293:
Functional staging has the advantage of evaluating the whole liver and directly measuring hepatic function that determines many clinical outcomes. The ability to predict clinical outcomes is the best proof of the value of a clinical test. Quantitative hepatic function tests were better than combinations of routine blood tests and Ishak fibrosis score in predicting clinical outcomes. The best of these were the perfused hepatic mass (PHM) by quantitative laparoscopic liver spleen scan (QLSS) and oral
Cholate clearance and shunt, a blood test. The QLSS measurement of spleen volume per ideal body weight was nearly as good.
29:
206:
302:(FibroSure in the USA) and FibroMax are non-invasive tests using a blood sample and an algorithm. The test results correspond to stages F0-F4 and grades A0-A3 of the METAVIR scoring system. In 2007 FibroTest was validated by French Health Authorities as a first-line diagnosis of liver injury before biopsy. It was recommended to be a better predictor than biopsy staging for hepatitis C complications and death.
196:
Significant bleeding after a liver biopsy occurs in 1–2 out of 100 patients who are biopsied. Bleeding usually becomes apparent within three to four hours. It often stops on its own, but if it persists, a blood transfusion may be needed. Surgery or angiography (a procedure in which the bleeding site
292:
Non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy in hepatitis C patients include both functional staging (quantitative liver function tests) and determination of fibrosis from non-invasive tests. These latter tests are described below and share the disadvantage of estimating fibrosis rather than function.
328:
APRI (AST to platelet ratio index) is a quick serum biomarker for fibrosis assessment from Italy. This simple index is made up of routine laboratory tests. The test has not been validated by any health authorities. 50% of the results are unclassifiable. APRI may be useful for excluding significant
309:
that uses transient elastography to measure liver stiffness. Its diagnostic performance for fibrosis is similar to that of methods based on serologic markers. Combined use of
Fibroscan and Fibrotest could avoid a liver biopsy in most patients with chronic hepatitis C. Other ultrasonic techniques
183:
Only 5% of patients at risk of fibrosis have liver biopsy. In 2002, the consensus conferences in France and in the USA raised the possibility of treating patients with chronic hepatitis without liver biopsy. These conferences also underlined the necessity of developing reliable non-invasive tests
192:
Liver biopsy is generally a safe procedure, but it is invasive. Complications of liver biopsy are rare but potentially lethal. The majority of complications (60%) occur within two hours, and 96% occur within 24 hours following the procedure. Approximately 2–3% of patients undergoing liver biopsy
1072:
Gregory T Everson, Mitchell L Shiffman, John C Hoefs, Timothy R Morgan, Richard K Sterling, David A Wagner, Shannon
Lauriski, Teresa M Curto, Anne Stoddard, Elizabeth C Wright Quantitative liver function tests improve the prediction of clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis C: results from the
1330:
Raftopoulos SC, George J, Bourliere M, Rossi E, de Boer WB, Jeffrey GP, Bulsara M, Speers DJ, Macquillan G, Ching HL, Kontorinis N, Cheng W, Flexman J, Fermoyle S, Rigby P, Walsh L, McLeod D, Adams LA (April 2012). "Comparison of noninvasive models of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B".
260:
16 or wider cutting needle, and obtaining a length of 20–25 mm of liver tissue. The presence of 10–12 portal tracts within the specimen is considered sufficient for reliable analysis, ensuring that architectural relationships between structures are maintained.
176:
For the last century liver biopsy has been considered as the gold standard for assessing the stage and the grade of chronic liver disease. Consensus conference statements recommended liver biopsy in the management of almost all patients with hepatitis C and B.
197:
is identified and treated) may be required if the bleeding is severe or does not stop on its own. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage is the most serious consequence of bleeding. Fatal complications have been reported in up to 0.01–0.3% of biopsied patients.
1374:
Adams LA, George J, Bugianesi E, Rossi E, De Boer WB, van der
Poorten D, Ching HL, Bulsara M, Jeffrey GP (October 2011). "Complex non-invasive fibrosis models are more accurate than simple models in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease".
147:). Liver biopsy will likely remain particularly important in the diagnosis of unexplained liver disease. Non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis in alcoholic, nonalcoholic and viral liver diseases are likely to become more widely used.
296:
Multiphasic MRI is useful in diagnosing various types of liver lesions such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hemangioma.
796:"Indications, methods, and outcomes of percutaneous liver biopsy in England and Wales: an audit by the British Society of Gastroenterology and the Royal College of Physicians of London"
264:
Liver biopsy results are limited by sampling error, as abnormal findings may be missed if only normal tissue is retrieved. In addition, interpretation of liver biopsy results may vary.
180:
Biopsy results show significant variability (up to 40% for fibrosis diagnosis) which can lead to a wrong diagnosis. The result depends on the representativity of the punctured sample.
173:
Occasionally, liver biopsy is required to monitor the progress of treatment, such as in chronic viral hepatitis. It is an effective way to measure changes in the Ishak fibrosis score.
1435:
2336:
311:
1158:"Overview of the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis (FibroTest, HCV FibroSure) and necrosis (ActiTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C"
2107:
2068:
2133:
2382:
325:, alpha 2 macroglobin to create a score. The test has been validated for patients with hepatitis B, hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
2138:
1428:
1874:
2031:
55:
193:
require hospitalization for the management of an adverse event. Thirty percent of patients experience significant pain during the procedure.
1586:
1421:
1209:"Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C"
725:
Lim, JK; Flamm, SL; Singh, S; Falck-Ytter, YT; Clinical
Guidelines Committee of the American Gastroenterological, Association. (May 2017).
931:"Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1635:
2073:
280:
in 1883. In 1923, the first report of percutaneous liver biopsy was described. The transjugular approach was pioneered by radiologist
2331:
2326:
575:"Recommendations from the National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: management of hepatitis C: 2002"
317:
Hepascore is a blood test developed in
Australia combining the following clinical and laboratory variables: age, gender, bilirubin,
1035:
Rösch J, Lakin PC, Antonovic R, Dotter CT (August 1973). "Transjugular approach to liver biopsy and transhepatic cholangiography".
1138:
546:
Agence
Nationale d'Accréditation et d'Evaluation en Santé (ANAES) (April 2002). "Consensus conference. Treatment of hepatitis C".
1864:
727:"American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Role of Elastography in the Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis"
1571:
1522:
167:
1545:
886:
Froehlich; et al. (1993). "Practice and complications of liver biopsy. Results of a nationwide survey in
Switzerland".
1953:
1697:
1289:
Adams LA, Bulsara M, Rossi E, DeBoer B, Speers D, George J, Kench J, Farrell G, McCaughan GW, Jeffrey GP (October 2005).
2219:
1938:
1765:
1711:
1642:
1471:
1462:
1507:
2128:
1963:
450:
Hoefs, JC; Shiffman, ML; Goodman, ZD; Kleiner, DE; Dienstag, JL; Stoddard, AM; HALT-C Trial, Group. (September 2011).
2036:
1958:
1826:
1685:
209:
A small quantity of tissue is sampled from the liver when doing a biopsy, which is then examined under a microscope
2224:
2014:
1928:
1836:
1755:
1527:
1517:
318:
163:
2318:
2173:
1831:
1512:
1454:
634:
Janes; Lindor, KD (1993). "Outcome of patients hospitalized for complications after outpatient liver biopsy".
452:"Rate of progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: results from the HALT-C Trial"
2267:
2183:
1808:
1566:
1413:
246:
132:
2297:
2112:
1576:
1445:
414:
2272:
2202:
2058:
1652:
1613:
2341:
1869:
234:
158:, liver biopsy is useful to assess the severity of the associated liver damage. The same is true for
127:, have not been able to identify a cause. It is also required if hepatitis is possibly the result of
419:
2372:
2244:
2168:
2063:
1968:
1943:
1859:
1854:
1798:
1593:
501:"Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection"
28:
1738:
1581:
1400:
1356:
1120:
958:
911:
868:
659:
528:
306:
1291:"Hepascore – An Accurate Validated Predictor of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection"
1073:
Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term
Treatment Against Cirrhosis Trial. 2011 Hepatology 55(4):1019-29
500:
2304:
2188:
2150:
1996:
1906:
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1348:
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903:
860:
825:
748:
700:
651:
596:
555:
520:
481:
432:
387:
226:
144:
139:
of the liver may aid the diagnosis, although this may be avoided if the source is clear (e.g.
97:
50:
2308:
2145:
1551:
1384:
1340:
1302:
1261:
1220:
1179:
1169:
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989:
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690:
647:
643:
586:
512:
471:
463:
424:
377:
369:
257:
159:
85:
205:
104:, to assess the severity of known liver disease, and to monitor the progress of treatment.
2377:
2346:
2123:
2119:
2102:
2097:
1884:
1780:
1770:
1745:
1733:
1720:
1672:
1250:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography"
322:
617:
225:), endoscopically (through endoscopic ultrasound fine needle biopsy), or directly during
170:
may require biopsy, although other diagnostic modalities have made this less necessary.
2351:
2178:
2041:
1986:
1692:
1662:
1556:
1497:
1480:
1142:
1012:
977:
820:
795:
476:
451:
382:
357:
281:
1184:
1157:
766:
2366:
2262:
1991:
1921:
1657:
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1388:
1124:
930:
872:
516:
101:
1360:
962:
915:
663:
532:
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1948:
1933:
1788:
277:
250:
222:
214:
93:
68:
1307:
1290:
1225:
1208:
994:
843:
Strassburg; Manns, MP (2006). "Approaches to liver biopsy techniques-revisited".
743:
726:
467:
428:
2229:
2085:
2048:
1916:
1911:
1896:
1760:
1647:
1630:
1608:
1598:
1502:
1084:
1048:
573:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (November 2002).
155:
151:
135:
and tuberculosis of the liver may be diagnosed through biopsy. Direct biopsy of
121:
62:
2292:
2234:
2211:
1978:
1846:
1625:
1603:
1344:
230:
140:
128:
117:
33:
1108:
1003:
978:"Medical liver biopsy: background, indications, procedure and histopathology"
2089:
1892:
1803:
1793:
1750:
1680:
1484:
1266:
1249:
946:
622:
405:
Manning DS, Afdhal NH (May 2008). "Diagnosis and quantitation of fibrosis".
373:
299:
1396:
1352:
1316:
1275:
1234:
1193:
1116:
1021:
976:
Boyd, Alexander; Cain, Owen; Chauhan, Abhishek; Webb, Gwilym James (2020).
954:
864:
752:
600:
559:
524:
485:
436:
391:
1174:
1100:
1056:
907:
856:
829:
704:
695:
678:
655:
591:
574:
2160:
1901:
811:
124:
113:
929:
Silva MA, Hegab B, Hyde C, Guo B, Buckels JA, Mirza DF (November 2008).
184:
that might be an alternative to liver biopsy both in hepatitis B and C.
1537:
899:
273:
1083:
Tapper, Elliot B.; Lok, Anna S.-F. (2017-08-24). Longo, Dan L. (ed.).
2254:
1818:
242:
112:
Liver biopsy is often required for the diagnosis of a liver problem (
81:
41:
2023:
204:
136:
89:
37:
238:
218:
1417:
1207:
Castéra L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, et al. (February 2005).
16:
Medical test involving removal of tissue sample from the liver
1156:
Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Munteanu M, et al. (2004).
358:"Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice"
499:
Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, et al. (October 2002).
1248:
Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S, et al. (August 2010).
1085:"Use of Liver Imaging and Biopsy in Clinical Practice"
679:"Cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided liver biopsy"
256:
For a percutaneous biopsy, it is recommended to use a
767:"Liver Biopsy: Learn How This Procedure Is Performed"
162:(iron overload), although it is frequently omitted.
2317:
2285:
2253:
2210:
2201:
2159:
2084:
2022:
2013:
1977:
1883:
1845:
1817:
1779:
1719:
1710:
1671:
1536:
1479:
1470:
1461:
720:
718:
716:
714:
150:If the diagnosis is already clear, such as chronic
131:, but the exact nature of the reaction is unclear.
61:
49:
21:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
312:Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging
789:
787:
272:The first liver aspirate was performed by the
2069:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
1429:
310:used to characterize liver stiffness include
8:
2207:
2019:
1716:
1476:
1467:
1436:
1422:
1414:
1377:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
27:
1306:
1265:
1224:
1183:
1173:
1011:
993:
819:
742:
694:
590:
475:
418:
381:
1875:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
2032:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
648:10.7326/0003-4819-118-2-199301150-00003
337:
1068:
1066:
612:
610:
18:
356:Grant A, Neuberger J (October 1999).
7:
1587:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
1636:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1444:Tests and procedures involving the
2074:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
233:, and may be processed further by
14:
2383:Accessory digestive gland surgery
1389:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06774.x
517:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.06038.x
1865:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
1089:New England Journal of Medicine
1572:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
1523:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
221:), transvenously (through the
168:primary sclerosing cholangitis
116:, abnormal blood tests) where
84:(removal of a small sample of
1:
1954:Lower gastrointestinal series
1698:Upper gastrointestinal series
794:Gilmore; et al. (1995).
2220:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1939:Double-contrast barium enema
1766:Partial ileal bypass surgery
1643:Esophagogastric dissociation
1308:10.1373/clinchem.2005.048389
1226:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.018
1141:. 2008-10-18. Archived from
995:10.1136/flgastro-2018-101139
744:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.017
468:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.007
429:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.001
229:. The sample is examined by
213:Liver biopsies may be taken
2037:Bioartificial liver devices
1964:Transrectal ultrasonography
1049:10.1056/NEJM197308022890501
677:Pasha; et al. (1998).
40:core needle biopsy showing
2399:
1959:Small-bowel follow-through
1827:Abdominoperineal resection
1686:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
982:Frontline Gastroenterology
217:(via a needle through the
2319:Clinical prediction rules
2225:Intraperitoneal injection
1929:Abdominal ultrasonography
1837:Total mesorectal excision
1756:Intestine transplantation
1546:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
1528:High resolution manometry
1518:Esophageal motility study
1452:
1345:10.1007/s12072-011-9296-5
1139:"Scientific Publications"
548:Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol
329:fibrosis in hepatitis C.
288:Non-invasive alternatives
164:Primary biliary cirrhosis
26:
2174:Pancreas transplantation
1832:Lower anterior resection
1513:Esophageal pH monitoring
1455:Digestive system surgery
1333:Hepatology International
2268:Inguinal hernia surgery
2184:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
1567:Adjustable gastric band
1508:Impedance–pH monitoring
1267:10.1148/radiol.10091662
947:10.1136/gut.2008.149062
618:Diagnostic Liver Biopsy
374:10.1136/gut.45.2008.iv1
305:FibroScan is a type of
247:microbiological culture
133:Alcoholic liver disease
2298:Exploratory laparotomy
2113:Hepatoportoenterostomy
1577:Gastric bypass surgery
1446:human digestive system
554:(Spec No 2): B303–20.
210:
201:Procedure and variants
143:from previously known
2273:Femoral hernia repair
2059:Liver transplantation
1653:Nissen fundoplication
1175:10.1186/1476-5926-3-8
1101:10.1056/NEJMra1610570
857:10.1055/s-2006-951599
696:10.1002/hep.510270506
592:10.1002/hep.510360502
368:(Suppl 4): IV1–IV11.
208:
188:Risks and limitations
1870:Rubber band ligation
1809:Hartmann's operation
812:10.1136/gut.36.3.437
505:Am. J. Gastroenterol
235:immunohistochemistry
96:that is done to aid
2245:Peritoneal dialysis
2064:Portal hypertension
1969:Virtual colonoscopy
1944:Endoanal ultrasound
1860:Anorectal manometry
1855:Anal sphincterotomy
1799:Colonic polypectomy
1594:Collis gastroplasty
462:(3): 900–908.e1–2.
237:, determination of
1739:Jejunoileal bypass
1582:Sleeve gastrectomy
1295:Clinical Chemistry
900:10.1007/bf01308607
307:ultrasound machine
211:
2360:
2359:
2305:Rapid urease test
2281:
2280:
2197:
2196:
2189:Puestow procedure
2151:Cholescintigraphy
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:Stool guaiac test
1907:Capsule endoscopy
1729:Bariatric surgery
1706:
1705:
1621:Gastroenterostomy
1562:Bariatric surgery
227:abdominal surgery
145:colorectal cancer
75:
74:
2390:
2342:Child–Pugh score
2309:Urea breath test
2208:
2169:Frey's procedure
2146:Cholecystography
2020:
1717:
1552:Nasogastric tube
1477:
1468:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1213:Gastroenterology
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1177:
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746:
737:(6): 1536–1543.
731:Gastroenterology
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698:
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631:
625:
614:
605:
604:
594:
570:
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456:Gastroenterology
447:
441:
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422:
407:Gastroenterology
402:
396:
395:
385:
353:
258:Birmingham gauge
160:haemochromatosis
71:
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2397:
2393:
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2391:
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2388:
2387:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2347:Ranson criteria
2313:
2277:
2249:
2193:
2155:
2124:Cholangiography
2120:Medical imaging
2103:Cholecystostomy
2098:Cholecystectomy
2080:
2001:
1973:
1885:Medical imaging
1879:
1841:
1813:
1775:
1771:Strictureplasty
1746:Bowel resection
1734:Duodenal switch
1702:
1673:Medical imaging
1667:
1532:
1463:Digestive tract
1457:
1448:
1442:
1412:
1383:(10): 1536–43.
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1301:(10): 1867–73.
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1037:N. Engl. J. Med
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323:hyaluronic acid
290:
270:
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2352:Milan criteria
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2227:
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2205:
2203:Abdominopelvic
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Pancreatectomy
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
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2044:
2042:Liver dialysis
2039:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Fecal fat test
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
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1914:
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1889:
1887:
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1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1712:Lower GI tract
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:Barium swallow
1690:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1663:Schilling test
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1557:Gastric lavage
1554:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Heller myotomy
1495:
1489:
1487:
1474:
1472:Upper GI tract
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1366:
1339:(2): 457–467.
1322:
1281:
1240:
1199:
1148:
1145:on 2008-10-18.
1130:
1095:(8): 756–768.
1075:
1062:
1027:
968:
941:(11): 1592–6.
921:
878:
835:
783:
758:
710:
669:
636:Ann Intern Med
626:
606:
565:
538:
511:(10): 2614–8.
491:
442:
413:(6): 1670–81.
397:
336:
334:
331:
289:
286:
284:in the 1970s.
282:Charles Dotter
269:
266:
215:percutaneously
202:
199:
189:
186:
109:
106:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Hernia repair
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Fecal pH test
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:Sigmoidoscopy
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Pyloromyotomy
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Esophagectomy
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1219:(2): 343–50.
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:(5): 227–31.
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:(8): 1480–4.
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(4): 318–27.
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
806:(3): 437–41.
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
784:
772:
768:
762:
759:
754:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
692:
689:(5): 1220–6.
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:
492:
487:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
416:
412:
408:
401:
398:
393:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
338:
332:
330:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
262:
259:
254:
253:is suspected
252:
248:
245:content, and
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:blood vessels
220:
216:
207:
200:
198:
194:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
102:liver disease
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2240:Paracentesis
2054:Liver biopsy
2053:
1949:Enteroclysis
1934:Defecography
1789:Appendectomy
1380:
1376:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1260:(2): 640–7.
1257:
1253:
1243:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1165:
1162:Comp Hepatol
1161:
1151:
1143:the original
1133:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1040:
1036:
1030:
988:(1): 40–47.
985:
981:
971:
938:
934:
924:
891:
887:
881:
848:
844:
838:
803:
799:
774:. Retrieved
770:
761:
734:
730:
686:
682:
672:
639:
635:
629:
616:
582:
578:
568:
551:
547:
541:
508:
504:
494:
459:
455:
445:
410:
406:
400:
365:
361:
327:
316:
304:
298:
295:
291:
278:Paul Ehrlich
271:
263:
255:
251:tuberculosis
212:
195:
191:
182:
179:
175:
172:
149:
111:
108:Medical uses
94:medical test
78:Liver biopsy
77:
76:
22:Liver biopsy
2230:Laparoscopy
2086:Gallbladder
2049:Hepatectomy
1979:Stool tests
1917:Proctoscopy
1912:Enteroscopy
1897:Colonoscopy
1781:Large bowel
1761:Jejunostomy
1721:Small bowel
1648:Hill repair
1631:Gastrostomy
1609:Billroth II
1599:Gastrectomy
1503:Sialography
888:Dig Dis Sci
642:(2): 96–8.
585:(5): 1039.
156:hepatitis C
152:hepatitis B
122:hepatitis A
118:blood tests
88:) from the
63:MedlinePlus
2373:Hepatology
2367:Categories
2293:Laparotomy
2235:Omentopexy
2212:Peritoneum
1847:Anal canal
1626:Gastropexy
1604:Billroth I
683:Hepatology
579:Hepatology
333:References
276:physician
231:microscope
129:medication
120:, such as
92:. It is a
34:Micrograph
2090:bile duct
2015:Accessory
1893:Endoscopy
1804:Colostomy
1794:Colectomy
1751:Ileostomy
1681:Endoscopy
1614:Roux-en-Y
1485:Esophagus
1405:205467096
1254:Radiology
1125:205117722
1109:0028-4793
1004:2041-4137
873:260320814
623:eMedicine
415:CiteSeerX
300:FibroTest
98:diagnosis
2161:Pancreas
1902:Anoscopy
1397:21950746
1361:22215786
1353:21748376
1317:16055434
1276:20529989
1235:15685546
1194:15387887
1168:(1): 8.
1117:28834467
1022:31885839
963:20355451
955:18669577
916:21781162
865:17051446
776:22 April
753:28442119
664:37740050
601:12395309
560:12180305
533:25506596
525:12385448
486:21699796
437:18471546
392:10485854
125:serology
114:jaundice
51:ICD-9-CM
1538:Stomach
1057:4713761
1013:6914302
908:8344104
830:7698705
821:1382461
705:9581674
656:8416324
477:3773843
383:1766696
268:History
80:is the
2378:Biopsy
2255:Hernia
1819:Rectum
1403:
1395:
1359:
1351:
1315:
1274:
1233:
1192:
1185:522750
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558:
531:
523:
484:
474:
435:
417:
390:
380:
274:German
243:copper
141:spread
137:tumors
86:tissue
82:biopsy
69:003895
42:cancer
2337:UKELD
2286:Other
2024:Liver
1401:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1121:S2CID
959:S2CID
912:S2CID
869:S2CID
660:S2CID
529:S2CID
90:liver
38:liver
36:of a
2332:PELD
2327:MELD
2134:MRCP
2108:ERCP
1393:PMID
1349:PMID
1313:PMID
1272:PMID
1231:PMID
1190:PMID
1113:PMID
1105:ISSN
1053:PMID
1018:PMID
1000:ISSN
951:PMID
904:PMID
861:PMID
826:PMID
778:2018
749:PMID
701:PMID
652:PMID
597:PMID
556:PMID
521:PMID
482:PMID
433:PMID
388:PMID
241:and
239:iron
219:skin
166:and
56:50.1
2139:PTC
1481:SGs
1385:doi
1341:doi
1303:doi
1262:doi
1258:256
1221:doi
1217:128
1180:PMC
1170:doi
1097:doi
1093:377
1045:doi
1041:289
1008:PMC
990:doi
943:doi
935:Gut
896:doi
853:doi
816:PMC
808:doi
800:Gut
739:doi
735:152
691:doi
644:doi
640:118
621:at
587:doi
513:doi
472:PMC
464:doi
460:141
425:doi
411:134
378:PMC
370:doi
362:Gut
319:GGT
249:if
154:or
100:of
2369::
2307:/
2129:IV
2122::
2088:,
1895::
1483:/
1399:.
1391:.
1381:26
1379:.
1355:.
1347:.
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1229:.
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44:.
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