27:
249:
postbellum pre-World-War-Two little magazine in the South. Immediately after the Civil War they mainly covered
Southern topics and the works of Southern authors, changing at the turn of the 20th century into more critical views of Southern letters and life by new young scholars, becoming voices for the advent of modernism in the 1920s, and finally in the 1930s entering into the debate over the future economic prosperity of the South on the side of
118:
Little magazine editors can be characterized as in the main idiosyncratic and dissatisfied with the status quo. The magazines themselves are in general, but with several notable exceptions, short-lived and do not out-last their founding editors. Editors have adopted ingenious, on occasion devious,
109:
It has been argued that little magazines that are associated with universities are not truly encompassed by the term, but the majority view amongst scholars is that they have similar enough purposes, formats, and contents to unaffiliated magazines in the genre that they can be considered little
248:
In the U.S. South, postbellum little magazines had non-commercial ends, generally seeking to inform and influence their readers, rather than being marketed for profit, a skill that their amateur editors generally lacked. English professor Bes E. Stark
Spangler traced four main phases of the
91:
magazine described little magazines as putting "experiment before ease, and art before comment" and noting that "hey can afford to do so because they can barely afford to do anything; as a rule they do not, and cannot, expect to make money". Hoffman considered them to be
63:
The traditional characteristics of a little magazine include a 5-by-8-inch (13 cm × 20 cm) format, a two-color cover, and a semi-annual or quarterly publishing schedule. Literary magazines that do not qualify as little magazines for these reasons include
220:
Thousands of little magazines existed across North
America by the close of the 20th century, most not fully supporting themselves and subsidized by state or federal grants and endowments from universities, colleges, and foundations, sometimes with unpaid staff.
323:
The second phase, which was a reactionary movement amongst young scholars in
Southern colleges and universities that was critical of the South, and which was discussed in the contemporary essays of John B. Hennemann, is exemplified by William P. Trent's 1892
56:, because while the majority of such magazines are literary in nature, containing poetry and fiction, a significant proportion of such magazines are not. Some have encompassed the full range of the arts, and others have grown from
47:
genre consisting of "artistic work which for reasons of commercial expediency is not acceptable to the money-minded periodicals or presses", according to a 1942 study by
Frederick J. Hoffman, a professor of English. While
212:
obviated the need for editors (or their friends) to own a mimeograph machine. At the same time, university-sponsored magazines became more prevalent, whereas unaffiliated magazines had dominated the genre before the
344:, respectively, and Bassett in particular was risking his job by publishing, as his magazine directly addressed racial issues in the South and reform, something that his successor toned down, editor Edwin Mims.
256:
Examples of the first phase, which were a significant factor in keeping the genre of
Southern letters alive for the two decades after the Civil War, include Daniel H. Hill's 1866–1869
299:
52:
disagreed with the diminutive connotations of "little", the name "little magazine" is widely accepted for such magazines. A little magazine is not necessarily a
193:, which significantly reduced magazine printing costs. An example of this that also illustrates the devious approach to financing is Keith Abbot. He published
106:
observed that the more a magazine values profits, the less it is willing to experiment with things that are not (yet) acceptable to a mainstream readership.
423:
and the new 1930s little magazines debated whether the South should remain agrarian or embrace industrialism. Also in the 1930s they were associated with
538:
in 1997, still devoted to the core little magazine subject of literature, including short fiction, poetry, book reviews, and creative non-fiction. As
542:
did in the 19th century, 20th-century little magazines still received vastly more unsolicited literary contributions than they published, the
894:
874:
224:
The desire for low-budget publications brought an on-line revolution to little magazines at the turn of the 21st century. Firstly embracing
78:, measuring 9 by 12 inches (23 cm × 30 cm), having complex four-color covers, and having bi-monthly publishing schedules.
262:, which widened its readership by including agriculture and military history alongside the literature; W. S. Scott's 1865–1869
971:
952:
863:
844:
825:
404:, and others later took up postings in other universities, they would in turn found or edit other magazines, Crowe going on to edit
360:
931:
110:
magazines also. Historically, they were both devoted to social issues, literature, or critical inquiry, and edited by amateurs.
208:
superseded the mimeograph, further reducing costs as the availability of commercial photocopying services by companies such as
236:, and many other on-line publication channels. The on-line revolution also raised possibilities for content in the form of
835:
Spangler, Bes E. Stark (2001). "Literary magazines of the past". In Flora, Joseph M.; MacKethan, Lucinda
Hardwick (eds.).
364:
373:
854:
Ravenel, Shannon (2001). "Literary magazines of the present". In Flora, Joseph M.; MacKethan, Lucinda
Hardwick (eds.).
433:
is now the oldest
Southern literary magazine, with other long-lived magazines dating from the 20th century, including
198:
505:
515:
441:
304:
990:
530:
522:
Many little magazines continued to be founded in the South in the last three decades of the 20th century, from
332:
20:
337:
201:, stealing a box of mimeograph paper from the university and borrowing a mimeograph machine from a friend.
151:
81:"Integral to the definition of the little magazine", according to scholars Ian Morris and Joanne Diaz, is
71:
481:
461:
382:
352:
475:
386:
189:, the publication of little magazines saw a "mimeo revolution" in the 1960s with the advent of the
138:
548:
for example reporting in 1997 that it received 12,000 submissions for every 100 pieces published.
288:
264:
102:
Robie
Macauley opined that such magazines "ought to be ten years ahead of general acceptance".
967:
948:
890:
859:
840:
821:
495:
406:
282:
128:
53:
26:
886:
330:(which Hennemann was later to edit), which would influence John Spencer Bassett to found the
882:
524:
435:
258:
856:
The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs
837:
The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs
292:, an ante-bellum magazine revived briefly in 1866; Albert Taylor Bledsoe's 1867–1869
412:
341:
294:
186:
142:
66:
49:
964:
American Little Magazines of the Fin de Siecle: Art, Protest, and Cultural Transformation
544:
451:
326:
179:
984:
424:
164:
156:
98:
31:
87:
816:
Morris, Ian; Diaz, Joanne (2015). "Preface". In Morris, Ian; Diaz, Joanne (eds.).
920:
919:
Hoffman, Frederick John; Allen, Charles Albert; Ulrich, Carolyn F., eds. (1946).
119:
means to finance their magazines, often financing them out of their own pockets.
250:
205:
171:
167:
93:
317:
312:, augmented literature with science and art coverage; and the 1882–1887
214:
209:
190:
103:
175:
233:
133:
44:
237:
229:
253:, having heated debates with what they viewed as Southern "liberals".
160:
146:
82:
410:, and Ransom together with Cleanth Brooks to found another (1935)
316:, which was one of the last little magazines to be devoted to the
240:
and audio-visual content not possible in a purely printed format.
25:
170:. Little magazines were significant for the poets who shaped the
225:
57:
759:
757:
744:
742:
945:
The Little Magazine in America: A Modern Documentary History
371:
under the editorship of Jay B. Hubbard; the 1921–1926
693:
691:
795:
793:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
623:
621:
642:
640:
638:
636:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
377:; and John Crowe Ransom's and Robert Penn Warren's 1922
336:
in 1902. Both Trent and Bassett were professors, at the
419:
In the final phase, both established magazines like
185:
Originally printed with traditional methods such as
397:, both of which had brief lifetimes in the 1920s.
268:; Moses D. Hodge's and William Hand Browne's 1866
204:In the 1980s a similar revolution occurred as the
932:"Publishing: A Big Volume on the Little Magazine"
922:The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography
943:Anderson, Elliott; Kinzie, Mary, eds. (1978).
85:. A later 1978 study by the (then) editors of
8:
16:Magazine produced without a motive of profit
925:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
818:The Little Magazine in Contemporary America
182:across the world in the twentieth century.
163:, which had as its agenda a revolt against
879:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature
748:
721:
709:
697:
670:
658:
627:
591:
568:
127:The earliest significant examples are the
858:. Southern Literary Studies. LSU Press.
839:. Southern Literary Studies. LSU Press.
799:
784:
763:
682:
646:
35:, a little magazine published circa 1894
733:
612:
561:
347:The early years of the third phase saw
887:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.588
400:As young writers from Vanderbilt, the
7:
351:founded in 1911 and affiliated with
449:(1935–1942, then from 1965),
197:when he was a graduate student at
14:
385:Group. Other influences for the
367:in 1924 and changed the name to
966:. University of Toronto Press.
947:. Yonkers, NY: Pushcart Press.
873:Barsanti, Michael (July 2017).
820:. University of Chicago Press.
19:For the movement in India, see
1:
365:Southern Methodist University
244:In the Southern United States
930:Last, Thomas (1978-12-29).
881:. Oxford University Press.
228:, they have diversified to
199:Washington State University
1007:
506:Southern Humanities Review
18:
962:MacLeod, Kirsten (2018).
516:The South Carolina Review
442:Virginia Quarterly Review
531:The Chattahoochee Review
349:The Westminster Magazine
333:South Atlantic Quarterly
280:and finally changing to
276:after its absorption of
265:Scott's Monthly Magazine
39:In the United States, a
21:Little magazine movement
338:University of the South
749:Morris & Diaz 2015
722:Morris & Diaz 2015
710:Morris & Diaz 2015
698:Morris & Diaz 2015
671:Morris & Diaz 2015
659:Morris & Diaz 2015
628:Morris & Diaz 2015
592:Morris & Diaz 2015
569:Morris & Diaz 2015
471:Southern Poetry Review
272:(later to be the 1869
36:
938:. p. C–22.
383:Vanderbilt University
363:, which relocated to
353:Oglethorpe University
137:(1840–44), edited by
29:
712:, pp. xiii–xiv.
476:Massachusetts Review
359:affiliated with the
96:, and editor of the
72:Lindhurst Foundation
766:, pp. 443–444.
736:, pp. 445–446.
525:Apalachee Quarterly
447:The Southern Review
387:Southern Renascence
361:University of Texas
302:'s 1872–1882
139:Ralph Waldo Emerson
936:The New York Times
875:"Little Magazines"
571:, pp. vii, x.
511:New Orleans Review
487:Southern Quarterly
457:Carolina Quarterly
305:The South Atlantic
155:(1896), edited by
37:
896:978-0-19-020109-8
496:Greensboro Review
407:The Kenyon Review
381:published by the
374:The Double Dealer
300:Mrs Cicero Harris
283:Southern Magazine
129:transcendentalist
54:literary magazine
998:
977:
958:
939:
926:
907:
905:
903:
869:
850:
831:
803:
797:
788:
782:
767:
761:
752:
746:
737:
731:
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695:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
631:
625:
616:
610:
595:
589:
572:
566:
540:The Land We Love
528:in 1971 through
436:Southwest Review
369:Southwest Review
355:; Stark Young's
314:Southern Bivouac
310:The Land We Love
278:The Land We Love
259:The Land We Love
195:Blue Suede Shoes
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
995:
991:Magazine genres
981:
980:
974:
961:
955:
942:
929:
918:
915:
913:Further reading
910:
901:
899:
897:
872:
866:
853:
847:
834:
828:
815:
811:
806:
798:
791:
783:
770:
762:
755:
751:, p. xvii.
747:
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728:
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689:
681:
677:
669:
665:
657:
653:
645:
634:
626:
619:
611:
598:
590:
575:
567:
563:
559:
557:Cross-reference
554:
413:Southern Review
342:Trinity College
295:Southern Review
289:De Bow's Review
246:
187:offset printing
174:movements like
143:Margaret Fuller
125:
116:
67:Oxford American
50:George Plimpton
41:little magazine
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
983:
982:
979:
978:
972:
959:
953:
940:
927:
914:
911:
909:
908:
895:
870:
864:
851:
845:
832:
826:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:
802:, p. 445.
789:
787:, p. 444.
768:
753:
738:
726:
724:, p. xiv.
714:
702:
700:, p. xii.
687:
675:
663:
651:
649:, p. 443.
632:
617:
615:, p. 445.
596:
573:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
545:Atlanta Review
491:Hollins Critic
452:Georgia Review
431:Sewanee Review
421:Sewanee Review
327:Sewanee Review
308:, which, like
245:
242:
180:Post-modernism
124:
121:
115:
112:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1003:
992:
989:
988:
986:
975:
973:9781442643161
969:
965:
960:
956:
954:9780916366049
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
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917:
916:
912:
898:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
865:9780807126929
861:
857:
852:
848:
846:9780807126929
842:
838:
833:
829:
827:9780226120492
823:
819:
814:
813:
808:
801:
800:Spangler 2001
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:Spangler 2001
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
764:Spangler 2001
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
683:Barsanti 2017
679:
676:
673:, p. xi.
672:
667:
664:
661:, p. ix.
660:
655:
652:
648:
647:Spangler 2001
643:
641:
639:
637:
633:
630:, p. xv.
629:
624:
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601:
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588:
586:
584:
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472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
428:
426:
425:New Criticism
422:
417:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
402:Double Dealer
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
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157:Arthur Symons
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144:
140:
136:
135:
130:
122:
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113:
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107:
105:
101:
100:
99:Kenyon Review
95:
90:
89:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
68:
61:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
34:
33:
32:The Chap-Book
28:
22:
963:
944:
935:
921:
900:. Retrieved
878:
855:
836:
817:
734:Ravenel 2001
729:
717:
705:
678:
666:
654:
613:Ravenel 2001
594:, p. x.
564:
543:
539:
535:
529:
523:
521:
514:
513:(1968), and
510:
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500:
494:
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486:
480:
474:
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466:
460:
456:
450:
446:
440:
434:
430:
429:
420:
418:
411:
405:
401:
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394:
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379:The Fugitive
378:
372:
368:
357:Texas Review
356:
348:
346:
331:
325:
322:
313:
309:
303:
293:
287:
281:
277:
274:New Eclectic
273:
269:
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257:
255:
247:
223:
219:
203:
194:
184:
150:
132:
131:publication
126:
117:
108:
97:
88:TriQuarterly
86:
80:
75:
65:
62:
40:
38:
30:
536:Five Points
534:in 1980 to
251:agrarianism
206:photocopier
172:avant-garde
168:materialism
94:avant-garde
552:References
482:Crazyhorse
462:Shenandoah
318:Lost Cause
286:in 1871);
215:World Wars
191:mimeograph
104:Ezra Pound
76:Doubletake
395:The Nomad
391:The Lyric
176:Modernism
165:Victorian
152:The Savoy
985:Category
519:(1968).
509:(1968),
503:(1967),
501:Cimarron
499:(1966),
493:(1964),
489:(1962),
485:(1960),
479:(1959),
473:(1958),
469:(1956),
465:(1950),
459:(1948),
455:(1947),
445:(1925),
439:(1915),
270:Eclectic
238:podcasts
234:Facebook
134:The Dial
70:and the
45:magazine
902:11 July
809:Sources
340:and at
230:Twitter
210:Kinko's
123:History
114:Editors
60:roots.
970:
951:
893:
862:
843:
824:
467:Nimrod
161:London
149:, and
147:Boston
83:penury
389:were
226:blogs
159:, in
145:, in
43:is a
968:ISBN
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416:.
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298:;
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830:.
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