131:
536:. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts; but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in thallose species, or in leafy species the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks, as well as frequent dichotomous branching, all point to the plant being a liverwort. With a few exceptions, all liverworts undergo polyplastidic meiosis, in contrast to mosses and hornworts which have monoplastidic meiosis. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain
2497:
2479:
2461:
159:
2519:
2407:
594:
4588:
2540:
514:
5966:
2425:
2445:
4576:
660:. In dioicous liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoicous liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The
462:(very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. Liverworts are distinguished from mosses in having unique
712:. When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both
815:
Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. Liverworts
540:
containing isoprenoids in at least some of their cells, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of all other plants being unenclosed. The overall physical similarity of some mosses and leafy liverworts means that confirmation of the identification of some groups can be performed with certainty only with the
469:
Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2–20 mm (0.079–0.787 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 cm (3.9 in) long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate on
672:
that enable them to swim short distances, provided that at least a thin film of water is present. Their journey may be assisted by the splashing of raindrops. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered that some liverworts are able to fire sperm-containing water up to 15 cm in the air, enabling
483:
Most liverworts are small, measuring from 2–20 millimetres (0.08–0.8 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 centimetres (4 in) long, so they are often overlooked. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a
560:
dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of many liverworts are non-photosynthetic, but there are also several that are photosynthetic to various degrees. Cells in a typical liverwort plant each contain only a single set of genetic information, so the plant's cells are
4188:
Forrest, Laura L.; Christine E. Davis; David G. Long; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler; Alexandra Clark; Michelle L. Hollingsworth (2006). "Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): multiple taxa, genomes and analyses".
1233:. This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be a taxon-based name derived from the
470:
which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and Arctic species as well. Some species can be a nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens.
870: Hence, it has been suggested that the liverworts should be de-ranked to a class called Marchantiopsida. In addition, there is strong phylogenetic evidence to suggest that liverworts and mosses form a monophyletic subclade named
2331:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts, at least 85% of which belong to the leafy group. Despite that fact, no liverwort genomes have been sequenced to date and only few genes identified and characterized.
2377:
Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along streambanks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of
1183:
also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the
Marchantiophyta. In 2007, the oldest fossils assignable at that time to the liverworts were announced,
406:
4295:
Renzaglia, Karen S.; Scott
Schuette; R. Joel Duff; Roberto Ligrone; A. Jonathan Shaw; Brent D. Mishler; Jeffrey G. Duckett (2007). "Bryophyte phylogeny: Advancing the molecular and morphological frontiers".
585:
body) are very short-lived, withering away not long after releasing spores. In mosses, the sporophyte is more persistent and in hornworts, the sporophyte disperses spores over an extended period.
492:. However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called
3027:
Cooke, Todd J; Poli, DorothyBelle; Cohen, Jerry D (2003). "Did auxin play a crucial role in the evolution of novel body plans during the Late
Silurian-Early Devonian radiation of land plants?".
716:
cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo
865:
775:
is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering the entire surface of containers; gemma dispersal is the "primary mechanism by which liverwort spreads throughout a nursery or greenhouse."
4224:
Heinrichs, Jochen; S. Robbert
Gradstein; Rosemary Wilson; Harald Schneider (2005). "Towards a natural classification of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) based on the chloroplast gene rbcL".
613:, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("
2370:, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the
4331:
Forrest, Laura L.; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler (2004). "A Phylogeny of the Simple
Thalloid Liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, Metzgeriidae) as Inferred from Five Chloroplast Genes".
3224:
7229:
1257:
Although there is no consensus among bryologists as to the classification of liverworts above family rank, the
Marchantiophyta may be subdivided into three classes:
7857:
4646:
2352:. This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts which resemble a liver in outline, and led to the common name of the group as
7883:
845:(also called Marchantiopsida). Somewhat more recently, the liverworts were given their own division (Marchantiophyta), as bryophytes became considered to be
8000:
2639:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the
Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.).
7995:
565:
for the majority of its life cycle. This contrasts sharply with the pattern exhibited by nearly all animals and by vascular plants. In the more familiar
6007:
7831:
6050:
3167:
1151:
An important conclusion from these phylogenies is that the ancestral stomata appear to have been lost in the liverwort lineage. Among the earliest
130:
7870:
6935:
1200:, United States. However, in 2010, five different types of fossilized liverwort spores were found in Argentina, dating to the much earlier Middle
4468:"Female-specific gene expression in dioecious liverwort Pellia endiviifolia is developmentally regulated and connected to archegonia production"
2496:
2406:
3517:
de Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019). "Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)".
3048:
2392:. Their thin, slender branches float on the water's surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them.
736:; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in
450:. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled
4609:
2460:
860:
816:
are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation.
4614:
3671:
Harris, Brogan J.; et al. (2020). "Phylogenomic
Evidence for the Monophyly of Bryophytes and the Reductive Evolution of Stomata".
2478:
2444:
4639:
4450:
2518:
849:. However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that liverworts are indeed likely part of a monophyletic clade ("Bryophyta
4559:
4538:
4358:
4167:
4146:
4031:
4006:
3387:
3363:
3338:
2969:
2948:
2902:
2881:
2861:
2849:
2815:
2756:
2699:
2648:
581:
generation is the familiar tree or other plant. Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the
7955:
4689:
3945:
Cox, Cymon J. (2018). "Land Plant
Molecular Phylogenetics: A Review with Comments on Evaluating Incongruence Among Phylogenies".
3453:
Puttick, Mark N.; et al. (March 2018). "The
Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte".
3239:
2539:
442:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless
4684:
2927:
2781:
4619:
7875:
3893:"The mitochondrial phylogeny of land plants shows support for Setaphyta under composition-heterogeneous substitution models"
688:, which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal
4598:
158:
6029:
6000:
4768:
4758:
4741:
4632:
4603:
3793:"The Chloroplast Land Plant Phylogeny: Analyses Employing Better-Fitting Tree- and Site-Heterogeneous Composition Models"
625:
antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the
6055:
6045:
4373:"Bryophyte phylogeny poster: systematics and Characteristics of Nonvascular Land Plants (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)"
3079:
2827:
Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture
2601:
Stotler, Raymond E.; Barbara J. Candall-Stotler (1977). "A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North America".
3350:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". pp. 36–38
649:
perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.
7779:
7756:
6928:
2664:
4580:
4133:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". p. 63
3070:
7888:
7072:
7990:
6040:
5993:
4309:
4202:
3844:"Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Monophyly of Bryophytes and Neoproterozoic Origin of Land Plants"
3401:"Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions"
7157:
4773:
2424:
7709:
6921:
4245:"Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) – towards a natural classification"
2371:
7784:
6688:
5677:
3179:
2382:
in deserts and polar regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as
787:
fungi which have arbuscular (cilia-bearing) rootlets resembling those in vascular plants. Species in the
7919:
7385:
7035:
6409:
4736:
747:
144:
5665:
2589:
6885:
6718:
5671:
7960:
7898:
7805:
7747:
7050:
6820:
6779:
6769:
5969:
5715:
4592:
4057:
3954:
3701:
3680:
3539:
3483:
3462:
733:
6865:
6636:
6286:
5481:
2914:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", pp. 358–374
7985:
6890:
6870:
6850:
6728:
6281:
6233:
5683:
5134:
5117:
5027:
4875:
4624:
6880:
6179:
5813:
2266:
439:-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.
7934:
7380:
7062:
6610:
6170:
6035:
5410:
5161:
5144:
4986:
4870:
4865:
4753:
4731:
4719:
4694:
4313:
4274:
4206:
3980:
3714:
3552:
3496:
2618:
1156:
537:
463:
413:
153:
7924:
5493:
4466:
Sierocka, I; Kozlowski, L. P.; Bujnicki, J. M.; Jarmolowski, A; Szweykowska-Kulinska, Z (2014).
3127:
454:. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a
7862:
4162:. Scripta Botnica Belgica. Vol. 30. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). p. 30.
2768:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", p. 347
2292:
1219:. This divisional name is based on the name of the most universally recognized liverwort genus
801:, while leafy liverworts typically harbor symbiotic basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus
742:, when the older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals.
7906:
7792:
7172:
6875:
6815:
6764:
6754:
6384:
6334:
5876:
5777:
5765:
5609:
5588:
5302:
5122:
5053:
5043:
4973:
4763:
4726:
4714:
4704:
4555:
4534:
4499:
4446:
4423:
4354:
4266:
4163:
4142:
4116:
4027:
4002:
3924:
3873:
3824:
3773:
3706:
3650:
3601:
3544:
3488:
3430:
3383:
3359:
3334:
3295:
3105:
3097:
3083:
3044:
2965:
2944:
2923:
2898:
2877:
2845:
2811:
2777:
2752:
2695:
2644:
2223:
1835:
273:
3734:"Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts"
680:
occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilisation, the immature
7448:
7327:
7219:
7162:
7102:
7097:
7025:
7010:
6860:
6654:
6646:
6600:
6467:
6462:
6414:
6404:
6243:
6197:
6065:
5789:
5783:
5747:
5430:
5292:
5177:
5078:
4678:
4489:
4479:
4413:
4403:
4305:
4256:
4198:
4106:
4096:
4065:
3970:
3962:
3914:
3904:
3863:
3855:
3814:
3804:
3763:
3753:
3745:
3696:
3688:
3640:
3632:
3591:
3583:
3534:
3526:
3478:
3470:
3420:
3412:
3285:
3277:
3087:
3036:
3009:
2610:
2125:
1626:
1363:
1306:
1197:
1170:
696:(stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. The sporophyte lacks an
332:
224:
7911:
7621:
7526:
7488:
7375:
7132:
7092:
7077:
6970:
6840:
6830:
6733:
6723:
6620:
6562:
6557:
6535:
6437:
6426:
6394:
6373:
6363:
6316:
6301:
6271:
6225:
6189:
6114:
6082:
5881:
5864:
5771:
5297:
5063:
5022:
4890:
4880:
4860:
3194:
2525:
2509:
2384:
2308:
2300:
2240:
2231:
2210:
2202:
2151:
2004:
1900:
1885:
1750:
1728:
1691:
1556:
1476:
1288:
1273:
1266:
1243:
1161:
1040:
697:
494:
293:
283:
278:
266:
261:
241:
2826:
1310:
is newly recognized as the sister group of the other liverworts; it comprises the genera
6913:
4083:
Rubinstein, C.V.; Gerrienne, P.; De La Puente, G.S.; Astini, R.A.; Steemans, P. (2010).
4061:
4044:
VanAller Hernick, L.; Landing, E.; Bartowski, K.E. (2008). "Earth's oldest liverworts –
3958:
3684:
3466:
7681:
7626:
7616:
7458:
7272:
7224:
7137:
7112:
7107:
7087:
7082:
6985:
6975:
6825:
6759:
6713:
6291:
6074:
5801:
5741:
5615:
5582:
5540:
5453:
5381:
5376:
5324:
4794:
4709:
4656:
4494:
4467:
4418:
4395:
3919:
3892:
3868:
3843:
3819:
3792:
3768:
3733:
3645:
3620:
3596:
3571:
3425:
3400:
3290:
3265:
3040:
1639:
1376:
906:
758:
709:
459:
455:
3374:
Goffinet, Bernard. "Origin and phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes". pp. 124–149
3013:
692:, inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a
7979:
7405:
7390:
7352:
7277:
7213:
7199:
7147:
7142:
7056:
7045:
7040:
7020:
7015:
6990:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6800:
6749:
6708:
6703:
6572:
6521:
6498:
6457:
6311:
6253:
6215:
6160:
6146:
5891:
5735:
5698:
5655:
5568:
5544:
5361:
5083:
5058:
4940:
4885:
4372:
4261:
4244:
4243:
He-Nygrén, Xiaolan; Aino Juslén; Inkeri Ahonen; David Glenny; Sinikka Piippo (2006).
4101:
4084:
3718:
2530:
2193:
2177:
1787:
1461:
1284:
1247:
1179:
856:
792:
784:
705:
677:
518:
256:
139:
80:
5985:
4317:
4278:
4210:
3984:
3556:
3223:
Newby, Adam; Altland, James E.; Gilliam, Charles H.; Wehtje, Glenn (December 2006).
593:
7601:
7596:
7571:
7546:
7536:
7463:
7332:
7206:
7167:
7152:
7127:
7122:
7067:
7000:
6810:
6805:
6784:
6774:
6698:
6605:
6582:
6508:
6490:
6399:
6296:
6276:
6207:
5952:
5807:
5795:
5535:
5366:
5356:
5156:
5108:
4981:
4069:
3500:
2984:
2546:
2282:
2274:
2185:
1972:
1957:
1772:
1540:
1517:
1312:
1295:(previously placed among the Metzgeriales). It also includes the problematic genus
1269:
1174:
303:
288:
251:
7761:
4085:"Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana)"
3966:
513:
3266:"Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort–fungal symbioses"
2922:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
2776:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
673:
them to fertilize female plants growing more than a metre from the nearest male.
7844:
7797:
7741:
7656:
7631:
7576:
7551:
7473:
7468:
7433:
7423:
7117:
7030:
6693:
6592:
6552:
6447:
6261:
6100:
5759:
5753:
5548:
5529:
5487:
5437:
5244:
5187:
5128:
5073:
5006:
4956:
4926:
4908:
4900:
2567:
2503:
2431:
2345:
2256:
2133:
2041:
893:
803:
634:
618:
553:
436:
416:
313:
229:
183:
55:
4587:
1250:. In addition, the name Hepaticophyta is frequently misspelled in textbooks as
7689:
7651:
7581:
7561:
7556:
7541:
7511:
7483:
7438:
7428:
7400:
7395:
7337:
7312:
7005:
6980:
6577:
6567:
6544:
6516:
6358:
6306:
6266:
6238:
6140:
6092:
5959:
5886:
5854:
5840:
5823:
5371:
5048:
4837:
4828:
4408:
3749:
3692:
3636:
3587:
3474:
2413:
2379:
2248:
2141:
2026:
1654:
1391:
1324:
1221:
1201:
1104:
797:
788:
765:
gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups. In
681:
566:
557:
546:
542:
308:
234:
117:
100:
65:
7732:
4484:
3859:
3101:
7818:
7606:
7586:
7478:
7357:
7292:
7282:
7267:
7262:
7243:
6995:
6672:
6664:
6350:
6132:
6123:
5624:
5520:
5386:
5270:
5068:
4848:
4817:
3809:
3416:
2562:
2316:
2167:
2159:
1863:
1705:
1439:
1292:
1076:
1055:
971:
943:
918:
871:
846:
830:
767:
753:
669:
657:
610:
432:
298:
246:
196:
105:
49:
7947:
4503:
4427:
4270:
4120:
3928:
3877:
3828:
3777:
3710:
3654:
3605:
3548:
3492:
3434:
3299:
3281:
3109:
3092:
3065:
841:) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class
617:-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as
4575:
2668:
528:
Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar
17:
7942:
7771:
7726:
7661:
7641:
7636:
7611:
7591:
7566:
7531:
7521:
7516:
7347:
7322:
7302:
6962:
5896:
5329:
5312:
4748:
3975:
3572:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
3032:
2389:
2366:
1297:
1238:
1212:
1193:
1189:
1166:
931:
838:
653:
121:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
31:
4048:
sp. nov. from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of eastern New York, USA".
3758:
3064:
Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004).
2588:
Walker, Matt. "Fossils of earliest land plants discovered in Argentina"
2400:
A small collection of images showing liverwort structure and diversity:
2340:
In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the
7666:
7646:
7342:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7253:
7190:
5849:
5552:
5351:
4808:
4441:
Sadava, David; David M. Hillis; H. Craig Heller; May Berenbaum (2009).
4111:
3909:
3168:"Splash-Cup Dispersal Of Gemmae In The Liverwort Marchantia-Polymorpha"
2622:
2467:
1318:
717:
704:-sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in the
582:
578:
562:
533:
485:
451:
443:
110:
85:
3530:
2810:, revised ed., pp. 12–23. (Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Co., 1979)
2694:. Vol. VI. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 19.
7849:
7506:
7498:
7367:
2485:
1152:
1089:
738:
713:
633:
perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as
614:
570:
428:
7703:
4353:, vol. VI, p. 26. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992).
2614:
446:, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened
4606:(note: for 500,000 million years ago read "480 million years ago".)
3316:, vol. I, pp. 243–249. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
3225:"Postemergence Liverwort Control in Container-Grown Nursery Crops1"
7823:
7415:
7287:
5974:
5835:
5248:
4946:
4660:
4554:, 5th ed., p. 338. (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1991)
2718:, vol. I, pp. 243–244. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
2357:
2341:
1234:
1226:
721:
701:
661:
606:
574:
512:
170:
7836:
605:
The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid
7810:
7453:
6945:
5620:
5339:
956:
834:
529:
447:
7707:
6917:
5989:
5242:
4628:
2609:(3). American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 405–428.
829:
Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other
3264:
Bidartondo, Martin I.; Duckett, Jeffrey G. (7 February 2010).
3238:(4). Horticultural Research Institute: 230–236. Archived from
724:
to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.
684:
within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a
4371:
Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard.
2964:, pp. 6 & 128. (New Zealand: Micro-Optics Press, 2000).
2364:
for "belonging to the liver". An unrelated flowering plant,
338:
395:
389:
380:
374:
368:
356:
4948:
4310:
10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[179:BPATMA]2.0.CO;2
4203:
10.1639/0007-2745(2006)109[303:UTEHOT]2.0.CO;2
362:
1301:, which is sometimes placed in its own order Monocleales.
853:" or "Bryophyta Schimp.") alongside mosses and hornworts.
569:, the haploid generation is represented only by the tiny
347:
4610:
Inter-relationships of Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
2797:, pp. 13–14. (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1975).
2731:, vol. I, p. 1. (New Delhi: The Chronica Botanica, 1929)
2729:
Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain
4001:, p. 139. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993).
3270:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1145:
Two of the most likely models for bryophyte evolution.
641:
archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding
30:
Not to be confused with the genus of flowering plants,
4662:
4445:(9th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599.
2840:
Harold C. Bold, C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas.
2943:, pp. 1–38. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988).
2844:, 5th ed., p. 189. (New York: Harper-Collins, 1987).
2643:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
386:
365:
350:
344:
341:
4533:, 7th ed., p. 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005).
3621:"The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution"
2962:
Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Illustrated Glossary
2113:
An updated classification by Söderström et al. 2016
392:
371:
353:
7716:
7679:
7497:
7414:
7366:
7251:
7242:
7189:
6961:
6793:
6742:
6681:
6663:
6645:
6628:
6619:
6591:
6543:
6534:
6507:
6489:
6482:
6425:
6372:
6349:
6342:
6333:
6252:
6224:
6206:
6188:
6168:
6159:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6091:
6073:
6064:
5863:
5822:
5711:
5696:
5651:
5638:
5601:
5566:
5519:
5506:
5470:
5451:
5419:
5407:
5338:
5311:
5279:
5268:
5186:
5170:
5143:
5106:
5036:
5015:
5003:
4972:
4939:
4917:
4899:
4847:
4827:
4807:
4792:
2862:
Volume 1, Chapter 11-1: Photosynthesis: The Process
383:
359:
335:
2874:Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach
2388:, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in
4529:Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert, & S. E. Eichhorn.
4290:
4288:
4020:The Bryophytes of the Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic
3382:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:!2000).
3358:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2000).
3325:Pócs, Tamás. "Tropical Forest Bryophytes", p. 59
2987:The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns
7230:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4141:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:2000).
4137:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3378:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3354:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
2980:
2978:
2897:, p. 10. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992).
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
4351:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
4183:
4181:
4179:
3314:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2716:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2692:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2634:
2632:
1173:. These fossils resemble modern species in the
783:Thalloid liverworts typically harbor symbiotic
458:(present in many mosses) and may bear marginal
5250:
4520:, p. 286. (Toronto: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964)
3448:
3446:
3444:
2989:, pp. 73–74. (London: The Macmillan Co., 1918)
27:Botanical division of non-vascular land plants
6929:
6001:
4640:
4396:"World checklist of hornworts and liverworts"
3666:
3664:
2584:
2582:
1229:-based name, the liverworts are often called
211:Stotler & Stotl.-Crand., 1977 emend. 2000
8:
4604:LiToL: Assembling the Liverwort Tree of Life
3570:Leebens-Mack, James H.; et al. (2019).
3512:
3510:
2876:, p. 27. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994).
2836:
2834:
2751:, pp. 135–140. (New York: Macmillan, 1985).
4339:. Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 119–140.
4160:Liverwort and Hornwort Flora of West Africa
2806:Conard, Henry S. and Paul L. Redfearn, Jr.
7704:
7248:
7186:
6958:
6954:
6936:
6922:
6914:
6625:
6540:
6486:
6346:
6339:
6165:
6128:
6119:
6070:
6008:
5994:
5986:
5965:
5708:
5648:
5644:
5598:
5574:
5516:
5512:
5467:
5463:
5448:
5416:
5404:
5276:
5265:
5261:
5239:
5183:
5167:
5149:
5140:
5103:
5012:
5000:
4969:
4965:
4804:
4800:
4789:
4647:
4633:
4625:
3999:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
3940:
3938:
3121:
3119:
2418:, with antheridial and archegonial stalks.
2155:Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann 1966
552:Liverworts, like other bryophytes, have a
488:(plant body); these liverworts are termed
129:
38:
4493:
4483:
4417:
4407:
4260:
4110:
4100:
3997:Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor.
3974:
3918:
3908:
3867:
3818:
3808:
3767:
3757:
3702:1983/fbf3f371-8085-4e76-9342-e3b326e69edd
3700:
3644:
3595:
3540:1983/0b471d7e-ce54-4681-b791-1da305d9e53b
3538:
3484:1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da
3482:
3424:
3289:
3091:
3000:Pain, S. (2010). "Botanical ballistics".
2895:Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina
3218:
3216:
3156:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1331:
592:
4518:Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom
4335:. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes.
2578:
2402:
2181:Engler 1893 sensu He-Nygrén et al. 2006
34:, that may also be called "liverwort".
4050:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3201:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
3154:The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland
3134:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
2808:How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts
2348:, the word liverwort literally means
883:'Liverworts plus mosses–basal' model
7:
7899:35e0cf6e-cd9f-445b-ac09-d5fc1d281b63
4615:Additional information on Liverworts
3333:. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1982).
3172:Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie
3066:"The evolution of plant development"
1254:, which only adds to the confusion.
1215:classify liverworts in the division
8001:Extant Ordovician first appearances
3891:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3791:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3399:Cox, Cymon J.; et al. (2014).
2960:Malcolm, Bill & Nancy Malcolm.
2227:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2171:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2129:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2121:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2019:
1997:
1950:
1942:
1878:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1765:
1743:
1721:
1697:
1687:
1632:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1533:
1510:
1454:
1432:
1424:
1369:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1082:
1033:
1026:
1018:
949:
924:
899:
889:
7996:Early Ordovician first appearances
3947:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1338:Cole, Hilger & Goffinet 2021
1291:(bottle hepatics), as well as the
1287:(complex-thallus liverworts), and
876:
771:, gemmae grow at thallus margins.
25:
3732:Li, Fay-Wei; et al. (2020).
3619:Zhang, Jian; et al. (2020).
3029:The Evolution of Plant Physiology
2939:Chopra, R. N. & P. K. Kumra.
2793:Allison, K. W. & John Child.
1177:. Another Devonian fossil called
745:Some thallose liverworts such as
676:When sperm reach the archegonia,
5964:
4586:
4574:
4394:Söderström; et al. (2016).
4262:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00089.x
4102:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03433.x
3842:Su, Danyan; et al. (2021).
3193:Lepp, Heino (28 February 2008).
3041:10.1016/b978-012339552-8/50006-8
2538:
2517:
2495:
2477:
2459:
2443:
2423:
2405:
1204:, around 470 million years ago.
880:'Monophyletic bryophytes' model
652:Liverwort species may be either
538:unique membrane-bound oil bodies
331:
157:
4599:Liverwort structure in pictures
4333:Monographs in Systematic Botany
3848:Molecular Biology and Evolution
732:Some liverworts are capable of
668:, i.e. they have two tail-like
556:-dominant life cycle, with the
5975:Current definitions of Plantae
4070:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.09.002
3195:"Reproduction & Dispersal"
2842:Morphology of Plants and Fungi
2454:emerging from its archegonium.
1155:believed to be liverworts are
1:
3967:10.1080/07352689.2018.1482443
3126:Lepp, Heino (15 April 2008).
3014:10.1016/s0262-4079(10)63177-6
2795:The Liverworts of New Zealand
2551:, a large thallose liverwort.
795:fungi belonging to the genus
4443:Life: The Science of Biology
3178:(3): 199–217. Archived from
3080:Botanical Society of America
2690:Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992).
825:Relationship to other plants
2665:"Liverworts Homepage | UNB"
1013:
8017:
4552:Introductory Plant Biology
3797:Frontiers in Plant Science
3071:American Journal of Botany
2918:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2772:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2591:. (BBC, Earth News, 2010).
1283:includes the three orders
861:Excessive citations inline
791:, however, associate with
757:produce small disc-shaped
505:
466:of high refractive index.
29:
7185:
6957:
6953:
6948:phyla/divisions by domain
6024:
5947:
5647:
5597:
5577:
5515:
5466:
5447:
5403:
5264:
5260:
5238:
5152:
5102:
4999:
4968:
4803:
4788:
4672:
4409:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261
4046:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
3750:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2
3693:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.048
3637:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4
3588:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
3475:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063
3128:"Vegetative Reproduction"
2039:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1995:
1970:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1898:
1883:
1876:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1785:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1741:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1695:
1685:
1652:
1637:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1554:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1508:
1474:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1389:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1334:
1186:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
1144:
1102:
1087:
1080:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1024:
969:
954:
947:
929:
922:
904:
897:
221:
216:
154:Scientific classification
152:
137:
128:
41:
4485:10.1186/1471-2229-14-168
2749:Introduction to Bryology
2490:, growing on moist soil.
2472:clump growing on a tree.
2372:"Doctrine of Signatures"
1246:of the buttercup family
474:Physical characteristics
419:commonly referred to as
7158:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3810:10.3389/fpls.2020.01062
1272:(simple thalloids) and
1208:Internal classification
866:considered for deletion
597:Sexual life cycle of a
532:by their single-celled
4024:Bryophytum Bibliotheca
3860:10.1093/molbev/msab106
3282:10.1098/rspb.2009.1458
3093:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726
2920:New Manual of Bryology
2774:New Manual of Bryology
2270:Bartholomew-Began 1990
1225:. In addition to this
602:
525:
7920:Paleobiology Database
7386:Neocallimastigomycota
4226:Cryptogamie Bryologie
4158:Jones, E. W. (2004).
3679:(11): P2201–2012.E2.
3417:10.1093/sysbio/syt109
3329:A. J. E. Smith (Ed.)
3199:Australian Bryophytes
3132:Australian Bryophytes
2985:Campbell, Douglas H.
2941:Biology of Bryophytes
2344:, hence the name. In
2320:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2312:Frey & Stech 2005
2296:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2163:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
773:Marchantia polymorpha
748:Marchantia polymorpha
596:
516:
145:Kunstformen der Natur
7051:Coprothermobacterota
6821:Blepharidophyllaceae
5970:List of plant orders
5850:Pinopsida (conifers)
5836:Cycadopsida (cycads)
5828:(living gymnosperms)
5325:Leiosporocerotopsida
5044:Nephroselmidophyceae
4583:at Wikimedia Commons
4349:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3312:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3166:Equihua, C. (1987).
2714:Schuster, Rudolf M.
1242:which is actually a
734:asexual reproduction
728:Asexual reproduction
412:) are a division of
6891:Trichotemnomataceae
6729:Pseudolepicoleaceae
6689:Blepharostomataceae
5678:Archaeopteridopsida
5411:Polysporangiophytes
5135:Klebsormidiophyceae
5118:Mesostigmatophyceae
5064:Chlorodendrophyceae
5028:Pyramimonadophyceae
4982:Prasinodermophyceae
4876:Compsopogonophyceae
4550:Stern, Kingsley R.
4516:Dittmer, Howard J.
4062:2008RPaPa.148..154H
3959:2018CRvPS..37..113C
3685:2020CBio...30E2001H
3467:2018CBio...28E.733P
3035:. pp. 85–107.
2727:Kashyap, Shiv Ram.
2336:Economic importance
2244:von Klinggräff 1858
2237:(leafy liverworts)
2216:(bottle liverworts)
2199:(complex thalloids)
1304:A third class, the
1276:(leafy liverworts).
1157:compression fossils
508:below for examples.
490:thallose liverworts
217:Classes and orders
7381:Blastocladiomycota
6611:Neotrichocoleaceae
6410:Pseudomoerckiaceae
6381:Phyllothalliineae
6016:Classification of
5869:(flowering plants)
5790:Lyginopteridopsida
5583:Eophyllophytopsida
5536:Zosterophyllopsida
5474:Paratracheophytes*
5252:sensu strictissimo
5162:Coleochaetophyceae
5145:Phragmoplastophyta
4987:Palmophyllophyceae
4909:Glaucocystophyceae
4871:Stylonematophyceae
4866:Porphyridiophyceae
4655:Classification of
4026:, Band 34, 1987).
4018:Oostendorp, Cora.
3910:10.7717/peerj.8995
3405:Systematic Biology
3152:Smith, AJE (1989)
2872:Fosket, Donald E.
2531:thallose liverwort
1506:Jungermanniopsida
754:Lunularia cruciata
603:
545:or an experienced
526:
523:Lunularia cruciata
519:thallose liverwort
464:complex oil bodies
7971:
7970:
7907:Open Tree of Life
7710:Taxon identifiers
7701:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7675:
7674:
7238:
7237:
7181:
7180:
7173:Verrucomicrobiota
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6876:Solenostomataceae
6816:Balantiopsidaceae
6765:Cephaloziellaceae
6755:Anastrophyllaceae
6530:
6529:
6478:
6477:
6454:Fossombroniineae
6391:Pallaviciniineae
6385:Phyllothalliaceae
6335:Jungermanniopsida
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6155:
6154:
6109:
6108:
6066:Haplomitriopsida
5983:
5982:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5877:Basal angiosperms
5778:Gigantopteridales
5727:seed plant groups
5725:and other extinct
5692:
5691:
5666:Noeggerathiopsida
5634:
5633:
5589:Trimerophytopsida
5562:
5561:
5502:
5501:
5458:(vascular plants)
5423:Protracheophytes*
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5362:Andreaeobryopsida
5303:Jungermanniopsida
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5123:Chlorokybophyceae
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5054:Chloropicophyceae
4995:
4994:
4974:Prasinodermophyta
4935:
4934:
4579:Media related to
4531:Biology of Plants
4472:BMC Plant Biology
4139:Bryophyte Biology
3582:(7780): 679–685.
3531:10.1111/nph.15587
3461:(5): 733–745.e2.
3380:Bryophyte Biology
3356:Bryophyte Biology
3331:Bryophyte Ecology
3276:(1680): 485–492.
3182:on 26 April 2012.
3050:978-0-12-339552-8
3008:(2792/3): 45–47.
2747:Schofield, W. B.
2641:Bryophyte Biology
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2228:
2224:Jungermanniopsida
2215:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
1983:
1982:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1836:Jungermanniopsida
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1265:includes the two
1263:Jungermanniopsida
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1066:
1065:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
982:
981:
761:in shallow cups.
664:of liverworts is
323:
322:
274:Jungermanniopsida
212:
138:"Hepaticae" from
16:(Redirected from
8008:
7964:
7963:
7951:
7950:
7938:
7937:
7928:
7927:
7915:
7914:
7902:
7901:
7892:
7891:
7879:
7878:
7866:
7865:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7839:
7827:
7826:
7814:
7813:
7801:
7800:
7788:
7787:
7775:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7705:
7449:Anthocerotophyta
7328:Hemimastigophora
7249:
7220:Nitrososphaerota
7187:
7163:Thermomicrobiota
7103:Kiritimatiellota
7098:Ignavibacteriota
7063:Deferribacterota
7026:Campylobacterota
7011:Bdellovibrionota
6959:
6955:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6915:
6886:Stephaniellaceae
6861:Jungermanniaceae
6794:Jungermanniineae
6719:Mastigophoraceae
6655:Schistochilaceae
6647:Perssoniellineae
6626:
6601:Herzogianthaceae
6541:
6487:
6468:Petalophyllaceae
6463:Fossombroniaceae
6434:Calyculariineae
6415:Sandeothallaceae
6405:Pallaviciniaceae
6347:
6340:
6244:Sphaerocarpaceae
6198:Neohodgsoniaceae
6166:
6129:
6120:
6071:
6051:Acrogymnospermae
6010:
6003:
5996:
5987:
5968:
5967:
5882:Core angiosperms
5870:
5829:
5824:Acrogymnospermae
5802:Peltaspermopsida
5784:Glossopteridales
5766:Corystospermales
5748:Callistophytales
5728:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5672:Aneurophytopsida
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5599:
5575:
5571:
5530:Barinophytopsida
5517:
5513:
5509:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5431:Horneophytopsida
5422:
5417:
5413:
5405:
5345:
5330:Anthocerotopsida
5318:
5313:Anthocerotophyta
5293:Haplomitriopsida
5286:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5240:
5193:
5184:
5178:Zygnematophyceae
5168:
5150:
5141:
5111:
5104:
5079:Trebouxiophyceae
5049:Picocystophyceae
5013:
5009:
5001:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4854:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4701:
4681:
4666:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4591:Data related to
4590:
4578:
4563:
4548:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4411:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4149:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4056:(2–4): 154–162.
4041:
4035:
4016:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3953:(2–3): 113–127.
3942:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3912:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3854:(8): 3332–3344.
3839:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3704:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3542:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3486:
3450:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3396:
3390:
3372:
3366:
3348:
3342:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3232:J. Environ. Hort
3229:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2893:Hicks, Marie L.
2891:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2838:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2745:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2667:. Archived from
2661:
2655:
2654:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2542:
2521:
2499:
2481:
2463:
2450:A sporophyte of
2447:
2427:
2409:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2126:Haplomitriopsida
2120:
2020:
1998:
1993:Jungermanniidae
1951:
1943:
1879:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1766:
1744:
1722:
1698:
1688:
1633:
1627:Haplomitriopsida
1623:
1616:
1609:
1534:
1511:
1455:
1433:
1428:Marchantiopsida
1425:
1370:
1364:Haplomitriopsida
1360:
1353:
1348:Marchantiophyta
1345:
1332:
1307:Haplomitriopsida
1083:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1014:
950:
925:
900:
890:
877:
869:
720:to form haploid
500:scale liverworts
495:leafy liverworts
411:
410:
409:
408:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
225:Haplomitriopsida
210:
162:
161:
133:
115:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7991:Plant divisions
7976:
7975:
7972:
7967:
7959:
7954:
7946:
7941:
7935:marchantiophyta
7933:
7931:
7923:
7918:
7910:
7905:
7897:
7895:
7887:
7882:
7874:
7869:
7861:
7856:
7848:
7843:
7835:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7809:
7804:
7796:
7791:
7783:
7778:
7770:
7768:
7760:
7755:
7748:Marchantiophyta
7746:
7745:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7718:Marchantiophyta
7712:
7702:
7693:
7671:
7622:Gnathostomulida
7527:Xenacoelomorpha
7493:
7489:Flowering plant
7444:Marchantiophyta
7410:
7376:Chytridiomycota
7362:
7234:
7177:
7133:Planctomycetota
7093:Gemmatimonadota
7078:Elusimicrobiota
6971:Acidobacteriota
6949:
6942:
6912:
6895:
6841:Gymnomitriaceae
6831:Endogemmataceae
6789:
6780:Obtusifoliaceae
6770:Hygrobiellaceae
6738:
6734:Trichocoleaceae
6724:Plagiochilaceae
6677:
6659:
6641:
6621:Jungermanniales
6615:
6587:
6563:Lepidolaenaceae
6558:Goebeliellaceae
6536:Jungermanniidae
6526:
6503:
6474:
6438:Calyculariaceae
6427:Fossombroniales
6421:
6395:Hymenophytaceae
6374:Pallaviciniales
6368:
6364:Noterocladaceae
6321:
6317:Wiesnerellaceae
6302:Monosoleniaceae
6272:Conocephalaceae
6248:
6226:Sphaerocarpales
6220:
6202:
6190:Neohodgsoniales
6184:
6151:
6115:Marchantiopsida
6105:
6087:
6083:Haplomitriaceae
6060:
6041:Marchantiophyta
6020:
6018:Marchantiophyta
6014:
5984:
5979:
5903:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5772:Czekanowskiales
5726:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5652:
5639:
5630:
5602:Moniliformopses
5593:
5567:
5558:
5508:Eutracheophytes
5507:
5498:
5471:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5420:
5408:
5391:
5382:Polytrichopsida
5377:Tetraphidopsida
5343:
5342:
5334:
5316:
5315:
5307:
5298:Marchantiopsida
5284:
5283:
5281:Marchantiophyta
5269:
5256:
5202:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5166:
5139:
5107:
5090:
5032:
5023:Mamiellophyceae
5004:
4991:
4960:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4931:
4913:
4895:
4891:Florideophyceae
4881:Rhodellophyceae
4861:Cyanidiophyceae
4852:
4851:
4843:
4823:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4699:
4677:
4668:
4653:
4593:Marchantiophyta
4581:Marchantiophyta
4571:
4566:
4549:
4545:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4348:
4344:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4187:
4186:
4177:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4132:
4128:
4089:New Phytologist
4082:
4081:
4077:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4017:
4013:
3996:
3992:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3673:Current Biology
3670:
3669:
3662:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3519:New Phytologist
3516:
3515:
3508:
3455:Current Biology
3452:
3451:
3442:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3373:
3369:
3349:
3345:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3245:on 24 July 2012
3242:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2976:
2959:
2955:
2938:
2934:
2913:
2909:
2892:
2888:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2788:
2767:
2763:
2746:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2671:on 24 July 2021
2663:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2615:10.2307/3242017
2600:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2526:Riccia fluitans
2522:
2513:
2510:leafy liverwort
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2398:
2385:Riccia fluitans
2338:
2309:Pallaviciniales
2301:Fossombroniales
2241:Jungermanniales
2232:Jungermanniidae
2211:Sphaerocarpales
2203:Neohodgsoniales
2152:Marchantiopsida
2118:Marchantiophyta
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2005:Jungermanniales
1984:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1901:Pallaviciniales
1886:Fossombroniales
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1751:Sphaerocarpales
1729:Neohodgsoniales
1692:Marchantiopsida
1675:
1666:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1557:Jungermanniales
1497:
1488:
1477:Sphaerocarpales
1412:
1403:
1289:Sphaerocarpales
1281:Marchantiopsida
1274:Jungermanniales
1244:flowering plant
1217:Marchantiophyta
1210:
1165:from the Upper
1162:Pallaviciniites
1134:
1125:
1116:
1067:
1041:vascular plants
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
907:vascular plants
854:
827:
822:
813:
781:
730:
698:apical meristem
601:-like liverwort
591:
481:
476:
405:
404:
403:
379:
334:
330:
327:Marchantiophyta
294:Pallaviciniales
284:Jungermanniales
279:Fossombroniales
267:Sphaerocarpales
262:Neohodgsoniales
242:Marchantiopsida
209:
207:Marchantiophyta
156:
124:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8014:
8012:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7952:
7939:
7929:
7916:
7903:
7893:
7880:
7867:
7854:
7841:
7828:
7815:
7802:
7789:
7776:
7766:
7753:
7738:
7722:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7687:
7685:
7682:Incertae sedis
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7627:Micrognathozoa
7624:
7619:
7617:Acanthocephala
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7459:Lycopodiophyta
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7273:Ancyromonadida
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7225:Thermoproteota
7222:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7193:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7138:Pseudomonadota
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7113:Mycoplasmatota
7110:
7108:Lentisphaerota
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7088:Fusobacteriota
7085:
7083:Fibrobacterota
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6986:Armatimonadota
6983:
6978:
6976:Actinomycetota
6973:
6967:
6965:
6951:
6950:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6866:Notoscyphaceae
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6826:Calypogeiaceae
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6760:Cephaloziaceae
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6743:Cephaloziineae
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6714:Lophocoleaceae
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6682:Lophocoleineae
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6637:Diettertiaceae
6632:
6630:
6629:Diettertiineae
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6378:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Marchantiaceae
6289:
6287:Dumortieraceae
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6175:
6173:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6075:Haplomitriales
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6046:Polypodiophyta
6043:
6038:
6033:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5962:
5956:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5808:Pentoxylopsida
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5742:Calamopityales
5738:
5731:
5729:
5706:
5699:Spermatophytes
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5656:Progymnosperms
5642:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5621:Polypodiopsida
5618:
5616:Cladoxylopsida
5612:
5605:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5569:Euphyllophytes
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5541:Lycopodiopsida
5538:
5532:
5525:
5523:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5482:Cooksoniopsida
5477:
5475:
5461:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Oedipodiopsida
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5274:
5258:
5257:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5016:Prasinophytina
5010:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4963:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4919:incertae sedis
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4798:
4795:Archaeplastida
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:Mesomycetozoea
4771:
4766:
4756:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4710:Diaphoretickes
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4657:Archaeplastida
4654:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4596:
4595:at Wikispecies
4584:
4570:
4569:External links
4567:
4565:
4564:
4543:
4522:
4509:
4458:
4452:978-1429246446
4451:
4433:
4386:
4363:
4342:
4323:
4304:(2): 179–213.
4298:The Bryologist
4284:
4235:
4216:
4197:(3): 303–334.
4191:The Bryologist
4175:
4168:
4150:
4126:
4095:(2): 365–369.
4075:
4036:
4022:, pp. 70–71. (
4011:
3990:
3934:
3883:
3834:
3783:
3744:(3): 259–272.
3724:
3660:
3631:(2): 107–118.
3611:
3562:
3525:(1): 565–575.
3506:
3440:
3411:(2): 272–279.
3391:
3367:
3343:
3318:
3305:
3256:
3212:
3185:
3158:
3145:
3115:
3086:): 1726–1741.
3056:
3049:
3019:
2992:
2974:
2953:
2932:
2907:
2886:
2865:
2854:
2830:
2819:
2799:
2786:
2761:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2656:
2649:
2628:
2603:The Bryologist
2593:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2304:Schljakov 1972
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:Schljakov 1972
2280:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:Schljakov 1972
2254:
2252:Schljakov 1972
2246:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2200:
2197:Limpricht 1877
2191:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:Schljakov 1972
2139:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1717:Marchantiidae
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:Haplomitriales
1636:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:Haplomitriales
1373:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1302:
1277:
1209:
1206:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
948:
946:
940:
939:
936:
935:
928:
923:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
903:
898:
896:
888:
885:
884:
881:
826:
823:
821:
820:Classification
818:
812:
809:
780:
777:
729:
726:
710:Early Devonian
590:
587:
480:
477:
475:
472:
435:, they have a
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
239:
238:
237:
232:
219:
218:
214:
213:
204:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
150:
149:
135:
134:
126:
125:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8013:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7974:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7406:Basidiomycota
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7391:Glomeromycota
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:Stramenopiles
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Apusomonadida
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7214:Nanoarchaeota
7211:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:Euryarchaeota
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Spirochaetota
7146:
7144:
7143:Rhodothermota
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7073:Dictyoglomota
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7057:Cyanobacteria
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7046:Chrysiogenota
7044:
7042:
7041:Chloroflexota
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:Calditrichota
7019:
7017:
7016:Caldisericota
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6991:Atribacterota
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6927:
6925:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Saccogynaceae
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Jackiellaceae
6854:
6852:
6851:Harpanthaceae
6849:
6847:
6846:Gyrothyraceae
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:Geocalycaceae
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:Acrobolbaceae
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Adelanthaceae
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:Lepidoziaceae
6707:
6705:
6704:Lepicoleaceae
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Frullaniaceae
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6522:Metzgeriaceae
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6499:Pleuroziaceae
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:Allisoniaceae
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Targioniaceae
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Cyathodiaceae
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6254:Marchantiales
6251:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6234:Monocarpaceae
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6216:Lunulariaceae
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6161:Marchantiidae
6158:
6148:
6147:Treubiitaceae
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:Bennettitales
5733:
5732:
5730:
5717:
5716:Pteridosperms
5710:
5707:
5703:(seed plants)
5700:
5695:
5685:
5684:Protopityales
5681:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5637:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5565:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5455:
5454:Tracheophytes
5450:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Andreaeopsida
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5192:(land plants)
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5085:
5084:Chlorophyceae
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Pedinophyceae
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:Chlorophytina
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4941:Viridiplantae
4938:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Bangiophyceae
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Stramenopiles
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4700:(major groups
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4560:0-697-09947-4
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:0-7167-1007-2
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4402:(59): 1–826.
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4359:0-914868-21-7
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4232:(2): 131–150.
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4169:90-72619-61-7
4165:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:0-521-66097-1
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4032:3-443-62006-X
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:0-13-651589-4
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:10400.1/14557
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:Nature Plants
3735:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:Nature Plants
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3388:0-521-66097-1
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:0-521-66097-1
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:0-412-22340-6
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:New Scientist
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:0-473-06730-7
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:0-470-21359-0
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:0-8223-1175-5
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:0-12-262430-0
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:0-06-040839-1
2847:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:0-697-04768-7
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:0-02-949660-8
2754:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2701:0-914868-21-7
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2650:0-521-66097-1
2646:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2529:, an aquatic
2528:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:Marchantiales
2192:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:Marchantiidae
2176:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1946:Metzgeriidae
1945:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:Marchantiales
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:Marchantiales
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:Forrest 2006
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Marchantiales
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:Ranunculaceae
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Hepaticophyta
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:Protosalvinia
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:embryophytes
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
974:
973:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
952:
951:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
927:
926:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
902:
901:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
875:
873:
867:
863:
862:
858:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
819:
817:
810:
808:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:basidiomycete
790:
786:
785:glomeromycete
778:
776:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
743:
741:
740:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:Late Silurian
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:fertilisation
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:to produce a
608:
600:
595:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
524:
520:
515:
511:
509:
507:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
478:
473:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
407:
400:
328:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Marchantiales
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
220:
215:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
146:
141:
140:Ernst Haeckel
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7973:
7717:
7688:
7680:
7602:Orthonectida
7597:Gastrotricha
7572:Nematomorpha
7547:Chaetognatha
7537:Hemichordate
7464:Pteridophyta
7443:
7333:Malawimonada
7207:Korarchaeota
7168:Thermotogota
7153:Synergistota
7128:Nitrospirota
7123:Nitrospinota
7068:Deinococcota
7001:Bacteroidota
6881:Southbyaceae
6811:Arnelliaceae
6806:Antheliaceae
6785:Scapaniaceae
6775:Lophoziaceae
6699:Herbertaceae
6606:Ptilidiaceae
6583:Lejeuneaceae
6509:Metzgeriales
6491:Pleuroziales
6483:Metzgeriidae
6444:Makinoineae
6400:Moerckiaceae
6297:Monocleaceae
6277:Corsiniaceae
6208:Lunulariales
6180:Naiaditaceae
6056:Angiospermae
6017:
5953:paraphyletic
5865:Angiospermae
5842:
5841:Ginkgoales (
5814:Petriellales
5796:Medullosales
5723:(seed ferns)
5436:
5357:Sphagnopsida
5352:Takakiopsida
5285:(liverworts)
5280:
5251:
5245:Embryophytes
5199:(see below↓)
5157:Charophyceae
5127:
5109:Streptophyta
4961:land plants)
4949:
4918:
4836:
4829:Rhodelphidia
4816:
4759:Opisthokonta
4663:
4551:
4546:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4442:
4436:
4399:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4366:
4350:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4301:
4297:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4194:
4190:
4159:
4153:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4014:
3998:
3993:
3950:
3946:
3903:(4): e8995.
3900:
3896:
3886:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3759:10261/234303
3741:
3737:
3727:
3676:
3672:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3522:
3518:
3458:
3454:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3240:the original
3235:
3231:
3203:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3180:the original
3175:
3171:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3131:
3075:
3069:
3059:
3028:
3022:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2961:
2956:
2940:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2894:
2889:
2873:
2868:
2857:
2841:
2822:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2748:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2659:
2640:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2547:Conocephalum
2545:
2524:
2506:asplenioides
2502:
2484:
2466:
2451:
2435:
2412:
2399:
2383:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2330:
2283:Pleuroziales
2278:Chalaud 1930
2275:Metzgeriales
2267:Metzgeriidae
2186:Lunulariales
2117:
2112:
2040:
2025:
2003:
1973:Pleuroziales
1971:
1958:Metzgeriales
1956:
1899:
1884:
1862:
1786:
1773:Lunulariales
1771:
1749:
1727:
1704:
1653:
1638:
1555:
1541:Metzgeriales
1539:
1518:Metzgeriales
1516:
1475:
1460:
1438:
1390:
1375:
1323:
1317:
1313:Haplomitrium
1311:
1305:
1296:
1280:
1270:Metzgeriales
1262:
1256:
1251:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1185:
1178:
1175:Metzgeriales
1160:
1150:
1103:
1088:
1054:
1039:
970:
955:
930:
905:
894:embryophytes
859:
850:
847:paraphyletic
842:
828:
814:
802:
796:
782:
772:
766:
762:
752:
746:
744:
737:
731:
693:
689:
685:
675:
666:biflagellate
665:
651:
646:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
604:
598:
577:, while the
551:
527:
522:
503:
499:
493:
489:
482:
468:
441:
424:
420:
414:non-vascular
326:
324:
304:Pleuroziales
289:Metzgeriales
252:Lunulariales
206:
190:
184:Embryophytes
177:
143:
36:
7845:iNaturalist
7742:Wikispecies
7657:Brachiopoda
7632:Cycliophora
7577:Onychophora
7552:Kinorhyncha
7474:Ginkgophyta
7469:Cycadophyta
7434:Chlorophyta
7424:Glaucophyta
7118:Myxococcota
7036:Chlorobiota
7031:Chlamydiota
6694:Grolleaceae
6593:Ptilidiales
6553:Porellaceae
6448:Makinoaceae
6262:Aytoniaceae
6171:Naiaditales
6101:Treubiaceae
6028:Supergroup
5760:Cordaitales
5754:Caytoniales
5640:Lignophytes
5623:(ferns and
5549:spikemosses
5488:Rhyniopsida
5438:Aglaophyton
5317:(hornworts)
5188:Embryophyta
5171:Anydrophyta
5129:Spirotaenia
5074:Ulvophyceae
5007:Chlorophyta
4957:green algae
4927:Algospongia
4901:Glaucophyta
4853:(red algae)
4255:(1): 1–31.
4112:11336/55341
3249:24 December
3205:22 December
3138:22 December
2928:49381633045
2782:49381633045
2568:Embryophyte
2504:Plagiochila
2470:platyphylla
2432:archegonium
2380:soil crusts
2356:, from the
2350:liver plant
2346:Old English
2257:Ptilidiales
2235:Engler 1893
2214:Cavers 1910
2137:Hamlin 1972
2134:Calobryales
2042:Ptilidiales
1252:Hepatophyta
1213:Bryologists
804:Serendipita
643:perichaetum
567:seed plants
554:gametophyte
479:Description
437:gametophyte
417:land plants
314:Ptilidiales
230:Calobryales
48:472–0
7986:Liverworts
7980:Categories
7690:Parakaryon
7652:Entoprocta
7587:Arthropoda
7582:Tardigrada
7562:Priapulida
7557:Loricifera
7542:Echinoderm
7512:Ctenophora
7484:Gnetophyta
7439:Charophyta
7429:Rhodophyta
7401:Ascomycota
7396:Zygomycota
7338:Metamonada
7313:Euglenozoa
7298:Ciliophora
7006:Balneolota
6981:Aquificota
6578:Jubulaceae
6568:Radulaceae
6545:Porellales
6517:Aneuraceae
6359:Pelliaceae
6307:Ricciaceae
6267:Cleveaceae
6239:Riellaceae
6141:Blasiaceae
6093:Treubiales
5887:Magnoliids
5855:Gnetopsida
5625:horsetails
5553:quillworts
5545:clubmosses
5521:Lycophytes
5494:Renaliales
5271:Bryophytes
4849:Rhodophyta
4838:Rhodelphis
4620:Liverworts
4379:6 December
4249:Cladistics
2574:References
2416:polymorpha
2414:Marchantia
2249:Porellales
2142:Treubiales
2027:Porellales
1852:Pelliidae
1701:Blasiidae
1655:Treubiales
1392:Treubiales
1325:Apotreubia
1222:Marchantia
1202:Ordovician
1105:liverworts
1077:setaphytes
972:liverworts
944:setaphytes
919:bryophytes
851:sensu lato
831:bryophytes
798:Tulasnella
789:Aneuraceae
763:Marchantia
682:sporophyte
635:archegonia
627:perigonium
619:antheridia
599:Marchantia
589:Life cycle
558:sporophyte
547:bryologist
543:microscopy
425:liverworts
309:Porellales
235:Treubiales
203:Division:
118:Ordovician
42:Liverworts
18:Liverworts
7607:Dicyemida
7479:Pinophyta
7358:Telonemia
7293:Cryptista
7283:Breviatea
7268:Amoebozoa
7263:Alveolata
7244:Eukaryote
6996:Bacillota
6673:Myliaceae
6665:Myliineae
6351:Pelliales
6343:Pelliidae
6133:Blasiales
6124:Blasiidae
6036:Bryophyta
5387:Bryopsida
5340:Bryophyta
5069:UTC clade
4818:Picomonas
4754:Amoebozoa
4732:Alveolata
4720:Cryptista
4695:Eukaryota
4400:PhytoKeys
3719:215798377
3102:0002-9122
2563:Bryophyte
2488:epiphylla
2390:aquariums
2362:hēpaticus
2317:Pelliales
2293:Pelliidae
2206:Long 2006
2189:Long 2006
2168:Blasiales
2160:Blasiidae
1864:Pelliales
1706:Blasiales
1440:Blasiales
1293:Blasiales
1188:from the
1056:hornworts
932:hornworts
872:Setaphyta
864:is being
843:Hepaticae
839:hornworts
779:Symbiosis
768:Metzgeria
670:flagellae
658:monoicous
639:singular:
623:singular:
611:protonema
433:hornworts
299:Pelliales
247:Blasiales
197:Setaphyta
167:Kingdom:
7948:35210941
7943:Tropicos
7863:11907001
7769:BioLib:
7727:Wikidata
7667:Annelida
7662:Mollusca
7642:Phoronid
7637:Nemertea
7612:Rotifera
7592:Flatworm
7567:Nematoda
7532:Chordate
7522:Cnidaria
7517:Placozoa
7348:Rhizaria
7323:Haptista
7303:Cercozoa
6963:Bacteria
5897:Eudicots
5892:Monocots
5610:Ibykales
5344:(mosses)
5249:Plantae
4947:Plantae
4749:Amorphea
4727:Rhizaria
4715:Hacrobia
4705:Excavata
4690:Bacteria
4661:Plantae
4504:24939387
4428:26929706
4318:85788756
4279:86082381
4271:34892891
4211:85912159
4121:20731783
3985:92198979
3929:32377448
3878:33871608
3829:32760416
3803:: 1062.
3778:32170292
3711:32302587
3655:32042158
3606:31645766
3557:53240320
3549:30411803
3493:29456145
3435:24399481
3300:19812075
3110:21652320
3033:Elsevier
2557:See also
2367:Hepatica
2354:hepatics
1298:Monoclea
1239:Hepatica
1198:New York
1194:Devonian
1192:(Middle
1190:Givetian
1171:New York
1167:Devonian
857:template
654:dioicous
573:and the
534:rhizoids
504:See the
452:rhizoids
421:hepatics
32:Hepatica
7811:6864901
7733:Q189808
7647:Bryozoa
7343:Provora
7318:Jakobea
7308:Discoba
7254:Protist
7191:Archaea
6944:Extant
5960:extinct
4809:Picozoa
4764:Animals
4685:Archaea
4495:4074843
4478:: 168.
4419:4758082
4058:Bibcode
3955:Bibcode
3920:7194085
3869:8321542
3820:7373204
3769:8075897
3681:Bibcode
3646:7027989
3597:6872490
3501:3269165
3463:Bibcode
3426:3926305
3291:2842645
2675:10 June
2623:3242017
2549:conicum
2468:Porella
2452:Porella
2436:Porella
2396:Gallery
1543:(part)
1520:(part)
1319:Treubia
1153:fossils
811:Ecology
718:meiosis
690:capsule
647:plural:
631:plural:
583:diploid
579:diploid
563:haploid
541:aid of
506:gallery
486:thallus
444:thallus
427:. Like
171:Plantae
148:, 1904
122:present
7961:742162
7925:306729
7896:NZOR:
7876:846119
7785:256173
7762:237378
7507:Sponge
7499:Animal
5955:groups
5843:Ginkgo
5551:&
5409:
5005:
4742:Plants
4679:Domain
4558:
4537:
4502:
4492:
4449:
4426:
4416:
4375:. 2021
4357:
4316:
4277:
4269:
4209:
4166:
4145:
4119:
4030:
4005:
3983:
3927:
3917:
3876:
3866:
3827:
3817:
3776:
3766:
3717:
3709:
3653:
3643:
3604:
3594:
3576:Nature
3555:
3547:
3499:
3491:
3433:
3423:
3386:
3362:
3337:
3298:
3288:
3108:
3100:
3078:(10).
3047:
2968:
2947:
2926:
2901:
2880:
2848:
2814:
2780:
2755:
2698:
2647:
2621:
2486:Pellia
1322:, and
1267:orders
1090:mosses
957:mosses
835:mosses
759:gemmae
739:Riccia
722:spores
714:elater
615:gamete
571:pollen
530:mosses
429:mosses
7956:WoRMS
7932:PPE:
7912:56601
7858:IRMNG
7850:64615
7824:1MHTP
7772:14875
7416:Plant
7368:Fungi
7288:CRuMs
6030:Plant
4959:&
4769:Fungi
4314:S2CID
4275:S2CID
4207:S2CID
3981:S2CID
3897:PeerJ
3715:S2CID
3553:S2CID
3497:S2CID
3243:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3084:Wiley
2619:JSTOR
2360:word
2358:Latin
2342:liver
1235:genus
1227:taxon
1196:) of
855:‹The
702:auxin
700:, an
662:sperm
607:spore
575:ovule
460:cilia
456:costa
402:
191:Clade
178:Clade
7889:3195
7884:NCBI
7871:ITIS
7832:GBIF
7819:EPPO
7780:BOLD
7757:APNI
7454:Moss
6946:life
5958:† =
4950:s.s.
4664:s.l.
4556:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4500:PMID
4447:ISBN
4424:PMID
4381:2022
4355:ISBN
4267:PMID
4164:ISBN
4143:ISBN
4117:PMID
4028:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3925:PMID
3874:PMID
3825:PMID
3774:PMID
3707:PMID
3651:PMID
3602:PMID
3545:PMID
3489:PMID
3431:PMID
3384:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3296:PMID
3251:2011
3207:2011
3140:2011
3106:PMID
3098:ISSN
3045:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2677:2020
2645:ISBN
2508:, a
2430:The
1279:The
1261:The
837:and
751:and
694:seta
686:foot
448:moss
431:and
325:The
116:Mid-
56:PreꞒ
7806:EoL
7793:CoL
5247:or
4945:or
4659:or
4490:PMC
4480:doi
4414:PMC
4404:doi
4306:doi
4302:110
4257:doi
4199:doi
4195:109
4107:hdl
4097:doi
4093:188
4066:doi
4054:148
3971:hdl
3963:doi
3915:PMC
3905:doi
3864:PMC
3856:doi
3815:PMC
3805:doi
3764:PMC
3754:hdl
3746:doi
3697:hdl
3689:doi
3641:PMC
3633:doi
3592:PMC
3584:doi
3580:574
3535:hdl
3527:doi
3523:222
3479:hdl
3471:doi
3421:PMC
3413:doi
3286:PMC
3278:doi
3274:277
3088:doi
3037:doi
3010:doi
3006:208
2611:doi
2434:of
1169:of
1159:of
656:or
502:. (
498:or
423:or
339:ɑːr
142:'s
120:to
7982::
7958::
7945::
7922::
7909::
7886::
7873::
7860::
7847::
7834::
7821::
7808::
7798:52
7795::
7782::
7759::
7744::
7729::
5547:,
4498:.
4488:.
4476:14
4474:.
4470:.
4422:.
4412:.
4398:.
4337:98
4312:.
4300:.
4287:^
4273:.
4265:.
4253:22
4251:.
4247:.
4230:26
4228:.
4205:.
4193:.
4178:^
4135:in
4115:.
4105:.
4091:.
4087:.
4064:.
4052:.
3979:.
3969:.
3961:.
3951:37
3949:.
3937:^
3923:.
3913:.
3899:.
3895:.
3872:.
3862:.
3852:38
3850:.
3846:.
3823:.
3813:.
3801:11
3799:.
3795:.
3772:.
3762:.
3752:.
3740:.
3736:.
3713:.
3705:.
3695:.
3687:.
3677:30
3675:.
3663:^
3649:.
3639:.
3627:.
3623:.
3600:.
3590:.
3578:.
3574:.
3551:.
3543:.
3533:.
3521:.
3509:^
3495:.
3487:.
3477:.
3469:.
3459:28
3457:.
3443:^
3429:.
3419:.
3409:63
3407:.
3403:.
3376:in
3352:in
3327:in
3294:.
3284:.
3272:.
3268:.
3236:24
3234:.
3230:.
3215:^
3197:.
3174:.
3170:.
3130:.
3118:^
3104:.
3096:.
3076:91
3074:.
3068:.
3043:.
3031:.
3004:.
2977:^
2916:in
2833:^
2770:in
2736:^
2631:^
2617:.
2607:80
2605:.
2581:^
2374:.
1316:,
874:.
868:.›
807:.
549:.
521:,
517:A
510:)
390:aɪ
381:oʊ
378:,-
193::
180::
106:Pg
50:Ma
7837:9
7256:"
7252:"
7216:"
7212:"
7209:"
7205:"
7202:"
7198:"
7059:"
7055:"
6937:e
6930:t
6923:v
6635:†
6178:†
6169:†
6145:†
6032::
6009:e
6002:t
5995:v
5951:*
5845:)
5812:†
5806:†
5800:†
5794:†
5788:†
5782:†
5776:†
5770:†
5764:†
5758:†
5752:†
5746:†
5740:†
5734:†
5719:*
5713:†
5682:†
5676:†
5670:†
5664:†
5658:*
5653:†
5627:)
5614:†
5608:†
5587:†
5581:†
5555:)
5543:(
5534:†
5528:†
5492:†
5486:†
5480:†
5472:†
5435:†
5429:†
5421:†
4955:(
4776:)
4648:e
4641:t
4634:v
4562:.
4541:.
4506:.
4482::
4455:.
4430:.
4406::
4383:.
4361:.
4320:.
4308::
4281:.
4259::
4213:.
4201::
4172:.
4123:.
4109::
4099::
4072:.
4068::
4060::
4034:.
4009:.
3987:.
3973::
3965::
3957::
3931:.
3907::
3901:8
3880:.
3858::
3831:.
3807::
3780:.
3756::
3748::
3742:6
3721:.
3699::
3691::
3683::
3657:.
3635::
3629:6
3608:.
3586::
3559:.
3537::
3529::
3503:.
3481::
3473::
3465::
3437:.
3415::
3341:.
3302:.
3280::
3253:.
3209:.
3176:8
3142:.
3112:.
3090::
3082:(
3053:.
3039::
3016:.
3012::
2972:.
2951:.
2930:.
2905:.
2884:.
2852:.
2784:.
2759:.
2704:.
2679:.
2653:.
2625:.
2613::
2533:.
2512:.
2438:.
1328:.
833:(
708:/
645:(
637:(
629:(
621:(
399:/
396:ə
393:t
387:f
384:ˈ
375:ə
372:t
369:ə
366:f
363:ɒ
360:ˈ
357:i
354:t
351:n
348:æ
345:k
342:ˌ
336:m
333:/
329:(
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
