1050:). Liu Chengyou wanted to encourage the troops personally. Empress Dowager Li told him "Guo Wei is our family's old servant. Why would he be doing this if it were not a matter of life or death? You should keep the troops in the city and send a messenger with your edict, to observe his intentions. He would surely respond, and you can still maintain the formality of emperor and subject. Do not go out yourself." The young emperor refused her advice. The empress dowager asked Nie to take responsibility for the emperor's safety, but Nie dismissed this, responding "Your subject is here. Even if there were 100 Guo Weis, they can all be captured." No battle occurred that day, and Liu Chengyou returned to the palace. Murong bragged to him "These days, Your Imperial Majesty has little to do in the palace. Tomorrow, come watch your subject destroy the bandits. I need not battle with them, I will just rebuke them, and they will surely collapse and return to their barracks!" (i.e., abandon Guo and return to Kaifeng).
725:. Yang and Guo heard about Li Tao's petition and went to Empress Dowager Li, weeping. They said "Your subjects have followed the deceased emperor through difficult times. Now, the Son of Heaven is accepting the word of others and wants to send us away. Given that there are troubles west of the pass, how can we, your subjects and ignore the affairs of the state? If we are not to remain, we hope to at least remain until the deceased emperor's burial." Empress Dowager Li went to Liu Chengyou and said "These are the old and accomplished subjects of the state. Why are you listening to others and expelling them?" Liu Chengyou blamed the matter on the chancellors as a group, but Li Tao took the blame to himself and was relieved of his chancellor position. Later, Yang was given an additional chancellor position, while Guo was made co-chief of staff. Yang thus became the main decision-maker, with the two Su chancellors (along with the other chancellor
895:), the liaison officer at the office of the chiefs of staff, were resentful that they had not been promoted. When Liu Chengyou wanted to make his favorite concubine, Consort Geng, Empress, Yang opposed it, considering this move to come too soon after his mourning period for Liu Zhiyuan. Consort Geng then died, and Yang opposed Liu Chengyou's wishes to have her buried with the ceremonies due to an empress. Yang and Shi also embarrassed Liu by telling him to "be quiet" during a discussion of matters of state. Liu therefore became resentful toward them, and his close associates falsely accused Yang and the other senior officials of plotting against him. As Su resented Shi, he also incited Li Ye and the others to complain of him to Liu.
1016:, the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered at Hua), surrendered to him. Wang Yin again offered his army the option of beheading him and submitting to the emperor instead of fighting the emperor's army; they refused. Wang Jun then told them that when Kaifeng fell, they could pillage the capital, and they celebrated. By this point, Liu Chengyou had become worried and said to Dou Zhengu "Maybe I was being too frivolous." At Li Ye's suggestion, over Su Yugui's objection, he emptied the imperial treasury to reward the Imperial Guard soldiers at Kaifeng and also the family members of Guo's army, in the hopes that they would persuade Guo's soldiers to defect.
1059:
Wu, Zhang, Yuan, and Liu
Chongjin, all secretly went to see Guo to offer to surrender, but he sent them all back to their camps, saying to Song, whose wife was Liu Zhiyuan's oldest daughter "The Son of Heaven is in danger. You, Lord, are his close relative. You should take your guards to go protect him, and also request that he find a chance to come to my camp." However, when Song tried to go to the imperial tent, there were confused soldiers in the way and he did not dare to advance. Towards the end of the day more and more of the imperial army surrendered to Guo's. Murong abandoned the imperial army and fled back to Taining's capital Yan Prefecture (
749:), had previously been closely associated with Du Chongwei and therefore had been fearful since Du's death. Zhao Siwan offered to support him, and he declared himself the Prince of Qin and formally rose against the Later Han government. In rebelling, he was counting on the fact that he had commanded the imperial army for a long period when the Later Jin state was in existence. He therefore believed he could entice the army to defect to him. Acting as the Prince, he commissioned Zhao and Wang Shou'en with military governorships. Wang sent messages to Later Shu, seeking its aid.
957:
seizing the realm. We accepted his trust to protect his orphan, and we expended our efforts to defend the empire. Now, those lords are dead. How can I have the heart to live on my own? Gentlemen, you should carry out the edict. Take my head and offer it to the Son of Heaven, so that you will not suffer." The generals wept and encouraged him to resist, using the rationale that he should clear Liu
Chengyou's court of evil people rather than suffer an unjust death. Guo Wei therefore resolved to rise against Liu Chengyou. He left his adopted son
976:. Murong immediately went to Kaifeng, and Liu Chengyou put him in charge of the imperial army. As Guo marched toward the capital, Hou Yi advocated defending the city without engaging him: he argued that because Guo's soldiers' family members were all in the capital, the government could prevail by having the soldiers' families urge them to defect from Guo. Murong, however, advocated engaging Guo's army, saying "Hou Yi is old. He is being a coward." Liu Chengyou therefore planned to engage Guo's army, but sent Hou, Wu Qianyu (
835:
chief of staff title even while serving as commander, so that his orders to the military governors would carry greater weight. Su Fengji opposed this idea, pointing out that there was no precedent for a chief of staff to leave the capital and continue to be chief of staff, but Liu overruled him. Guo was then made the defender of Yedu and military governor of
Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered at Yedu), and continued to hold the title of chief of staff, with power to authorize military movements and expenditures north of the
867:), was seated next to Shi, and repeatedly reminded him of what the rules of the game were. Su joked "When you are seated next to someone named Yan, you need not fear being punished." However, Shi misunderstood the comment, thinking that Su was satirizing his wife Lady Yan, who was once a prostitute working in a drinking hall. He cursed Su and attempted to attack him. Yang wept and urged him to stop, saying "Lord Su is a chancellor. If you, Lord, killed him, what kind of a place are you putting the
640:
suggested that he follow Liu
Zhiyuan's instructions and execute Hou. However, Wang hesitated because Liu Chengyou was not aware of the secret instructions Liu Zhiyuan had given him. Hou heard of this and immediately left for Kaifeng without informing Wang. Hou was exceedingly rich, and on arriving in Kaifeng managed to repair his political situation by giving many gifts to the chancellors and to Shi Hongzhao. He was made acting mayor of Kaifeng and given an honorary chancellor title.
636:) respectively. Both Zhao and Hou had previously submitted to Later Han, then changed their minds and submitted to Later Shu, and finally resubmitted to Later Han. Liu Zhiyuan had given Wang secret instructions that if Zhao and Hou had already left for Kaifeng to pay homage to the emperor by the time that he arrived, then he was not to act against them. If instead they had not left for Kaifeng and were watching for developments, he should kill them.
856:
slanderous and the wicked. Be careful in examining good and evil. Su Fengji, Yang Bin, and Shi
Hongzhao are all the deceased Emperor's old subjects. They are faithful and caring for the state. May it be that Your Imperial Majesty trust them and use them, and there will be no trouble. As far as what happens on the battlefield, I, your subject, wish to expend all of my foolish and foolhardy efforts, hopefully being worthy of your service.
780:). When they reached Hezhong in fall 948, they put it under siege. Li was surprised, as he had expected the soldiers to quickly defect to him. Guo decided not to attack Hezhong directly, but rather to surround the city and let Li's food and other supplies dwindle. Meanwhile, Zhao Hui also put Fengxiang under siege, and defeated multiple attempts by Later Shu forces to lift the siege on the city.
1027:), near Kaifeng. The people of Kaifeng were frightened, including Empress Dowager Li, who commented "We did not listen to Li Tao. Now destruction comes!" Murong bragged that he could easily capture Guo — until Nie Wenjin told him the names of Guo's generals, when he began to be apprehensive as well. Liu sent the Imperial Guard general Yuan Yi (袁㠖) and Liu Chongjin (
889:) inside the palace, but wanted to be promoted to the higher position of director of palace affairs. Both Liu Chengyou and Empress Dowager Li were supportive of this, but Yang and Shi considered the promotion inappropriate as he lacked seniority. Yang and Shi also frustrated Liu's desires in other ways. His friends Hou Kuangzan, Guo Yunming, and Nie Wenjin (
774:) proposed attacking Huguo first, pointing out that Li was the leader of the three circuits' rebellion. If the other two cities were attacked first, Li would be able to attack the Later Han army from the rear. Guo agreed with Hu and ordered that the Later Han army should converges on Huguo's capital Hezhong Municipality (
875:, to try to moderate between Su and Shi, but he could not repair the relationship. Su considered requesting an assignment as a circuit military governor, but then decided that if he left the capital, Shi could easily destroy him. Wang did request such an assignment, but Yang and Shi urged him not to leave the capital.
1058:
resisted Murong's charge. During the battle, Zhang's horse fell, and he was nearly captured by Guo Wei's army. He withdrew, but lost more than 100 of his soldiers. This caused a loss of morale in the imperial army, and imperial soldiers began to surrender to Guo's. Even the generals, including Hou,
878:
By winter 950, the imperial government was considered well-run under Yang's leadership, and Shi's oversight of the capital made it safe for the public. However, Liu
Chengyou was tired of the control his senior officials had over his government, partly because he was unable to offer powerful positions
800:
By summer 949, Hezhong was in a desperate situation, with people dying of starvation. Li made multiple attempts to fight his way out of the city but failed. Realizing that
Hezhong was now vulnerable, Guo ordered constant attacks. Eventually, Hezhong's outer city fell, and Li retreated into the inner
898:
Liu
Chengyou then plotted with Li Ye, Nie, Hou, and Guo Yunming to kill Yang and the others. When he reported his plans to Empress Dowager Li, she said "How can such things be easily considered! You should discuss with the chancellors further." Li Ye told Liu Chengyou "The deceased Emperor said that
855:
The
Empress Dowager had long followed the deceased Emperor, and she has experienced many things. Your Imperial Majesty is in your prime years. If there are important matters, it is best to ask for her advice and follow it. You should be close to the faithful and honest, and be far away from the
842:
At the send-off dinner for Guo, which was held at the mansion of Dou Zhengu, frictions within the imperial government came to the forefront. At the feast, Shi toasted Guo and harshly commented "How could there have been opposition when we discussed this matter yesterday at the imperial gathering?
639:
When Wang reached
Jinchang, Zhao had already set out for Kaifeng. Wang merged his army with Zhao's and continued to Fengxiang. While he was on the road to Fengxiang, Liu Zhiyuan died and Liu Chengyou took the throne. When Wang reached Fengxiang, Hou had not left for Kaifeng, and Wang's associates
834:
incursions. The northern circuits needed better coordination in their response, and Liu's officials decided to post an overall commander in the north to oversee the defenses. Guo Wei was commanded to take up a position at Yedu and oversee the operations. Shi Hongzhao advocated for Guo to keep his
1053:
On January 1, 951, the young emperor again encouraged the army personally, against Empress Dowager Li's advice. The front lines of the two armies met, and Guo Wei ordered his army not to engage first, stating "I am here to kill the scoundrels, not to oppose the Son of Heaven. Do not move first."
902:
On December 24, 950, as the imperial officials were arriving at the palace for a gathering, soldiers appeared and killed Yang, Shi, and Wang Zhang. Liu Chengyou subsequently accused the dead men of treason, and told the chancellors and the other officials "Yang Bin and the others viewed us as a
752:
Liu Chengyou's government sent a force to attack the three rebellious circuits, but it foundered due to conflicts among the commanding generals. Liu Chengyou decided that he needed a senior general to oversee the operation, and commissioned Guo Wei to do so. Guo, following the advice of a senior
956:
suggested that he mount a resistance. Guo Wei then summoned Guo Chongwei and Cao Wei and other generals, and told them about the edict and the deaths of Yang Bin, Shi Hongzhao, and Wang Zhang. Guo Wei said "Those lords and I fought through the thorn bushes in following the deceased Emperor in
542:
and Liu Chengyou was given the title of General. His older brother Liu Chengxùn was given more substantive responsibilities, including overseeing Taiyuan while Liu Zhiyuan advanced south to take over the central parts of former Later Jin territory. He became mayor of
721:, submitted a petition to Liu Chengyou arguing that Yang and Guo, who was serving as Yang's deputy, should be relieved of their positions and made military governors of key circuits. He proposed that the chief of staff positions should be entrusted to Su Fengji and
675:
At the same time, Wang Jingchong was encouraging the people of Fengxiang to submit petitions for him to be retained at Fengxiang as military governor. This led to concern at court that he too would rebel. The governing officials issued an edict moving Wang Shou'en
843:
Now, let us drink, younger brother!" Su and Yang Bin raised their cups and said "This is an important matter for the state. Do not bear grudges!" Shi responded, again in a harsh voice "To settle the state, it takes long spears and large swords. What use does the
860:
Liu Chengyou thanked Guo, but the tension between the officials continued. Not long after Guo's departure, Wang Zhang hosted a feast. During the feast, there was a drinking game that Shi was unfamiliar with. The director of diplomatic protocol, Yan Jinqing
945:
When Meng Ye delivered the edict to Li Hongyi, Li became concerned that Wang Yin might have already found out what was happening. Instead of following instructions, he alerted Wang, who then put Meng under arrest. Wang then sent Li's deputy Chen Guangsui
579:. After he died, the four did not immediately announce his death but instead issued an edict in his name putting Du to death. They also issued an edict in his name making Liu Chengyou the Prince of Zhou and giving him the title of Chancellor (同中書門下平章事,
899:
matters of the state should not be discussed with scholars. Their timidity will ruin you." When Empress Dowager Li tried to intervene again, Liu Chengyou responded angrily, saying "The matters of state cannot be decided in the halls of a woman!"
643:
Hou made many accusations of overstepping against Wang Jingchong, as revenge for Wang's considering killing him. When Wang heard that Hou had been made the acting mayor of Kaifeng, he became concerned. Meanwhile, the imperial attendant Wang Yi
909:) to deliver secret edicts to Chan Prefecture (澶州, Zhenning's capital) and Yedu, ordering Zhenning's military governor Li Hongyi (李洪義, Empress Dowager Li's younger brother) to kill Shi's most trusted Imperial Guard general, Wang Yin (
851:, responded "Without ink brushes, where does money come from?" From this point on, there was increasing tension between generals and chancellors. Later, when Guo was about to leave the capital, he went to see Liu Chengyou and said:
1068:
On January 2, 951, at sunrise, Guo Wei saw the emperor's banner and sped towards it, hoping to find the emperor. When he got there Liu Chengyou had already left, attempting to return to the palace. When he reached Xuanhua Gate
931:), later the acting mayor of Kaifeng, to slaughter the families of Guo Wei and Wang Jun. Liu Zhu was thorough in this task, and it was said that no woman or child escaped. Li Ye also ordered another brother, Li Hongjian (
903:
young child. We can finally be your true lord. You should not worry!" He sent soldiers to arrest and kill the relatives and close associates of Yang, Shi, and Wang. In addition, he sent his attendant Meng Ye (
575:, and told them "My remaining time is short, and I cannot speak much. Chengyou is still young and weak, so I entrust to you what happens after my death." He also told them to guard against the retired general
757:, decided to issue many material rewards to the imperial soldiers to earn their loyalty, in the hope of inducing them to forget about Li's past command over them. From this point on Guo was loved by the army.
2378:
3102:
717:, over the fact that Su was filling many official positions that had long been left open. Yang believed that these were unnecessary positions and a waste of government resources. Another chancellor,
504:), who was nine years older than him, and Liu Chengxūn (劉承勳, note different tones), who was younger. It is not known whether his brothers were Lady Li's sons. He also had an adoptive brother,
1004:), with an army to head toward Chan. However, Guo got there first, and Li Hongyi submitted to him. Wang Yin merged his army into Guo's, and Guo then continued to Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern
451:(Emperor Gaozu), who died abruptly. His reign was marked by the arbitrary killing of his important ministers, which eventually led to his downfall. When he killed the entire family of general
2371:
809:
After the three circuits' rebellions were quelled, Liu Chengyou became increasingly arrogant and frivolous. He spent time with the director of imperial stables, Hou Kuangzan (
1096:
Guo Wei had the young emperor's body retrieved and placed in a casket. There were suggestions that Liu Chengyou should be buried with only the ceremony due a duke, as was
821:), often in inappropriate conversations. His mother, Empress Dowager Li, tried to advise him against this behavior, but he ignored both her and the official Zhang Yuan (
672:), Zhao led the soldiers in mutiny and occupied the city. He conscripted the young men of the city, resulting in a total force of 4,000 men, and prepared for battle.
1065:) with only a handful of his guards. Liu Chengyou stayed in his tent that night with three chancellors (Su Fengji, Su Yugui, and Dou) and fewer than 100 attendants.
3176:
3066:
2364:
583:). Shortly thereafter, they announced that the emperor had passed away, and Liu Chengyou took the throne at the age of 17. He honored his mother Empress Li as
760:
Guo consulted the generals under him on the options for subduing the three rebels. Most advocated attacking Chang'an and Fengxiang first. In contrast Hu Yanke (
3151:
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city to commit suicide with his family. Hearing that Hezhong and Chang'an had fallen, Wang Jingchong committed suicide as well, ending the rebellions.
1075:), guarded by Liu Zhu, Liu Zhu fired arrows at the emperor's attendants, and Liu Chengyou fled. He was intercepted by Guo's soldiers at Zhao Village (
1087:
states that he was killed by soldiers in the confusion and that when he died, Su Fengji, Yan Jinqing, and Guo Yunming all committed suicide. The
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797:) and was made the acting military governor of Zhenguo. However, he then hesitated about reporting to his posting, and Guo Congyi killed him.
531:). The 10-year-old Liu Chengyou was given the title of an overseer of the circuit headquarters. In 947, after Later Jin was destroyed by the
550:
In late 947, Li Chengxùn died. This greatly affected Liu Zhiyuan's health, and by spring of 948 he was on the edge of death. He summoned the
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states that Guo Yunming, knowing that the cause was lost, killed him (possibly at his request) and then committed suicide with Su Fengji.
650:) was sent to Fengxiang to recall Zhao's soldiers to Kaifeng. This caused anxiety among the soldiers, including the officers Zhao Siwan (
3141:
662:). Wang Jingchong encouraged their anxiety, with the result that Zhao and Chang considered a mutiny. When Wang Yi and the army reached
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to his close associates and relatives of the empress dowager. At the time, Empress Dowager Li's younger brother Li Ye (
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704:) to Fengxiang. Wang Jingchong was made the acting military governor of Jingnan. However, this did not satisfy Wang.
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Meanwhile, Liu Chengyou had summoned several prominent generals to the capital, including Liu Zhiyuan's half-brother
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1081:). He dismounted and tried to hide in a civilian's house, but was killed there. Accounts of his death differ. The
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After some hesitation, Murong led the emperor's cavalry in a charge, starting the battle. Guo Chongwei and
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During this period there was also infighting within the court. Yang Bin, then one of the chiefs of staff (
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Liu Chengyou's young administration immediately had to deal with a potential rebellion on the border with
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into? Please think carefully!" When Liu Chengyou heard of this, he sent the director of palace affairs,
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There is a reference to Liu Chengyou as "Liu Chenghan" in the epitaph of Liu Jiwen, son of his cousin
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Zhao Siwan surrendered to Later Han forces besieging Chang'an under the command of Guo Congyi (
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without Guo in 951, Guo's army attacked the capital, and Liu Chengyou was killed in the chaos.
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to defend Yedu and marched toward Kaifeng, with Guo Chongwei as his forward commander.
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925:), then stationed at Yedu, to kill Guo Wei and Wang Jun. Li Ye also ordered Liu Zhu (
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996:) the former military governor of Baoda Circuit (保大, headquartered in modern
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In 941, after Shi Jingtang overthrew Later Tang and established his state of
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462:. Liu Chengyou may thus have changed his name on his accession as emperor.
789:), the military governor of Zhenning Circuit (鎮寧, headquartered in modern
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722:
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682:), the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern
609:
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766:) the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern
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after Liu Zhiyuan successfully took the Later Jin capital as his own.
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On December 31, Guo's army and the imperial army met at Liuzi Slope (
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1041:), to rendezvous with Hou, Wu, and Zhang and prepare to engage Guo.
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Meanwhile, another governor was considering a rebellion of his own.
915:), who was stationed there. He ordered the Imperial Guard generals
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192:) (inherited from Liu Zhiyuan) (13 February 948 – 8 February 951)
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Liu Chengyou was only 16 years old when he succeeded his father
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1926:
696:) the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in
885:) was serving as the director of miscellaneous affairs (武德使,
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with an army to visit Jinchang (晉昌, headquartered in modern
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On December 30, Guo's army reached Fengqiu (封丘, in modern
1104:). Instead, after Guo seized the throne and established
538:, Liu Zhiyuan declared himself emperor of the new state,
389:
375:
1947:
1899:
952:) to show the secret edict to Guo Wei. Guo's assistant
519:, Liu Zhiyuan acted as the military governor of Hedong
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482:. His father was a trusted officer under the general
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Liu Chengyou was born in 931 at Yedu (鄴都, in modern
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Ancestors of Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin of Later Han
982:), the defender of Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern
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815:), and the director of tea and wine, Guo Yunming (
713:), criticized Su Fengji, who was then the leading
512:, whom Liu Zhiyuan favored and adopted as a son.
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729:) no longer having real chancellor authority.
444:. He reigned from 948 until his death in 951.
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1955:
1937:
1935:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1141:Lady Zhang, daughter of Zhang Yancheng (
2285:None (traditionally), title claimed by
2154:. Harvard University Press. p. 13.
1877:
3177:Later Han (Five Dynasties) chancellors
2388:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1818:
1722:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1504:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1286:
1188:
1184:
1180:
830:In summer 950 there had been constant
498:. He had two brothers, Liu Chengxùn (
486:, son-in-law of then-reigning emperor
442:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
262:
147:
2128:
1941:
1893:
1812:
1802:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1636:
1626:
1622:
1594:
1584:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1489:
1479:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1377:
1367:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1329:
1326:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1274:
1271:
1261:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1209:
1196:
1192:
494:. His mother was Liu Zhiyuan's wife,
7:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
3152:Later Han (Five Dynasties) generals
3132:Later Han (Five Dynasties) emperors
2299:Emperor of China (Central Shanxi)
1927:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
508:, the biological son of his uncle
14:
3167:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people
1962:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1090:Old History of the Five Dynasties
847:have?" The director of finances,
581:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
827:), who gave him similar advice.
571:, and the deputy chief of staff
45:Emperor of the Later Han dynasty
567:, the Imperial Guard commander
390:
376:
1143:
1077:
1071:
1046:
1029:
992:
978:
948:
927:
823:
785:
692:
652:
626:
500:
478:), at the house of his father
415:
355:
341:
303:
281:
137:Ying Mausoleum (潁陵; in modern
1:
3137:10th-century monarchs in Asia
3067:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
2176:History of the Five Dynasties
805:After Li Shouzhen's rebellion
690:) to Yongxing, and Zhao Hui (
523:(河東, headquartered in modern
1123:, Emperor Gaozu of Later Han
53:14 March 948 – 2 January 951
2398:(and other northern states)
2165:; et al., eds. (974).
1380:Liu Zhiyuan (Emperor Gaozu)
432:), was the second and last
3193:
3142:Murdered emperors of China
2332:Emperor of China (Hunan) (
2152:Imperial China: (900-1800)
1716:
1616:
1612:
1597:Liu Chengyou (Emperor Yin)
1498:
1397:
1389:
1280:
1186:
1182:
15:
3016:
2913:
2677:(other than Northern Han)
2587:
2496:
2341:
2330:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2233:
1796:
1778:
1770:
1746:
1728:
1724:
1692:
1674:
1666:
1642:
1624:
1620:
1578:
1560:
1552:
1528:
1510:
1506:
1473:
1455:
1447:
1423:
1405:
1401:
1361:
1343:
1335:
1310:
1292:
1288:
1255:
1236:
1228:
1203:
1190:
1061:
940:
933:
921:
911:
905:
891:
881:
863:
817:
811:
804:
776:
762:
732:
678:
668:
658:
646:
632:
428:
401:
318:
270:
203:
184:
155:
146:
276:Traditional Chinese
3147:Politicians from Handan
2570:Emperor Shizong of Liao
2565:Emperor Taizong of Liao
733:Li Shouzhen's rebellion
298:Simplified Chinese
1155:Consort Geng (d. 950?)
990:), and Zhang Yanchao (
858:
557:, the chief of staff (
490:(Emperor Mingzong) of
68:Self-claimed successor
2277:Emperor of Later Han
656:) and Chang Yanqing (
440:of China, during the
76:Northern Han dynasty
3172:Liao dynasty people
3157:Generals from Hebei
2433:Concurrent warlords
2150:Mote, F.W. (1999).
941:Guo Wei's rebellion
1249:17. Lady Yang (楊氏)
424:Emperor Yin of Han
97:Later Tang dynasty
36:Emperor Yin of Han
3162:Later Tang people
3109:
3108:
3012:
3011:
2970:
2969:
2670:
2669:
2638:
2637:
2524:
2523:
2355:
2354:
2342:Succeeded by
2317:Succeeded by
2283:Succeeded by
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1220:8. Liu Zhuan (劉僎)
438:Later Han dynasty
405:
404:
397:
396:
371:Yale Romanization
329:Standard Mandarin
261:
260:
215:
214:
3184:
2911:
2681:
2585:
2480:
2402:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2309:Emperor of China
2267:Preceded by
2257:
2250:
2231:
2227:
2208:
2203:
2184:
2179:
2160:
2155:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2008:
1969:
1959:
1950:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1902:
1891:
1272:4. Liu Dian (劉典)
1197:16. Liu Ang (劉昂)
1176:
1167:
1152:Major Concubine
1146:
1145:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1049:
1048:
1032:
1031:
995:
994:
981:
980:
951:
950:
936:
935:
930:
929:
924:
923:
914:
913:
908:
907:
894:
893:
884:
883:
866:
865:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
788:
787:
779:
778:
765:
764:
695:
694:
681:
680:
671:
670:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
635:
634:
629:
628:
503:
502:
431:
430:
417:
393:
392:
379:
378:
358:
357:
344:
343:
320:
314:
313:
292:
291:
263:
148:
118:
74:(founder of the
40:
33:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3008:
2966:
2952:
2900:
2872:
2839:
2806:
2763:
2725:
2702:
2676:
2666:
2634:
2601:
2574:
2553:
2547:
2520:
2492:
2469:
2428:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2351:
2338:
2326:
2313:
2301:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:(Emperor Gaozu)
2251:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2209:
2206:
2185:
2182:
2161:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2058:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2009:
1972:
1960:
1953:
1940:
1933:
1924:Academia Sinica
1922:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1490:5. Lady An (安氏)
1327:9. Lady Li (李氏)
1164:
1114:
943:
807:
735:
598:
593:
585:empress dowager
468:
420:posthumous name
198:Posthumous name
164:
142:
120:
116:
101:Linzhang County
91:
38:
37:
31:
12:
11:
5:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2396:Five Dynasties
2393:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:Regnal titles
2259:
2258:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2216:Zizhi Tongjian
2204:
2180:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2121:
2113:Zizhi Tongjian
2105:
2087:
2079:Zizhi Tongjian
2056:
2048:Zizhi Tongjian
2037:
2029:Zizhi Tongjian
2021:
2012:Zizhi Tongjian
1970:
1951:
1931:
1903:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1084:Zizhi Tongjian
966:Murong Yanchao
942:
939:
806:
803:
734:
731:
630:) and Hou Yi (
606:Wang Jingchong
597:
596:Initial months
594:
592:
589:
467:
464:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
387:
381:
380:
373:
367:
366:
364:Yue: Cantonese
360:
359:
352:
346:
345:
338:
332:
331:
325:
324:
323:Transcriptions
316:
315:
300:
294:
293:
278:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
182:
181:
177:
176:
153:
152:
144:
143:
136:
134:
130:
129:
119:(aged 19)
113:
109:
108:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Qian Hongzong
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Qian Yuanguan
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2964:Wang Yanzheng
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2878:Southern Tang
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Meng Zhixiang
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Liu Shouguang
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2350:
2349:Southern Tang
2346:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2235:Liu Chengyou
2232:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
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2169:
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2025:
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2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
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1995:
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1991:
1989:
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1967:
1963:
1958:
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1932:
1928:
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1103:
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1057:
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1026:
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1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
985:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
955:
938:
919:and Cao Wei (
918:
900:
896:
888:
876:
874:
870:
869:Son of Heaven
857:
852:
850:
846:
840:
838:
833:
828:
802:
798:
796:
792:
781:
773:
769:
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756:
750:
748:
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730:
728:
724:
720:
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712:
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703:
699:
689:
685:
673:
665:
641:
637:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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603:
595:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
553:
548:
546:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
425:
421:
413:
409:
400:
388:
386:
382:
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
356:Liu Ch'eng-yu
353:
351:
347:
339:
337:
333:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
287:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
210:
207:
204:Emperor Yǐn (
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
183:
178:
174:
171:
167:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
139:Yuzhou, Henan
135:
131:
128:
124:
115:2 January 951
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
34:
29:
28:
23:
19:
3055:N. Dynasties
3051:S. Dynasties
2994:Qian Hongzuo
2923:Wang Shenzhi
2863:Yang Longyan
2812:Southern Han
2698:Wang Zongyan
2675:Ten Kingdoms
2620:Liu Chengjun
2607:Northern Han
2597:Liu Chengyou
2596:
2543:Shi Chonggui
2538:Shi Jingtang
2333:
2331:
2307:
2298:
2291:Northern Han
2276:
2253:
2246:
2240:House of Liu
2238:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2207:(in Chinese)
2199:
2196:
2190:
2183:(in Chinese)
2175:
2172:
2166:
2159:(in Chinese)
2151:
2129:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2096:Wudai Huiyao
2094:
2090:
2078:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2010:
1961:
1942:
1894:
1596:
1100:(emperor of
1095:
1088:
1082:
1067:
1052:
1043:
1018:
970:Gao Xingzhou
963:
944:
917:Guo Chongwei
901:
897:
886:
877:
859:
854:
841:
837:Yellow River
829:
808:
799:
782:
759:
751:
736:
708:
706:
674:
642:
638:
599:
580:
569:Shi Hongzhao
558:
549:
536:Liao dynasty
514:
484:Shi Jingtang
469:
457:
446:
423:
408:Liu Chengyou
407:
406:
391:Lau Sing-jau
377:Lau Sing-yau
342:Liú Chéngyòu
336:Hanyu Pinyin
266:Liu Chengyou
168:: Chéngyòu (
90:28 March 931
25:
18:Chinese name
3047:16 Kingdoms
2938:Wang Jipeng
2933:Wang Yanjun
2928:Wang Yanhan
2853:Yang Xingmi
2759:Gao Jichong
2749:Gao Baorong
2744:Gao Conghui
2662:Guo Zongxun
2592:Liu Zhiyuan
2558:occupation)
2552:Interregnum
2424:Zhu Youzhen
2406:Later Liang
2270:Liu Zhiyuan
2192:Wudai Shiji
2163:Xue Juzheng
1121:Liu Zhiyuan
739:Li Shouzhen
577:Du Chongwei
480:Liu Zhiyuan
449:Liu Zhiyuan
246:Liu Zhiyuan
117:(951-01-02)
62:Liu Zhiyuan
58:Predecessor
22:family name
3127:951 deaths
3122:931 births
3116:Categories
3039:3 Kingdoms
2948:Zhu Wenjin
2943:Wang Yanxi
2802:Ma Xichong
2792:Ma Xiguang
2782:Ma Xisheng
2739:Gao Jixing
2721:Meng Chang
2685:Former Shu
2644:Later Zhou
2630:Liu Jiyuan
2511:Li Conghou
2475:Later Tang
2460:Li Maozhen
2419:Zhu Yougui
2324:Later Zhou
2311:(Central)
2211:Sima Guang
2187:Ouyang Xiu
1872:References
1815:Empress Li
1132:Empress Li
1106:Later Zhou
1014:Song Yanwo
974:Fu Yanqing
849:Wang Zhang
753:official,
727:Dou Zhengu
715:chancellor
552:chancellor
492:Later Tang
466:Background
350:Wade–Giles
256:Empress Li
166:Given name
2918:Wang Chao
2835:Liu Chang
2830:Liu Sheng
2754:Gao Baoxu
2708:Later Shu
2693:Wang Jian
2657:Chai Rong
2625:Liu Ji'en
2615:Liu Chong
2580:Later Han
2530:Later Jin
2516:Li Congke
2506:Li Siyuan
2490:Li Keyong
2450:Wang Rong
2287:Liu Chong
2242:(947–951)
2168:Wudai Shi
2130:Wudai Shi
1943:Wudai Shi
1895:Wudai Shi
1012:), where
984:Zhengzhou
954:Wei Renpu
845:ink brush
698:Sanmenxia
602:Later Shu
555:Su Fengji
540:Later Han
517:Later Jin
510:Liu Chong
488:Li Siyuan
236:Later Han
185:Qiányòu (
180:Era dates
99:(today's
72:Liu Chong
3004:Qian Chu
2984:Qian Liu
2787:Ma Xifan
2501:Li Cunxu
2339:948–950
2314:948–951
2302:948–951
2280:948–951
2213:(1086).
2189:(1073).
2117:vol. 290
2083:vol. 288
2052:vol. 287
2033:vol. 282
2017:vol. 289
1966:vol. 105
1948:ch. 103.
1900:ch. 101.
1162:Ancestry
1021:Xinxiang
959:Guo Rong
873:Wang Jun
755:Feng Dao
743:Yuncheng
723:Su Yugui
710:Shumishi
684:Xianyang
664:Chang'an
565:Yang Bin
560:Shumishi
385:Jyutping
107:, China)
16:In this
2891:Li Jing
2886:Li Bian
2868:Yang Pu
2858:Yang Wo
2825:Liu Bin
2820:Liu Yan
2797:Ma Xi'e
2731:Jingnan
2652:Guo Wei
2414:Zhu Wen
2345:Li Jing
2334:de jure
2320:Guo Wei
2144:Sources
2135:ch. 99.
1128:Mother
1117:Father
1102:Cao Wei
1098:Cao Mao
1056:Li Rong
1035:Nanyang
1002:Shaanxi
887:Wudeshi
772:Shaanxi
688:Shaanxi
622:Shaanxi
614:Shaanxi
573:Guo Wei
545:Kaifeng
525:Taiyuan
521:Circuit
506:Liu Yun
496:Lady Li
460:Liu Yun
453:Guo Wei
436:of the
434:emperor
422:as the
412:Chinese
231:Dynasty
159:: Liú (
157:Surname
123:Kaifeng
3079:W. Xia
2777:Ma Yin
2390:rulers
2252:
2226:].
2219:(資治通鑑)
2202:].
2195:(五代史記)
2178:].
2101:vol. 2
1112:Family
1006:Anyang
998:Yan'an
972:, and
791:Puyang
768:Weinan
747:Shanxi
719:Li Tao
533:Khitan
529:Shanxi
472:Handan
414::
252:Mother
242:Father
133:Burial
20:, the
3023:Shang
2976:Wuyue
2896:Li Yu
2254:Died:
2247:Born:
2222:[
2198:[
2174:[
2171:(五代史)
1138:Wife
1039:Henan
1025:Henan
1010:Henan
988:Henan
795:Henan
702:Henan
618:Baoji
610:Xi'an
591:Reign
476:Hebei
221:House
151:Names
127:Henan
121:near
105:Hebei
50:Reign
3095:Qing
3091:Ming
3087:Yuan
3075:Song
3071:Liao
3063:Tang
3027:Zhou
2556:Liao
2454:Zhao
832:Liao
112:Died
87:Born
3103:PRC
3099:ROC
3083:Jīn
3059:Sui
3043:Jìn
3035:Han
3031:Qin
3019:Xia
2958:Yin
2906:Min
2769:Chu
2484:Jin
2444:Yan
2347:of
2322:of
2289:of
2256:951
2249:931
1813:3.
1595:1.
1378:2.
1144:張彥成
1072:玄化門
1047:劉子陂
1030:劉重進
993:張彥超
979:吳虔裕
949:陳光穗
934:李洪建
892:聶文進
864:閻晉卿
818:郭允明
812:後匡贊
786:郭從義
763:扈彥珂
679:王守恩
669:永興)
659:常彥卿
653:趙思綰
627:趙匡贊
501:劉承訓
429:漢隱帝
416:劉承祐
225:Liu
39:漢隱帝
27:Liu
24:is
3118::
3101:/
3097:→
3093:→
3089:→
3085:→
3081:/
3077:/
3073:/
3069:→
3065:→
3061:→
3057:→
3053:/
3049:→
3045:/
3041:→
3037:→
3033:→
3029:→
3025:→
3021:→
2845:Wu
2464:Qi
2336:)
2133:,
2115:,
2099:,
2081:,
2059:^
2050:,
2040:^
2031:,
2015:,
1973:^
1964:,
1954:^
1946:,
1934:^
1906:^
1898:,
1880:^
1078:趙村
1062:兗州
1037:,
1023:,
1008:,
1000:,
986:,
968:,
928:劉銖
922:曹威
912:王殷
906:孟業
882:李業
839:.
824:張遠
793:,
777:河中
770:,
745:,
700:,
693:趙暉
686:,
647:王益
633:侯益
620:,
612:,
587:.
563:)
527:,
474:,
209:皇帝
125:,
103:,
95:,
93:Ye
2554:(
2466:)
2462:(
2456:)
2452:(
2446:)
2442:(
2380:e
2373:t
2366:v
2119:.
2103:.
2085:.
2054:.
2035:.
2019:.
1968:.
1929:.
1147:)
1069:(
946:(
861:(
676:(
644:(
426:(
410:(
311:祐
308:承
305:刘
289:祐
286:承
283:劉
211:)
206:隱
190:祐
187:乾
175:)
173:祐
170:承
163:)
161:劉
141:)
78:)
30:.
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