129:. Southwards the range terminates in the deep valley of the Ruhuhu River in 10° 30′ S, the first decided break in the highlands that is reached from the north along the east coast of Lake Malawi. Towards the south the range appears to have a width of some 20 miles only, but northwards it widens out to about 40 miles, though broken here by the depression, drained towards the Great Ruaha, on the south side of which is Mtorwe (2961 m), the highest known summit of the range.
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Irungu Forest
Reserve, 240.32 km, lies in the northwestern edge of the range, and abuts Kitulo National Park on the south. Chimala Scarp Forest Reserve, on the northern escarpment of the range overlooking the Usangu Plains lying to the north, was established in 1960 and covers and area of 180.68 km².
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was created in 2002, and covers an area of 1,574 km in the northeastern portion of the range, and an adjacent portion of the Usangu Plains. The game reserve incorporated the 350.78 km
Kipengere Range Forest Reserve, established in 1958. The proposed Ndukunduku forest reserve (27.19 km²) would connect
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Montane evergreen forests occur in river valleys and hollows. The south-facing slopes at the northwestern end of the range, which were formerly the
Livingstone Forest Reserve and are now part of Kitulo National Park, have the most extensive areas of montane evergreen forest. The Ndumbi forest, at the
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was created in 2005, and covers an area of 465.4 km. The new national park incorporated the
Livingstone Forest Reserve (240.34 km²) and Ndumbi Valley forest Reserve (27.71 km², est. 1956). The forest reserves protected the range's largest tracts of montane evergreen forest and bamboo thickets, and
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Rainfall comes mostly from convectional thunderstorms originating above Lake Malawi. Mean annual rainfall on the Kitulo
Plateau is 1500 mm, and rainfall is greater at higher elevations on slopes facing the lake. Most rainfall occurs during the November to May rainy season, and April is the wettest
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rocks. A zone of gneiss runs along the southwestern face of the range overlooking Lake Malawi, in a series of ridges and valleys generally parallel to its axis. The ridge nearest the lake (Mount
Jamimbi or Chamembe, at 9° 41′ S), rises to an absolute height of 2,400 metres (7,900 ft), falling
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Some sources use the names
Kipengere Range or Livingstone Mountains to describe the entire range, while others distinguish the Livingstone Mountains as the southwest-facing escarpment which runs along the shore of Lake Malawi, and the Kipengere Range as the high ridge that defines the northeastern
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In parts the range presents more the character of a plateau than of a true mountain range, but the latter name may be justified by the fact that they form a comparatively narrow belt of country, which falls considerably to the east as well as to the west. Most of the range lies above 2000 meters
448:"Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania: Improving the Effectiveness of National Parks in Addressing Threats to Biodiversity." Project Document for UN Environment Program, Republic of Tanzania, and Global Environment Facility. Accessed 5 September 2019.
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1,900 metres (6,200 ft) almost sheer to the water, the same steep slope continuing beneath the surface. Northeast of Buanyi, as in the eastern half of the range generally, table-topped mountains occur, composed above of horizontally bedded
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Protected areas in the southern part of the range are not as extensive, as well-protected, or as studied as those in the north. They include the
Madenge (1,146 ha), Mdando (5,140 ha), Msiora (315 ha) and Sakaranyumo (840 ha) forest reserves.
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and conglomerates. The Poroto
Mountains are volcanic in origin, and in the northwestern portion of the range younger volcanic rocks associated with the
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the park also includes the Kitulo
Plateau's montane grasslands lying between the two forest reserves, and montane grasslands to the southeast.
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month. There is a May to October dry season, with nightly frosts common between June and August. Temperate crops can be raised with success.
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The range is generally covered in montane grassland. The grasslands are home to 350 species of plants, including numerous ground orchids,
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Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
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Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
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Jon C. Lovett and Erik Prins (1994) "Estimation of land-use changes on Kitulo Plateau, Tanzania, using satellite imagery".
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BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Livingstone Mountains forests. Downloaded from
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Panorama of the Kipengere Range and its forests taken from the edge of the Kitulo Plateau looking west.
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people live along the shore of Lake Malawi along the southwestern escarpment of the range. The
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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326:"Uporoto, Livingstone, and Kipengere ranges". Tanzania Tourism. Accessed 6 September 2019.
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elevation. The northern end is well marked in 8° 50′ S by an escarpment falling to the
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Map showing areas above 2000 meters elevation in the Kipengere and adjoining ranges.
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eastern end of Kitulo National Park, has montane evergreen and East African cedar (
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30:"Livingstone Mountains" redirects here. For the mountain range in Canada, see
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397:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 816.
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The range is surrounded at lower elevations by miombo woodland —
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in the south, and forms part of the eastern escarpment of the
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At the foot of the mountains on Lake Malawi are the ports of
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Kitulo National Park and Mpanga-Kipengere Game Reserve.
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the range runs south-east and forms part of the eastern
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251:Brachystelma kituloensis, Impatiens rosulata
211:Geologically the range is formed of ancient
203:people live in the interior of the range.
27:Mountain range in Njombe Region, Tanzania
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504:"Kipengere Range Forest Reserve"
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474:"Livingstone Forest Reserve".
407:"Tanzania's Other Mountains".
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553:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
538:. Accessed 5 September 2019.
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300:Mpanga-Kipengere Game Reserve
626:Southern Highlands, Tanzania
519:"Ndukunduku Forest Reserve"
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65:in the north to that of the
621:Mountain ranges of Tanzania
493:Accessed 5 September 2019.
478:Accessed 5 September 2019.
463:Accessed 5 September 2019.
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616:Geography of Njombe Region
32:Livingstone Range (Canada)
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383:Heawood, Edward (1911). "
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534:"Irungu Forest Reserve"
489:"Ndumbi Forest Reserve"
459:"Kitulo National Park".
278:Eastern miombo woodlands
226:Rungwe Volcanic Province
143:, near the mouth of the
566:http://www.birdlife.org
394:Encyclopædia Britannica
53:at the northern end of
439:Vol 28 No 3 July 1994.
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353:Vol 28 No 3 July 1994.
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385:Livingstone Mountains
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491:Protected Planet.
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264:Juniperus procera
127:Great Ruaha River
123:East African Rift
103:East African Rift
93:From the town of
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338:Google Maps
213:Precambrian
610:Categories
315:References
222:sandstones
218:quartzites
99:escarpment
55:Lake Nyasa
247:geophytes
81:Geography
169:Nyakyusa
51:Tanzania
583:34°10′E
391:(ed.).
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241:Ecology
232:Climate
207:Geology
101:of the
580:9°30′S
387:". In
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193:Pangwa
185:Magoma
175:, and
163:People
149:Matema
147:, and
145:Ruhuhu
197:Ngoni
189:Kinga
181:Wanji
177:Manda
141:Manda
95:Mbeya
437:Oryx
424:Oryx
351:Oryx
253:and
201:Nena
199:and
173:Kisi
167:The
132:The
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