1023:
158:
998:
22:
1010:
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at the national level. Voting takes place in small district, but localized list rules differ from single-member districts in that each district, some or all of the seats are reserved for underrepresented parties, i.e. those that are represented less-than-proportionally in the legislature. These seats
1380:
Four seats must be filled. The Red Party received 1650 votes, Blues 930, Yellows 890 and Greens 530. As before, the Red Party wins two seats while the Blue and Yellow
Parties win one seat each. Party candidates John, James, Hughes and Mary are elected. In this case, the front-runner, Anne, loses her
1130:
How this mechanism operates can best be understood with some numerical examples. The examples below are for a hypothetical four-member constituency containing four equal-sized districts. The constituency is represented by four elected members, although elected members are understood to represent the
1098:
This system affords voters a way of voting for individual candidates. However, the system is designed to ensure proportionality, so the candidate with the highest popular vote in a single local constituency may not be elected (because his or her party-mates in other constituencies may have a higher
1131:
whole constituency, not just the individual districts. The two examples are virtually identical, except that in the second example, the number of votes secured by the Blue Party is slightly higher in
District 4 relative to District 3. Seat allocation by party is determined using the
1099:
voter share) and candidates with fewer votes can be elected (because they are the best candidates in their party's list). It is possible for more than one candidate to be elected in a single district, or for no candidate to be elected.
1091:) or by multi-member constituencies. The results by party are then used to divide the number of seats proportionately among the different parties. The party list is composed of the candidates running in each district.
1094:
Once the number of seats won by a party is known, that party's candidates with the highest percentages of votes in their district are the ones elected, until all the seats corresponding to that party have been filled.
1381:
race in favour of the runner-up, but again this is in principle not a problem, because Mary represents the Blue Party for the constituency as a whole and was the strongest of the Blue Party candidates.
1087:
To ensure that each party receives a proportional share of seats relative to its share of the popular vote, the first step in ballot counting is to add up the votes going to each party either overall (
1051:
1410:
1390:
742:
1122:(the first-place candidate in each district is guaranteed a seat, and each constituency has more seats than it has districts to ensure proportionality)
1115:
774:
636:
631:
1044:
737:
1072:
419:
943:
194:
1037:
113:
938:
928:
678:
649:
589:
1119:
660:
185:
43:
723:
94:
47:
66:
365:
350:
335:
981:
601:
524:
445:
1080:
413:
395:
236:
73:
966:
32:
857:
840:
807:
787:
571:
559:
529:
330:
288:
221:
665:
51:
36:
713:
706:
190:
80:
1136:
767:
695:
684:
547:
534:
517:
494:
472:
435:
425:
893:
747:
430:
62:
922:
802:
732:
539:
830:
670:
554:
360:
339:
271:
249:
1022:
888:
961:
948:
916:
180:
867:
701:
354:
1107:
1076:
1027:
898:
509:
293:
976:
933:
903:
825:
762:
596:
323:
298:
281:
149:
1014:
971:
862:
850:
564:
440:
266:
260:
242:
231:
226:
214:
175:
137:
87:
1002:
835:
690:
655:
576:
487:
390:
313:
255:
133:
157:
1111:
1084:
are then assigned to parties in districts in which they have received the most votes.
872:
812:
797:
608:
452:
303:
997:
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881:
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345:
21:
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467:
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1009:
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718:
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1103:
15:
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elections from 1948 to 2001. They are also used in a
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1391:List of democracy and elections-related topics
1045:
8:
50:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1052:
1038:
128:
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
1116:Mixed-member proportional representation
144:
1411:Party-list proportional representation
1073:party-list proportional representation
7:
48:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
1075:hold elections in small (local)
1021:
1008:
996:
944:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
590:Semi-proportional representation
222:First preference plurality (FPP)
20:
982:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
939:Moulin's impossibility theorem
904:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
808:Frustrated majorities paradox
1120:Landtag of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1110:elections and were used for
1102:Localized lists are used in
977:Condorcet dominance theorems
917:Social and collective choice
126:Technique used for elections
1081:proportional representation
643:By mechanism of combination
414:Proportional representation
1427:
1079:, while still maintaining
841:Multiple districts paradox
572:Fractional approval voting
560:Interactive representation
788:Paradoxes and pathologies
637:Mixed-member proportional
632:Mixed-member majoritarian
627:By results of combination
518:Approval-based committees
1137:largest remainder method
967:Condorcet's jury theorem
768:Double simultaneous vote
743:Rural–urban proportional
738:Dual-member proportional
700:
689:
656:Parallel (superposition)
548:Fractional social choice
535:Expanding approvals rule
364:
349:
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265:
254:
230:
1352:Michael (Yellows), 160
894:Tyranny of the majority
671:Fusion (majority bonus)
488:Quota-remainder methods
1335:Duncan (Yellows), 180
1199:Michael (Yellow), 160
1028:Mathematics portal
934:Majority impossibility
923:Impossibility theorems
719:Negative vote transfer
540:Method of equal shares
161:
1338:Trevor (Greens), 170
1313:Carew (Yellows), 200
1196:Duncan (Yellow), 180
831:Best-is-worst paradox
820:Pathological response
555:Direct representation
208:Single-winner methods
160:
1346:Ronnie (Blues), 190
1343:Millie (Greens), 50
1332:Charles (Reds), 210
1329:Andrew (Blues), 150
1319:Joshua (Blues), 290
1299:James (Yellows), 350
1216:Trevor (Green), 170
1188:Carew (Yellow), 200
1015:Economics portal
962:Median voter theorem
181:Comparative politics
44:improve this article
1349:Patty (Greens), 60
1316:Paul (Greens), 250
1227:Ronnie (Blue), 190
1224:Andrew (Blue), 150
1207:Millie (Green), 50
1192:James (Yellow), 350
1172:Charles (Red), 210
1077:electoral districts
1003:Politics portal
714:Vote linkage system
685:Seat linkage system
272:Ranked-choice (RCV)
1304:Hughes (Reds), 470
1231:Joshua (Blue), 290
1213:Patty (Green), 60
1210:Paul (Green), 250
899:Discursive dilemma
858:Lesser evil voting
733:Supermixed systems
436:Largest remainders
294:Round-robin voting
162:
1378:
1377:
1323:Mary (Blues), 300
1308:Anne (Reds), 370
1269:
1268:
1235:Mary (Blue), 280
1176:Hughes (Red), 470
1062:
1061:
949:Gibbard's theorem
889:Dominance paradox
826:Perverse response
530:Phragmen's method
396:Majority judgment
324:Positional voting
282:Condorcet methods
150:electoral systems
124:
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1294:John (Reds), 600
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1180:Anne (Red), 390
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956:Positive results
851:Strategic voting
748:Majority jackpot
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565:Liquid democracy
441:National remnant
431:Highest averages
368:
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261:Alternative vote
259:
243:Partisan primary
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176:Mechanism design
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63:"Localized list"
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1168:John (Red), 600
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1118:variant in the
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1007:
995:
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953:
929:Arrow's theorem
919:
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877:
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836:No-show paradox
817:
803:Cloning paradox
793:Spoiler effects
790:
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641:
624:
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577:Maximal lottery
544:
525:Thiele's method
514:
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391:Approval voting
379:Cardinal voting
375:
320:
314:Maximal lottery
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210:
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100:
57:
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41:
25:
12:
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1049:
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985:
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920:
915:
914:
911:
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906:
901:
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891:
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873:Turkey-raising
870:
865:
860:
846:
845:
844:
843:
833:
828:
816:
815:
813:Center squeeze
810:
805:
800:
798:Spoiler effect
791:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
772:
771:
770:
757:By ballot type
753:
752:
751:
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745:
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726:
721:
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710:
709:
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675:
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673:
668:
663:
658:
640:
639:
634:
625:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
609:Limited voting
606:
605:
604:
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584:
579:
574:
569:
568:
567:
562:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
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507:
502:
497:
483:
482:
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478:Localized list
475:
470:
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446:Biproportional
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398:
393:
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374:
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343:
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306:
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291:
277:
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250:Instant-runoff
247:
246:
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237:Jungle primary
224:
213:Single vote -
211:
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28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1396:
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1389:
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1384:
1382:
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1190:
1187:
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1011:
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983:
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972:May's theorem
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905:
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890:
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882:majority rule
880:Paradoxes of
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871:
869:
866:
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861:
859:
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853:
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842:
839:
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749:
746:
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735:
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653:
652:
651:
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645:
644:
638:
635:
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630:
629:
628:
623:
622:Mixed systems
618:
617:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:
583:
582:Random ballot
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
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521:
520:
519:
511:
508:
506:
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501:
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479:
476:
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471:
469:
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456:
455:
454:
451:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Apportionment
424:
423:
422:
421:
415:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
371:
367:
362:
361:Antiplurality
359:
356:
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344:
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337:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
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297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
289:Condorcet-IRV
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264:
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216:
209:
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196:
192:
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187:
184:
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179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Social choice
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159:
155:
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147:
146:Social choice
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118:
115:
107:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65: –
64:
60:
59:Find sources:
53:
49:
45:
39:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
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955:
954:
921:
879:
878:
863:Exaggeration
849:
848:
819:
818:
792:
756:
755:
724:Mixed ballot
679:Compensatory
677:
650:compensatory
647:
642:
626:
588:
587:
546:
545:
516:
515:
486:
485:
477:
473:List-free PR
418:
386:Score voting
377:
376:
322:
321:
309:Ranked pairs
280:
279:
212:
110:
101:
91:
84:
77:
70:
58:
42:Please help
30:
1373:1000 voters
1368:1000 voters
1363:1000 voters
1358:1000 voters
1288:District 4
1285:District 3
1282:District 2
1279:District 1
1264:4000 voters
1259:1000 voters
1254:1000 voters
1249:1000 voters
1244:1000 voters
1159:District 4
1156:District 3
1153:District 2
1150:District 1
1071:systems of
763:Single vote
666:Conditional
661:Coexistence
510:Quota Borda
500:Schulze STV
458:Closed list
401:STAR voting
346:Borda count
104:August 2024
1397:References
1133:Hare quota
1112:Senatorial
1108:provincial
1069:local list
868:Truncation
597:Cumulative
420:Party-list
195:By country
186:Comparison
74:newspapers
1272:Example 2
1143:Example 1
1065:Localized
775:Dual-vote
468:Panachage
463:Open list
453:List type
331:Plurality
227:Two-round
215:plurality
138:Economics
31:does not
1405:Category
1385:See also
1126:Examples
1089:at-large
495:Hare STV
134:Politics
132:A joint
505:CPO-STV
355:Baldwin
304:Schulze
299:Minimax
217:methods
88:scholar
52:removed
37:sources
1162:Party
370:Coombs
140:series
90:
83:
76:
69:
61:
1183:1670
1104:Italy
707:'MMP'
696:'AMS'
95:JSTOR
81:books
1238:910
1219:530
1202:890
1106:for
648:Non-
602:SNTV
191:List
148:and
136:and
67:news
35:any
33:cite
1067:or
366:el.
351:el.
340:IRV
336:el.
46:by
1407::
1139:.
1135:,
702:NZ
691:UK
267:US
256:UK
239:)
232:US
1053:e
1046:t
1039:v
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92:·
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54:.
40:.
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