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you really wish to stir up the inhabitants with false rumours. You claim that you have come to trade, but in fact you are plotting to take over the country. You act like wild animals. You are as fierce as tigers and wolves. Ever since you came to
Vietnam, you have seized cities and killed governors. Your crimes are as numerous as the hairs on the head. You have taken over the customs and seized the revenues. This crime deserves death. The inhabitants have been reduced to misery, and the country is nearly ruined. God and man both loathe you. Heaven and earth both reject you. I have now been ordered to wage war. My three armies are massed like clouds. My rifles and cannon are as many as the trees of the forest. We are eager to attack you in your devil’s den and to suppress all disloyal subjects. But the country’s welfare weighs heavily with me. I cannot bear to turn Hanoi into a battlefield, in case I ruin its merchants and people. So I am first making this proclamation: You French bandits, if you think you are strong enough, send your rabble of soldiers to Phủ Hoài to fight in the open field with my tiger warriors, and then we will see who is the strongest. If you are afraid to come, cut off the heads of your chief men and present them to me. Then give back the cities you have taken. I am a merciful commander, and I will let you miserable ants live. But if you delay, my army will take your city and kill you all, and not even a blade of grass will mark where you stood. You must choose between happiness and disaster. Life is but a step away from death. Mark my words well.
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retirement, listening with interest to the news of public affairs as others related it to him from the papers, for he himself never learned to read. Most of the time, though, his mind dwelt in the past. He would take out
Garnier’s watch and show the picture of the young wife inside the cover. He would tell of his challenge to Rivière and describe the battle at Paper Bridge. But he soon wearied of the incomprehensible foreign devils, and turned instead to what for him had been beyond comparison the most serious business of his life. The talk would then be all of the Black and Yellow Flags, and of the long years of feuds and hatreds in the steaming malarial jungle and on the silent reaches of the great river. His published memoirs, for his reminiscences were reverently taken down in writing, have as their main theme the story of this interminable vendetta between expatriate Chinese. But when he died, in January 1917, it was as the scourge of a formidable foreign enemy, the hero whose achievements were nullified by the cowardice of his own government, that he was mourned by his countrymen, and that is the way they still remember him.
575:. He was now in a position to retreat into China if the French pursued him. Several hundred Black Flag soldiers, demoralised by the ease with which Courbet and Millot had defeated the Black Flag Army, surrendered to the French in the summer of 1884. One of Millot's final achievements was to advance up the Lô River and throw the Black Flag Army out of Tuyên Quang in the first week of June, again without a single French casualty. If the French had seriously pursued Liu Yongfu after the capture of Tuyên Quang, the Black Flags would probably have been driven from Tonkin there and then. But French attention was diverted by the sudden crisis with China provoked by the
623:
the other commanders of the Yunnan Army to remove the Black Flag Army. Liu crossed into China with some of his most loyal followers, but the bulk of the Black Flag Army was disbanded on
Tonkinese soil in the summer of 1885. Unpaid for months and still in possession of their rifles, most of the unwanted Black Flag soldiers immediately took to banditry. It took months for the French to reduce them, and the route between Hưng Hóa and the border town of Lào Cai was only secured in February 1886. Meanwhile, the Qing government rewarded Liu Yongfu for his services in the Sino-French War with a minor military appointment in Guangdong province.
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attack. The short conflict enabled Liu to come to an early arrangement with the
Vietnamese authorities, who had observed the performance of the Black Flag Army with great interest. The Vietnamese government, reasoning that it would be difficult to dislodge Liu from its territory and that he might also be a useful ally against the refractory montagnards, co-opted Liu into its service in 1869 and gave him military rank in the Vietnamese army. Provided that he continued to act in accordance with his technical status as a Vietnamese military governor, the Vietnamese authorities promised not to trouble the Black Flag leader.
607:, the commander of the Yunnan Army, knew that Liu's services would be invaluable in the war with France. Although Liu had bitter memories of his previous service as an ally of China, he respected Tang (the only Chinese commander to have contributed troops to the defence of Sơn Tây), and agreed to take part with the Black Flag Army in the forthcoming campaign. Appointed a divisional general in the Yunnan Army, Liu helped the Chinese forces put pressure on Hưng Hóa and the isolated French posts of Phủ Doãn and Tuyên Quang during the autumn of 1884. In the winter and spring of 1885 he commanded 3,000 soldiers of the
480:. On 21 December 1873 Liu Yongfu and around 600 Black Flags, marching beneath an enormous black banner, approached the west gate of Hanoi. A large Vietnamese army followed in their wake. Garnier began shelling the Black Flags with a field piece mounted above the gate, and when they began to fall back led a party of 18 French marine infantrymen out of the city to chase them away. The attack failed, and Garnier, leading three men uphill in a bayonet attack on a party of Black Flags, was speared to death by several Black Flag soldiers after stumbling in a watercourse. The youthful
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448:) on the model of the Black Flag Army and about three times its size. Liu's attempt on Lào Cai brought him into conflict with the Yellow Flags. Troops of both armies moved warily into the town while their leaders negotiated insincerely. Finally the Yellow Flags launched a surprise attack on the Black Flags, first setting off a mine in an unsuccessful attempt to kill the Black Flag leader. However, despite their superior numbers, they were defeated and driven from Lào Cai. The town remained in the hands of the Black Flags until 1885, and became Liu's main stronghold.
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464:(24 March 1885). In one particular military exploit, known as 'the storming of the thirteen passes', Liu's Black Flags fought their way through the mountains and attacked Huang Chongying's headquarters at Hayang, a town on the Clear River near the border with Yunnan, forcing the Yellow Flag leader to take refuge with his montagnard allies. Although the Chinese and Black Flags failed to annihilate the Yellow Flags, they taught them a severe lesson, and Feng rewarded Liu for his help by offering him an honorary commission in the Chinese army.
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during the 1870s, attracting to its ranks adventurers from all over the world. Although most of the soldiers were
Chinese, many of the junior officers were Americans or European soldiers of fortune, some of whom had seen action in the Taiping Rebellion, and Liu used their expertise to transform the Black Flag Army into a formidable fighting force. Liu commanded 7,000 black flag soldiers from Guangdong and Guangxi around Tonkin.
568:'s 1st Brigade made a flank march to the west to cut Liu's line of retreat. On the evening of 11 April, seeing Brière de l'Isle's Turcos and marine infantry emerging behind their flank at Xuân Đông, the Black Flags evacuated Hưng Hóa before they were trapped inside it. They set alight the remaining buildings before they left, and on the following morning the French found the town completely abandoned.
646:, Taiwan was ceded by China to Japan. The Taiwanese attempted to resist the Japanese occupation, and a short-lived Democratic Republic of Formosa was declared by the Chinese governor Tang Jingsong on 25 May 1895. Tang became president of the new republic, and Liu Yongfu was made a brigadier general and given command of resistance forces in southern Taiwan. Ten days after declaring independence
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Imperial generals pause. His first step was to buy some time by retreating into the mountains of northern Tonkin. In 1868 he abandoned Wu
Yuanqing's rebels and crossed into Vietnam with a force of 200 soldiers whose loyalty he could trust. He had dreamed as a youth that he would one day become a famous 'General of the Black Tiger', and christened his tiny band of adventurers the
564:. The Black Flags had thrown up an impressive series of fortifications around the town, but General Charles-Théodore Millot, the French commander-in-chief, took it without a single French casualty. While General François de Négrier's 2nd Brigade pinned the Black Flags frontally and subjected Hưng Hóa to a ferocious artillery bombardment from the Trung Xa heights, General
57:
553:. Despite fighting with fanatical courage in the engagements at Phù Sa on 14 December and Sơn Tây on 16 December, the Black Flags were unable to prevent the French from storming Sơn Tây. Although there were also Chinese and Vietnamese contingents at Sơn Tây, the Black Flag Army bore the brunt of the fighting, and took very heavy casualties.
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514:«雄威大将军兼署三宣提督刘，为悬示决战事，照你法匪，素称巨寇，为国所耻。每到他国，假称传道，实则蛊惑村愚，淫欲纵横。借名通商，实则阴谋土地。行则譬 如禽兽，心则竟似虎狼。自抵越南，陷城戕官，罪难了发，占关夺税，恶不胜诛。以致民不聊生，国几穷窘，神民共怒，天地难容。本将军奉命讨贼，三军云集，枪 炮如林，直讨尔鬼祟，扫清丑类。第国家之大事，不忍以河内而作战场，唯恐波及于商民，为此先行悬示。尔法匪既称本领，率乌合之众，与我虎旅之师在怀德府属 旷野之地以作战场，两军相对，以决雌雄。倘尔畏惧不来，即宜自斩尔等统辖之首递来献纳，退还各处城池，本将军好生之德，留你蚊虫。倘若迟疑不决，一旦兵临 城下，寸草不留，祸福尤关，死生在即，尔等熟思之。切切特示！»
501:, again disclosing French colonial ambitions in Tonkin and alarming the Vietnamese and Chinese governments. In April 1883, in the wake of Rivière's capture of Nam Định (27 March), the Chinese and Vietnamese were again able to enlist the support of Liu Yongfu and the Black Flag Army against the French in Tonkin.
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One of the conditions of the peace treaty between France and China that ended the Sino-French War was that Liu Yongfu and the Black Flag Army should leave Tonkin. By the end of the war, Liu had only around 2,000 troops under his command and was in no position to resist pressure from Tang
Jingsong and
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In 1869, having conciliated the
Vietnamese, Liu also won favour with the Chinese authorities by committing the Black Flag Army to a Chinese punitive campaign against the Yellow Flags, which gave him the opportunity to cripple this rival bandit army. The Chinese expedition was commanded by the veteran
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The French had no option but to respond to so stark a challenge. On 19 May, Rivière marched out of Hanoi to attack the Black Flags. His small force (around 450 men) advanced without proper precautions, and blundered into a well-prepared Black Flag ambush at Paper Bridge (Pont de Papier), a few miles
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The valiant warrior Liu, general and military governor of the three provinces, has decided to wage war. He makes this proclamation to the French bandits: Everyone knows you are thieves. Other nations despise you. Whenever you come to a country, you claim that you have come to preach the faith, but
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Having secured his base, Liu began to extend his ambitions. Ultimately, his intention was to carve out a small empire of his own controlling the upper course of the Red River. His first target was the border town of Lào Cai, which had recently been occupied by a force of
Cantonese bandits under the
712:
He continued until the closing years of the dynasty in the employment of the
Kwangtung provincial administration, and is said to have been a notable suppressor of bandits and a pacifier of clan feuds, those twin curses of the south China countryside. The advent of the Republic in 1912 found him in
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in 1864 altered Liu's prospects dramatically for the worse. Imperial forces gradually began to reassert their control over southwest China, and it was only a matter of time before they secured Guangxi province. To escape their vengeance, Liu needed to make himself sufficiently powerful to give the
467:
In the next few years, Liu Yongfu established a profitable protection racket on commerce on the Red River between Sơn Tây and Lào Cai. Traders were taxed at the rate of 10% of the value of their goods. The profits that accrued from this extortion were so great that Liu's army swelled in numbers
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resented the arrival of the Black Flag Army on Vietnamese soil. Fearing that Liu might eventually pose a threat to their own ascendancy in the area, they declared their intention of attacking the intruders. Liu struck first, however, and defeated a far stronger army of montagnards in a surprise
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Adrien-Paul Balny d’Avricourt led an equally small column out of the citadel to support Garnier, but he also died leading his men. Three French soldiers also were killed in these sorties, and the others fled back to the citadel after their officers fell. Garnier's death ended the first French
662:. Between June and August the Japanese defeated the Formosan forces in northern and central Taiwan, and in October 1895 three Japanese columns advanced on Tainan, sweeping aside Liu's forces. On 20 October 1895 Liu fled to the mainland aboard the British-flagged
922:
For over a year prior to China's 'unofficial' declaration of war in 1884, Liu Yung-fu's 'Black Flag' forces effectively harassed the French at Tongking, at times fighting behind entrenched defences or else laying skilful
545:(1 September 1883). The Black Flag Army was mauled in both these battles, but was not seriously damaged as a fighting force. In December 1883, however, Liu Yongfu suffered a major defeat at the hands of Admiral
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from the United Kingdom and resulted in an official apology by the Japanese government. On 21 October Tainan capitulated to the Japanese. The collapse of Formosan resistance inaugurated five decades of
367:) in Guangxi. Liu's family was poor, living by manual work for others, and was only just able to scrape a living. In 1857, Liu joined a local militia force commanded by Wu Yuanqing (Wu Yuan-ch'ing,
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560:(March 1884). After the French capture of Bắc Ninh, Liu retreated with the Black Flag Army to Hưng Hóa. In April 1884 the French advanced on Hưng Hóa with both brigades of the
1466:
654:, and Liu replaced him as head of government (though he did not, as is often claimed, succeed to the presidency). At the end of May 1895 Japanese forces landed near
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province. The ancestral home of Liu's family was the village of Popai in Guangxi province, and when he was eight his parents moved to Shangsizhou (Shang-ssu-chou,
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In 1873, the Vietnamese government enlisted the help of Liu's Black Flag Army to defeat the first French attempt to conquer Tonkin, led by the naval lieutenant
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529:, ten years earlier, Rivière was killed in the battle. Liu had now taken the scalps of two French naval commanders in remarkably similar circumstances.
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Liu began an unconventional campaign against the French, with success. Liu fought two further actions against the French in the autumn of 1883, the
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403:). The Black Flags marched slowly through northern Tonkin, recruiting men to their standard as they went, and eventually set up camp just outside
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Liu Yongfu outlived the Qing dynasty and survived into the second decade of the twentieth century, his reputation growing with the passing years:
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Angered that his Chinese and Vietnamese allies had done little to support the Black Flag Army at Sơn Tây, Liu stood on the sidelines during the
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904:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 251.
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On 10 May 1883 Liu Yongfu challenged the French to battle in a taunting message widely placarded on the walls of Hanoi:
525:, the French were enveloped on both wings, and were only with difficulty able to regroup and fall back to Hanoi. Like
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China: A collection of correspondence and papers relating to Chinese affairs
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China: A collection of correspondence and papers relating to Chinese affairs
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754:, by Great Britain. Foreign Office, a publication from 1885, now in the
331:. He succeeded Tang as the second and last president of the short-lived
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460:(August 1884 – April 1885) by defeating a French column at the
380:(capital of Taiping Heavenly kingdom) and the collapse of the
442:, a force established by Huang Chongying (Huang Ch'ung-ying,
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Black Flags in Vietnam: The Story of a Chinese Intervention
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Chinese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War
327:, and in 1895, he helped Tang organise resistance to the
307:. Liu won fame as a Chinese patriot fighting against the
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Liu's fortunes were transformed by the outbreak of the
373:), who claimed to hold a commission from the Taipings.
343:
Liu Yongfu was born on 10 October 1837, in the town of
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Chinese warlord; Black Flag Army commander (1837–1917)
658:, on the northern coast of Taiwan, and proceeded to
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responded to the news of the destruction of China's
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628:continued to harass and fight the French in Tonkin
299:) (10 October 1837–9 January 1917) was a Chinese
1064:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5
722:The Yongfu Road and Yongfu Elementary School in
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1060:Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011).
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319:) in the 1870s and early 1880s. During the
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493:In April 1882, the French naval captain
432:command of He Junchang (Ho Chun-ch'ang,
1055:The Island of Formosa, Past and Present
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842:
826:Great Britain. Foreign Office (1885).
630:after the end of the Sino-French War.
456:, who would later win fame during the
1178:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
7:
750:This article incorporates text from
1649:Chinese and Taiwanese personalities
1557:Military and political developments
1732:Heads of state of former countries
1488:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
855:(Original from Harvard University)
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798:Lung Chang, 30; McAleavy, 107–10.
438:). His band was allied with the
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789:Lung Chang, 30; McAleavy, 106–7.
780:Lung Chang, 30; McAleavy, 105–6.
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303:and commander of the celebrated
1069:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
1006:Davidson, 363–4; Takekoshi, 90.
427:Black Flags versus Yellow Flags
1062:Traders of the Golden Triangle
1026:
734:, are named after Liu Yongfu.
533:Sơn Tây, Bắc Ninh and Hưng Hóa
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472:Liu Yongfu and Francis Garnier
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407:, on the northern bank of the
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1717:People of the Tonkin campaign
1712:People of the Sino-French War
771:Lung Chang, 30; McAleavy, 99.
521:to the west of Hanoi. In the
89:5 June 1895 – 21 October 1895
46:
489:Liu Yongfu and Henri Rivière
329:Japanese invasion of Taiwan
1778:
1431:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
1090:La conquête de l'Indochine
864:McAleavy, 135–9; Thomazi,
669:with the Japanese cruiser
562:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
335:(5 June–21 October 1895).
118:Governor-General of Taiwan
71:De Facto President of the
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1512:Taiwan Expedition of 1874
1281:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
541:(15 August 1883) and the
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1083:Japanese Rule in Formosa
626:Liu's Black Flag forces
497:captured the citadel of
382:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
275:; ;
1620:Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa
1522:First Sino-Japanese War
896:Denis Crispin Twitchett
698:Japanese rule in Taiwan
644:First Sino-Japanese War
583:Tuyên Quang and Hòa Mộc
1613:Japanese personalities
1327:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1187:Military and political
1158:China–France relations
1148:French colonial empire
901:Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911
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566:Louis Brière de l'Isle
523:Battle of Paper Bridge
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462:Battle of Zhennan Pass
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223:Battle of Paper Bridge
1737:Generals from Guangxi
1727:Taiwanese politicians
1692:Qing dynasty generals
1527:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1394:Imperial Chinese Navy
1336:Chinese personalities
1266:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1256:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
758:in the United States.
724:West Central District
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640:Treaty of Shimonoseki
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485:adventure in Tonkin.
416:Vietnamese government
1762:Writers from Guangxi
1640:Takashima Tomonosuke
1378:Empress Dowager Cixi
1290:French personalities
1221:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1081:Yosaburo Takekoshi,
832:. LONDON. p. 29
685:international waters
613:Siege of Tuyên Quang
593:Empress Dowager Cixi
591:in August 1884. The
482:enseigne de vaisseau
243:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1742:People from Qinzhou
1532:Republic of Formosa
1317:François de Négrier
1276:Pescadores campaign
1241:Battle of Đồng Đăng
638:In 1895, under the
333:Republic of Formosa
267:traditional Chinese
239:Capture of Hưng Hóa
73:Republic of Formosa
1302:Marc-Edmond Dominé
1034:2011-08-24 at the
983:Histoire militaire
966:Histoire militaire
953:Histoire militaire
940:Histoire militaire
888:John King Fairbank
693:diplomatic protest
675:in close pursuit.
660:conquer the island
539:Battle of Phủ Hoài
227:Battle of Phủ Hoài
77:Commander-in-chief
1752:People from Bobai
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1630:Kabayama Sukenori
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1426:Far East Squadron
1387:Armies and fleets
1261:Battle of Bang Bo
1251:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1246:Battle of Zhenhai
1236:Lạng Sơn campaign
1226:Battle of Núi Bop
807:McAleavy, 110–12.
617:Battle of Hòa Mộc
558:Bắc Ninh Campaign
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247:Battle of Hòa Mộc
184:Republic of China
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1312:Sébastien Lespès
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1211:Battle of Tamsui
1201:Keelung campaign
1196:Battle of Fuzhou
1163:French Indochina
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59:
49:
36:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1644:
1608:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1517:Sino-French War
1495:
1480:
1450:
1445:
1436:Tonkin Flotilla
1421:Black Flag Army
1409:Guangdong Fleet
1382:
1331:
1285:
1231:Battle of Shipu
1216:Battle of Yu Oc
1188:
1182:
1173:Tientsin Accord
1168:Tonkin campaign
1136:
1134:Sino-French War
1131:
1051:Davidson, J. W.
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:Wayback Machine
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
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993:
989:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
946:
933:
929:
916:
914:
912:
898:, eds. (1980).
892:Kwang-Ching Liu
886:
885:
881:
876:
872:
863:
859:
841:
835:
833:
825:
824:
820:
816:Lung Chang, 31.
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
766:
744:
740:
720:
706:
636:
609:Black Flag Army
589:Sino-French War
585:
543:Battle of Palan
535:
527:Francis Garnier
491:
478:Francis Garnier
474:
458:Sino-French War
429:
387:Black Flag Army
378:fall of Nanking
341:
321:Sino-French War
305:Black Flag Army
251:Siege of Tainan
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:Battle of Palan
229:
225:
211:
209:Black Flag Army
182:(now Guangxi),
174:
170:
146:
145:10 October 1837
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62:
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17:
12:
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1775:
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1754:
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1747:Hakka generals
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1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:1895 in Taiwan
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
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1554:
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1539:
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1534:
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1514:
1509:
1507:Mudan incident
1503:
1501:
1497:
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1481:
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1471:
1464:
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1293:
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1284:
1283:
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1273:
1268:
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1253:
1248:
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1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1085:(London, 1907)
1079:
1074:McAleavy, H.,
1072:
1071:(Taipei, 1993)
1065:
1058:
1057:(London, 1903)
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1015:McAleavy, 283.
1008:
999:
987:
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957:
944:
927:
910:
879:
870:
857:
818:
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800:
791:
782:
773:
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761:
760:
739:
736:
719:
716:
705:
702:
652:Mainland China
635:
632:
584:
581:
547:Amédée Courbet
534:
531:
490:
487:
473:
470:
428:
425:
340:
337:
258:
257:
254:
253:
220:
216:
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206:
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197:
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186:
173:(aged 79)
169:9 January 1917
167:
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136:
132:
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127:
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109:
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1757:Hakka writers
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1661:Tang Jingsong
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1635:Nogi Maresuke
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1584:Yunlin-Chiayi
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1414:Nanyang Fleet
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1399:Beiyang Fleet
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1348:Liu Mingchuan
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1271:Tonkin Affair
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1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:(Hanoi, 1931)
1098:
1095:Thomazi, A.,
1094:
1092:(Paris, 1934)
1091:
1088:Thomazi, A.,
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:Lung Chang ,
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
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1044:
1037:
1033:
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1021:
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913:
911:0-521-22029-7
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813:
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795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
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768:
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759:
757:
756:public domain
751:
742:
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729:
725:
717:
714:
709:
703:
701:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
665:
664:merchant ship
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Tang Jingsong
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Tang Jingsong
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
577:Bắc Lệ ambush
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
517:
510:
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495:Henri Rivière
488:
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479:
471:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
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441:
426:
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421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
396:
395:hei-ch'i chun
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
366:
356:
347:(Ch'in-chou,
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:Tang Jingsong
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:French Empire
306:
302:
298:
297:Lưu Vĩnh Phúc
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
264:
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248:
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232:
228:
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168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
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137:
133:
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124:
119:
113:
110:
104:
101:
100:Tang Jingsong
98:
92:
86:
81:
74:
69:
65:
58:
53:
44:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1671:Lin Shao-mao
1655:
1404:Fujian Fleet
1373:Zhang Peilun
1363:Li Hongzhang
1342:
1206:Kép campaign
1189:developments
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1027:永福路，當為了紀念劉永福
1020:
1011:
1002:
995:Lessard 2015
990:
982:
978:
973:
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
935:
930:
921:
915:. Retrieved
900:
882:
873:
865:
860:
834:. Retrieved
828:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
753:
749:
721:
711:
707:
680:
676:
671:
666:
637:
625:
621:
597:Fujian Fleet
586:
570:
555:
536:
519:
511:
507:
503:
492:
481:
475:
466:
450:
430:
418:, and these
413:
394:
390:
375:
342:
291:;
288:
283:;
280:
262:
261:
219:Battles/wars
171:(1917-01-09)
160:Qing dynasty
107:Succeeded by
84:
28:
21:Chinese name
1702:1917 deaths
1697:1837 births
1666:Qiu Fengjia
1322:Jules Ferry
997:, pp. 58–9.
728:Tainan City
704:Final years
687:outside of
611:during the
420:montagnards
339:Early years
289:Liu Yung-fu
213:Yunnan Army
190:Nationality
95:Preceded by
61:Liu c. 1885
25:family name
1686:Categories
1656:Liu Yongfu
1604:Changhsing
1564:Pescadores
1500:Background
1358:Feng Zicai
1343:Liu Yongfu
1141:Background
1045:References
917:2012-01-18
836:2011-06-09
454:Feng Zicai
293:Vietnamese
285:Wade–Giles
281:Liú Yǒngfú
263:Liu Yongfu
141:1837-10-10
40:Liu Yongfu
1579:Baguashan
1368:Zeng Jize
981:, 247–8;
977:Thomazi,
964:Thomazi,
951:Thomazi,
938:, 171–7;
934:Thomazi,
923:ambushes.
868:, 116–31.
845:cite book
667:SS Thales
615:. At the
409:Red River
391:Hēiqí Jūn
363:, modern
355:Guangdong
180:Guangdong
152:Guangdong
85:In office
1594:Chiatung
1032:Archived
985:, 107–8.
979:Conquête
942:, 68–72.
936:Conquête
866:Conquête
650:fled to
452:general
205:Commands
19:In this
1574:Hsinchu
1569:Keelung
968:, 85–7.
679:caught
677:Yaeyama
672:Yaeyama
656:Keelung
599:at the
573:Lào Cai
549:in the
405:Sơn Tây
345:Qinzhou
301:warlord
194:Chinese
176:Qinzhou
156:Guangxi
148:Qinzhou
1599:Tainan
1589:Chiayi
908:
748:
732:Taiwan
718:Legacy
681:Thales
317:Tonkin
277:pinyin
23:, the
955:, 84.
738:Notes
499:Hanoi
154:(now
906:ISBN
851:link
689:Amoy
376:The
166:Died
135:Born
116:(as
683:in
445:黃崇英
435:何均昌
400:黑旗軍
370:吳元清
360:上思州
311:in
272:劉永福
158:),
48:劉永福
30:Liu
27:is
1688::
1053:,
920:.
894:;
890:;
847:}}
843:{{
730:,
726:,
700:.
411:.
397:,
389:,
350:欽州
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287::
279::
269::
178:,
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1126:e
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839:.
393:(
315:(
265:(
143:)
139:(
120:)
33:.
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