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and ammunition belonging to the local rifle club. The insurgents quietly broke into the
Livingstone's house and injured him during hand-to-hand fighting, prompting him to take refuge in the bedroom, where his wife attempted to treat his wounds. The rebels forced their way into the bedroom, and after capturing his wife, decapitated Livingstone. MacCormick, who had been alerted, was killed by a rebel spear. The attackers took the women and children of the village prisoner but shortly released them unhurt, having reportedly treated them well. It has been suggested that Chilembwe may have hoped to use the women and children as hostages, but this remains unclear. Mwanje had little military value but it has been proposed that the rebels may have hoped to find weapons and ammunition there. Led by Jonathan Chigwinya, the insurgents stormed one of the houses and killed the plantation's stock manager, Robert Ferguson, with a spear as he lay in bed reading a newspaper. Two of the colonists, John Robertson and his wife Charlotte, escaped into the cotton fields and walked 6 miles (9.7 km) to a neighbouring plantation to raise the alarm. One of the Robertsons' African servants, who remained loyal, was killed by the attackers.
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317:" was used to describe these labour obligations. The word originally meant help, as in the reciprocal help that neighbours might give each other, but came to mean the amount of labour that a tenant on a European-owned estate has to give in return for their tenancy. Additional labour services were also required in lieu of
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The rebels moved into
Magomero in the early evening, while Livingstone and his wife were entertaining some dinner guests. The estate official, Duncan MacCormick, was in another house nearby. A third building, occupied by Emily Stanton, Alyce Roach and five children, contained a small cache of weapons
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and had control of the estate operations. On the Bruce estates, the total obligations could amount to four or five months a year, much of this in the growing season, leaving tenants with little time to grow their own food. Single women tenants were now required to provide labour. Tenancies were based
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was the first estate crop grown in much of the Shire
Highlands, and was quite widely planted in the 1890s, until a world-wide collapse in coffee prices in 1903. About 200 to 300 acres of coffee bushes were planted at Magomero from 1895, but after poor crops in 1898 and 1899, the management looked for
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which the owned paid on behalf of tenants. Alexander
Livingstone Bruce was said to have pioneered the thangata system, and even if others had led the way, his manager, W. J. Livingstone, exploited it rigorously once the Magomero estate started to grow cotton . Although W. J. Livingstone was manager,
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At the time
Magomero was acquired, it was largely unoccupied and uncultivated, and it was necessary to find a suitable crop and workers. Between 1895 and 1925, the company had tried growing coffee, cotton and flue-cured tobacco: they all failed. Instead of local people, workers at Magomero were
284:. These Lomwe were welcomed at Magomero as tenants, and initially the men had no obligation to work in lieu of rent for their first two years, and after this for only one month a year: single women were exempt. By 1915, Lomwe migrants made up almost half the 4,926 hut owners at Magomero.
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Their burning of
Chilembwe's church in November 1913 created a personal animosity with the rebel leadership. The insurgents launched two roughly concurrent attacks—one group targeted Magomero, the plantation headquarters and home of the main manager
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In order to ensure that 3,000 to 5,000 workers were available throughout the five to six month long growing season of cotton, the obligations of labour tenants were exploited, wages were withheld or underpaid and violent coercion was used. The term
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called
Nyasaland Upland, and by 1908 had planted 1,000 acres at Magomero, increased to 5,000 acres by 1914. Cotton required intensive labour over a long growing period, and this resulted increasing labour demands on the tenants.
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obligations. The plantation had a reputation locally for the poor treatment of its workers and for the brutality of its managers, who closed local schools, beat their workers and paid them less than had been promised.
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The
Livingstone Bruce Plantation was situated at Magomero. The plantation spanned about 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) and grew both cotton and tobacco. Around 5,000 local Africans worked on it as part of their
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in the Shire
Highlands was at first unsuccessful: it was more suitable for the hotter Shire Valley. However, from 1906, W. J. Livingstone developed a hardier variety of
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Independent
African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915
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a more suitable crop. Following the collapse of coffee prices, the Shire Highlands estates next turned to
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on verbal contracts, and tenants had little or no chance to dispute the owners’ interpretations of them.
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rifles captured from the plantation formed the basis of the rebel armoury for the rest of the uprising.
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662:(1971). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered". In
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was an attack on the European owned and run cotton and tobacco plantation, which was situated at
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generally "Anguru", a term employed by Europeans to describe as a number of different
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and a few other white staff, while a second assaulted the plantation-owned village of
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L. White, (1984). 'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising, pp. 513-8.
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L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 88-90.
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L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 100-1.
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L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 82-4.
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L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, p. 133.
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J McCraken, (2012).A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 129-30.
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J McCraken, (2012).A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 130-2.
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360:Modern-day view of a tea plantation at
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16:Raid during the Chilembwe uprising
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672:Protest and Power in Black Africa
248:Livingstone Bruce Plantation Raid
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642:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
55:Livingstone Bruce Plantation,
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674:. New York. pp. 133–64.
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76:Belligerents
27:Part of The
723:Categories
388:References
278:Mozambique
258:Background
688:cite book
372:Aftermath
328:Nyasaland
326:lived in
104:Nyasaland
57:Nyasaland
670:(eds.).
378:Magomero
352:The Raid
315:thangata
308:Thangata
265:thangata
252:Magomero
225:Blantyre
165:4 killed
147:Strength
51:Location
319:Hut tax
230:Mbombwe
155:Unknown
152:Unknown
134:†
31:during
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680:139250
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382:Mauser
362:Mlanje
346:Mwanje
293:cotton
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110:Rebels
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64:Result
274:Lomwe
707:OCLC
694:link
676:OCLC
646:ISBN
246:The
168:None
43:Date
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
