy Height
3852:
3849:Barbara Jordan
3844:
3836:
3833:Douglas Wilder
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3801:Benjamin Hooks
3796:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3732:
3724:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
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3661:Jacob Lawrence
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3621:Leontyne Price
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3573:Duke Ellington
3568:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3537:Carl J. Murphy
3532:
3524:
3516:
3513:Harry T. Moore
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
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3425:Richard Wright
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3252:
3244:
3236:
3233:Harry Burleigh
3228:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:Spingarn Medal
3201:
3199:
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3191:
3184:
3176:
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3158:
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3107:
3092:
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3007:
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2977:
2976:External links
2974:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2953:Bates, Daisy.
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2922:
2921:Historiography
2919:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2884:Kirk, John A.
2882:
2875:
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2779:
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2618:Arkansas Times
2601:
2576:
2565:. July 1, 2005
2545:
2534:. May 19, 2021
2514:
2500:
2477:
2455:
2436:
2430:Bates, Daisy.
2423:
2407:
2394:
2388:Bates, Daisy.
2381:
2375:Bates, Daisy.
2368:
2342:
2329:
2311:
2305:Bates, Daisy.
2298:
2292:Bates, Daisy.
2285:
2272:
2266:Bates, Daisy.
2259:
2217:
2197:
2167:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2089:
2056:
2043:978-1456851200
2042:
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1997:
1967:
1936:
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1861:Rains, Craig.
1850:
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1564:Disney Channel
1496:
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1383:Melba Pattillo
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1183:Virgil Blossom
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1102:Virgil Blossom
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753:Inaugurations
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93:public schools
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6276:Freedom songs
6274:
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6142:Jim Crow laws
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6042:
6040:
6039:"Oh, Freedom"
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5965:Whitney Young
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5945:Kale Williams
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5905:Albert Turner
5903:
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5898:
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5895:A. P. Tureaud
5893:
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5800:Bayard Rustin
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5650:William Moyer
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5585:Joseph McNeil
5583:
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5570:Charles McDew
5568:
5566:
5563:
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5560:Benjamin Mays
5558:
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5545:Vivian Malone
5543:
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5520:Joseph Lowery
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5445:Clyde Kennard
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5435:Vernon Jordan
5433:
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5430:Matthew Jones
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5398:
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5395:T. J. Jemison
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5380:Jesse Jackson
5378:
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5270:Robert Graetz
5268:
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5260:Golden Frinks
5258:
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5246:
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5220:Charles Evers
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5198:
5196:
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5170:Vernon Dahmer
5168:
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5151:
5148:
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5143:
5141:
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5128:
5126:
5125:Septima Clark
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
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5108:
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5045:Bruce Boynton
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5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
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5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
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4973:
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4970:James Baldwin
4968:
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4953:
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4940:Mathew Ahmann
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4837:Youth Council
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4608:
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4428:Freedom Rides
4426:
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4411:
4409:
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4401:
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4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4263:
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4230:
4226:
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4210:
4209:
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4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:Prior to 1954
4151:
4148:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4090:
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4077:
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4069:
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4061:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4017:Jessye Norman
4013:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3921:Vernon Jordan
3917:
3914:
3913:Oprah Winfrey
3909:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3825:Jesse Jackson
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3757:Coleman Young
3753:
3750:
3749:Rayford Logan
3745:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3669:Leon Sullivan
3665:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3637:Edward Brooke
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3577:
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3569:
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3525:
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3517:
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3506:
3501:
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3493:
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3485:
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3429:
3426:
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3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:Henry A. Hunt
3333:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3225:Charles Young
3221:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3155:
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3143:
3139:
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3131:
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3122:
3118:
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3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
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3087:
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3076:
3073:
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3064:
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3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
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2925:
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2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
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2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:0-671-86638-9
2811:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2762:
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2708:
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2615:
2608:
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2602:
2590:
2586:
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2564:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
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2515:
2503:
2497:
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2487:
2481:
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2465:
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2398:
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2378:
2372:
2369:
2356:
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2326:
2320:
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2299:
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2289:
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2276:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:Mother Teresa
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1663:silver dollar
1660:
1657:In 2007, the
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:Postage Stamp
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:New York City
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1283:deployed the
1282:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:Harry Ashmore
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:gerrymandered
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:(1942–2010),
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:desegregation
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:
984:
983:
979:
974:
970:
961:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:1956 campaign
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
905:1952 campaign
903:
902:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
803:
798:
797:Domino theory
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
734:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
672:
663:
649:
646:
642:
641:
637:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
589:
581:
580:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
526:
523:
519:
516:
515:
513:
511:
510:Civil War Era
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:
491:
490:
484:
483:
479:
475:
474:
471:
467:
462:
456:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
331:
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
303:
300:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
201:
196:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
169:
164:
163:
161:
154:
151:
150:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
129:
124:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
107:
101:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6518:
6458:David Garrow
6438:John Dittmer
6309:
6236:Brown Chapel
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6151:
6108:
5960:Andrew Young
5915:A. T. Walden
5910:C. T. Vivian
5870:Maxine Smith
5705:Homer Plessy
5685:James Orange
5640:Irene Morgan
5595:William Ming
5575:Ralph McGill
5510:Viola Liuzzo
5495:Jim Letherer
5480:James Lawson
5410:Vernon Johns
5400:Esau Jenkins
5355:Myles Horton
5305:Fred Hampton
5295:Prathia Hall
5285:Dick Gregory
5255:Marie Foster
5250:James Forman
5240:James Farmer
5225:Medgar Evers
5185:Angela Davis
5120:Ramsey Clark
5100:James Chaney
5095:Johnnie Carr
5075:Ralph Bunche
5070:H. Rap Brown
5060:Ruby Bridges
5020:Joanne Bland
4995:Claude Black
4975:Marion Barry
4945:Muhammad Ali
4772:
4708:
4701:
4662:
4640:
4609:
4602:
4444:
4405:
4398:
4328:Kissing Case
4303:
4298:
4260:
4243:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4182:
4174:
4072:
4057:Willie Brown
4048:
4025:Quincy Jones
3993:Cicely Tyson
3969:John Conyers
3865:Maya Angelou
3841:Colin Powell
3809:Percy Sutton
3780:
3737:Andrew Young
3728:
3700:
3685:Wilson Riles
3677:Gordon Parks
3605:Medgar Evers
3564:
3489:Ralph Bunche
3457:Paul Robeson
3400:
3289:Roland Hayes
3133:
3127:
3095:
3083:
3018:
2998:
2994:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2937:
2927:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2840:
2823:
2805:
2791:
2784:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2713:November 19,
2711:. Retrieved
2701:
2693:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2642:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2560:
2536:. Retrieved
2529:
2507:September 7,
2505:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2458:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2337:
2332:
2324:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2234:
2230:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2108:the original
2101:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2032:
2026:
2016:September 7,
2014:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1931:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:the original
1838:
1833:
1806:
1778:
1773:
1751:
1736:argues that
1727:
1698:
1696:astronauts.
1675:
1671:Barack Obama
1668:
1656:
1645:
1625:Bill Clinton
1622:
1616:Memorial at
1599:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1509:Civil Rights
1506:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1462:
1458:Orval Faubus
1451:
1448:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1379:verbal abuse
1364:
1356:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1292:, recalled:
1281:Orval Faubus
1278:
1250:Congressman
1249:
1244:
1239:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1187:
1180:
1146:
1110:Ernest Green
1106:
1098:school board
1063:
1057:
1045:Orval Faubus
1036:
1028:
1026:
964:
882:U-2 incident
857:
723:
688:World War II
552:
525:1900–present
492:
441:
425:
424:
417:
395:
390:
384:
383:
343:
286:Orval Faubus
279:
271:
240:Ernest Green
218:
217:
207:NAACP member
206:
205:
198:Lead figures
114:
97:
40:Part of the
29:
6478:Doug McAdam
6448:Chuck Fager
6075:Nonviolence
5980:James Zwerg
5975:Bob Zellner
5935:Roy Wilkins
5885:Hank Thomas
5820:Pete Seeger
5815:Bobby Seale
5680:Jack O'Dell
5675:Edgar Nixon
5605:Amzie Moore
5600:Jack Minnis
5540:Mae Mallory
5525:Clara Luper
5485:Bernard Lee
5375:Cecil Ivory
5370:Ruby Hurley
5340:Oliver Hill
5335:Aaron Henry
5235:Chuck Fager
5195:Dave Dennis
5085:Guy Carawan
5025:Julian Bond
4990:James Bevel
4980:Daisy Bates
4251:Emmett Till
4134:(1954–1968)
4089:Jim Clyburn
3985:Julian Bond
3953:Oliver Hill
3789:Tom Bradley
3717:Alvin Ailey
3693:Damon Keith
3613:Roy Wilkins
3561:Daisy Bates
3020:Vanity Fair
2905:Reed, Roy.
2755:(1): 34–42.
2569:January 31,
2538:January 31,
2470:October 27,
2190:February 2,
1766:third world
1756:briefs and
1690:Karl Rahner
1591:George Hunt
1521:Daisy Bates
1477:Daisy Bates
1331:federalized
1256:Dale Alford
1252:Brooks Hays
1162:federalized
1136:(b. 1942),
1132:(b. 1941),
1128:(b. 1942),
1124:(b. 1941),
1116:(b. 1941),
1112:(b. 1941),
1090:Little Rock
829:Missile gap
812:Second Term
213:Daisy Bates
109:Resulted in
59:Hazel Bryan
6541:Categories
6421:historians
6102:Satyagraha
6068:Influences
5760:James Reeb
5695:James Peck
5690:Rosa Parks
5660:Diane Nash
5530:Danny Lyon
5505:John Lewis
5450:A. D. King
5350:James Hood
4965:Ella Baker
4935:Zev Aelony
3961:Ben Carson
3929:John Lewis
3889:Carl Rowan
3793:Bill Cosby
3773:Lena Horne
3741:Rosa Parks
3721:Alex Haley
3709:Hank Aaron
3361:Max Yergan
3140:: 95–122.
2655:August 28,
1990:October 5,
1758:propaganda
1692:, and the
1623:President
1519:, home to
1466:referendum
1172:Background
1043:school by
775:Korean War
770:First Term
749:Transition
737:Presidency
677:Early Life
288:, governor
6080:Padayatra
6029:"Kumbaya"
5989:By region
5645:Bob Moses
5550:Bob Mants
5535:Malcolm X
5455:C.B. King
5275:Fred Gray
4918:Activists
4559:1964–1968
4342:1960–1963
4200:1954–1959
3385:John Hope
2995:Booknotes
2832:0022-2984
2585:"History"
2247:222252522
2241:: 78–90.
1826:Footnotes
1717:Ray Mabus
1694:Apollo 11
1342:Aftermath
1336:buttstock
570:By county
553:1957–1958
172:State of
83:Caused by
6010:Movement
5440:Tom Kahn
4724:Activist
4144:timeline
4073:no award
4049:no award
3977:Ruby Dee
3781:no award
3729:no award
3701:no award
3563:and the
3401:no award
3154:40038072
3066:Archived
3050:Archived
2942:in JSTOR
2873:in JSTOR
2686:Archived
2649:Archived
2623:July 28,
2594:July 28,
2448:Archived
2361:March 5,
2252:June 10,
2243:ProQuest
2184:Archived
2082:March 4,
2076:Archived
2010:Archived
1984:Archived
1954:Archived
1784:See also
1730:Cold War
1633:Congress
1375:physical
1160:, which
1094:Arkansas
927:Election
915:Election
792:New Look
787:Cold War
742:Timeline
588:Category
565:Military
537:By topic
487:Timeline
461:a series
459:Part of
334:Arkansas
174:Arkansas
67:Location
6135:Related
5725:Al Raby
4680:funeral
4543:Big Six
3205:winners
3088:entry:
2916:(2012).
2909:(1997).
2864:(2007).
2160:May 18,
1605:at the
1325:of the
1194:Bateses
1156:issued
1023:in 1958
560:Culture
494:By year
126:Parties
6587:Nonets
6321:Legacy
6097:Ahimsa
4726:groups
4187:(1950)
4179:(1950)
4140:Events
4087:2022:
4079:2021:
4071:2020:
4063:2019:
4055:2018:
4047:2017:
4039:2016:
4031:2015:
4023:2014:
4015:2013:
4007:2012:
3999:2011:
3991:2010:
3983:2009:
3975:2008:
3967:2007:
3959:2006:
3951:2005:
3943:2004:
3935:2003:
3927:2002:
3919:2001:
3911:2000:
3903:1999:
3895:1998:
3887:1997:
3879:1996:
3871:1995:
3863:1994:
3855:1993:
3847:1992:
3839:1991:
3831:1990:
3823:1989:
3815:1988:
3807:1987:
3799:1986:
3787:1985:
3779:1984:
3771:1983:
3763:1982:
3755:1981:
3747:1980:
3735:1979:
3727:1978:
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