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As with the main pressure tunnel downstream of Loch Treig, the tunnel between Laggan
Reservoir was driven through rock and lined with concrete. Again, it was constructed from multiple faces with three intermediate adits, which were then used to collect water from streams. The tunnel is approximately
424:
was used instead. The final stage of construction, was to connect the tunnel to Loch Treig, having dug to a point about 20 feet (6 m) from the bottom of the loch and 100 feet (30 m) below the surface. On 3 January 1930, a charge of 1.5 tons of specially prepared gelignite was detonated to
575:
Water impounded by the dam flows westwards through a cut into Loch
Crunachdan, against the natural flow of water. It then passes through a tunnel approximately 2 miles (3 km) long which discharges into the eastern end of Loch Laggan. The maximum abstraction from the Spey is 776 cubic feet per
567:
The Spey Dam was constructed in 1942–1943, just downstream of the confluence of the River Markie. The main structure is a concrete gravity dam, 943 feet (287 m) long and 57 feet (17 m) high. It has a spillway 93 metres (305 ft) long at a crest level of 268.2 metres (880 ft) OD,
529:
Laggan
Reservoir has a usable storage of 1,480 million cubic feet (42 million m), between a top water level of 820 feet (250 m) OD and maximum drawdown level of 804 feet (245 m). The level of Loch Laggan was not raised by the dam, as this would have required significant diversion of the
428:
To facilitate construction, work progressed in both directions from 11 intermediate points: four vertical shafts and seven horizontal adits, giving a total of 23 working faces including the western portal above Fort
William. These intermediate points were located close to watercourses, which were
448:
Three years later, following a period of slack demand for aluminium, the power station was upgraded. Three additional pipes were installed on the hillside above the power station. These were 69 inches (1.8 m) in diameter, delivered in 30 feet (9.1 m) long sections, and welded together
502:
Laggan Dam was constructed at a constriction in the valley approximately 4.5 miles (7 km) downstream of Loch Laggan creating Laggan
Reservoir. This is linked to Loch Laggan by a short section of the River Spean, which was dredged to make use of the storage capacity in the loch. While the
472:
The dam is rock-filled with a central concrete core-wall keyed into the bedrock. The exposed part of the dam is 40 feet (12 m) high and 380 feet (120 m) wide, while the core wall has a crest length of 675 feet (206 m) and maximum depth of 122 feet (37 m). Both upstream and
315:(which was extended as Laggan Reservoir), both with a top water level of about 820 feet (250 m) above sea level. These reservoirs are linked by a 2¾ mile (4.4 km) long, 15 feet (4.6 m) diameter low pressure tunnel, which collects water from three intermediate streams.
356:. Floodwaters of the Spey are captured by Spey Dam and diverted via an open cut to Loch Crunachdan then through a tunnel to Loch Laggan. In addition, the River Mashie (a tributary of the Spey) is diverted via an aqueduct and tunnel into the River Pattack, which flows into Loch Laggan.
579:
A smaller dam was constructed across the River Mashie, a tributary of the Spey, just upstream of the A86 road. Water is transferred via an aqueduct and two smaller tunnels to the River
Pattack, the main inflow to Loch Laggan. The maximum abstraction is 11.3 m/s (400 cu ft/s).
665:
deal for the
Lochaber aluminium plant, because the furnace requires so much power that the smelter is located near a hydroelectric plant, which drains the basin of the 114,000 acre Estate. Alcan designed all their smelters that way. The Estate includes the north face of
444:
A Supplementary Act of
Parliament was obtained in July 1930 extending the time to complete the second stage of the scheme. Work started early the following year and the civil engineering works on the Treig and Laggan dams plus connecting tunnel were completed by 1934.
649:, as the successful bidder, bought the Lochaber Smelter for £330 million. It announced plans to expand the factory and produce car parts such as alloy wheels. This was later dropped, replaced by plans for an aluminium recycling facility announced in November 2020.
432:
The power station and smelter were completed by the end of 1929, initially equipped with five 6,800 kW generators, connected to Pelton turbines. The turbines sat in a deep rock excavation, as close to sea level as possible to maximise the head of the scheme.
415:
The main challenge was the pressure tunnel from Loch Treig under the Ben Nevis massif, which commenced in summer 1926. The tunnel was dug by hand through the solid rock, with compressed air drills used to bore holes for the explosive charges. Initially
469:. This significantly increased the storage available, with 7,838 million cubic feet (221.9 million m) available above the lowest draw-down level of 695 feet (212 m) OD. The dam also increased the head of the hydro scheme, providing more power.
551:
The third and final phase of the scheme was undertaken between 1941 and 1943, and further enlarged the catchment of Loch Laggan by harnessing the headwaters of the River Spey. The work was supervised by Syril
Minchin Roberts, a partner in
517:
The dam is a massive concrete gravity structure, 700 feet (210 m) long and 130 feet (40 m) high. In plan, the dam has a slight curve with a radius of 2,000 feet (610 m), although it does not function as an
322:
massif. This has a horseshoe shaped cross-section, with an equivalent diameter of 15 feet 2 inches (4.6 m), and lined with concrete to reduce friction. This tunnel also collects water from a further eleven
2216:
674:
mandated that the Estate never be split from the hydro plant and aluminium smelter, but Gupta ignored them and placed ownership of the Estate in a company that is domiciled on the
379:
The project was finally sanctioned by
Parliament in 1921, but construction did not start until 1924. Given the scale of construction, it was undertaken in three main phases:
686:
was critical about the alleged breach of the Scottish Government agreement and urged the Scottish Government to "take whatever steps are necessary to protect public funds".
1987:
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A dam was built approximately 1/4 mile (400 m) downstream of Loch Treig, raising the top water level by 35 feet (11 m) to 819 feet (250 m)
1433:
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57:
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second (22.0 m/s), although the average for 2020–2022 was just 14 m/s. The tunnel was constructed in 1941, completed at the end of December.
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14 feet (4.3 m) in diameter with a flattened invert, and has a fall of 15 feet (4.6 m) over the 2.75 miles (4.4 km) length.
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Increased storage capacity in Laggan Reservoir, including dead storage below the tunnel invert level for the accumulation of sediment, and
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211:
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River Spey Hydraulic/Hydrological assessment and modelling, and identification of restoration options for the upper Spey floodplain
1349:
The Hydro: A study of the development of the major hydro-electric schemes undertaken by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board
1116:
The Hydro: A study of the development of the major hydro-electric schemes undertaken by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board
1722:
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1992:
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560:, with assistance from the 1st Tunnelling Company of the Canadian Army. Many of these Canadian soldiers were ex-miners from
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driving AC generators were installed by 2012, each rated at 17.3 MW giving a 20% increase in power output.
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and a mass fill section to the north, approximately 2 metres (6.6 ft) higher. The dam incorporates a
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downstream dam site required a larger dam than an alterative location upstream it had several advantages:
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1936:
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The hydro scheme has a catchment area of 303 square miles (780 km), including the headwaters of the
1977:
1956:
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In 2008, Rio Tinto Alcan awarded a contract worth €30m for the upgrade of the hydroelectric turbines to
488:
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downstream faces have a slope of 3:1, with the spillway protected by reinforced concrete, cast in-situ.
105:
1002:"The Second-Stage Development of the Lochaber Water-Power Scheme (includes photographs and appendices)"
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1951:
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in-situ. Five additional Pelton turbines and generators were installed, each rated at 7,000 kW.
436:
On 30 December 1929, the first aluminium was cast, powered only by the waters from the side streams.
397:
641:. Under threat of closure the smelter was put up for sale in 2016. GFG Alliance, which incorporates
383:
The works to the west of Loch Treig, including the pressure tunnel, intake, powerhouse, and smelter.
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later captured by a series of dams and contributed around 16% of the total water for the scheme.
389:
The Spey dam, Crunachdan cut and tunnel, plus the River Mashie diversion and Strathmashie tunnel.
296:
283:
Penstocks carrying water to the aluminium smelter at Fort William; Ben Nevis is in the background
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Construction of the reservoir also necessitated diverting 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the
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The first stage of construction took five years, from 1924 to 1930, and cost around £3m.
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along the way. It was, until 1970, the longest water-carrying tunnel in the world. Steel
318:
From Loch Treig, a main pressure tunnel 15 miles (24 km) long was driven around the
1084:
592:. This was to replace the original twelve turbines, which were horizontal-axis twin-jet
1926:
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1391:
1304:"Lochaber alloy wheels plant dropped in favour of new £94m recycled aluminium facility"
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466:
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then convey the water down the western flank of Ben Nevis to the power house below.
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A shorter tunnel to Loch Treig, with a smaller diameter for an equivalent capacity,
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265:
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On 3 April 2021, it came to light that the Jahama Highland Estates (formerly the "
420:
based explosives were used, but despite being safer their use was complicated, so
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was used in construction and subsequent maintenance of phases 1 and 2, see
352:
The scheme was expanded to increase output to meet demand for aluminium in
2097:
2050:
1453:
1331:"Gupta acquired Scottish hunting estate in taxpayer-backed deal with SNP"
941:"Aluminium for Lochaber. Casting of first moulds. Future of the District"
531:
338:
328:
199:
337:
in the power house generate electricity to power the adjacent aluminium
180:
1621:
1565:
810:"The Lochaber Warter-Power Scheme. (Includes plates at back of volume)"
334:
271:
The hydroelectric scheme and aluminium smelter are still in operation.
245:, and 18 miles (29 km) of tunnels excavated through the hillside.
1772:
1449:
523:
678:. The 2016 deal was worth £330 million and was guaranteed by the UK
522:. The dam has a plain spillway along its length, together with six
341:
plant. The power house and smelter are located to the northeast of
658:
487:
456:
368:
but after his death in 1923, the scheme’s realisation was left to
278:
253:
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for the construction and maintenance of the water-carrying tunnel
814:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
617:
Following the closure of Rio Tinto/Alcan's other UK smelters at
1415:
237:
and some smaller watercourses. It contains two main reservoirs
600:
with a total capacity of 72 MW. Five new horizontal-axis
393:
Over 3,000 men were employed during the peak of construction.
386:
The Treig and Laggan dams, plus connecting tunnel and intakes.
248:
The scheme was originally built between 1924 and 1943 by the
853:"MHG55076 - Spey Dam - Highland Historic Environment Record"
1069:"Hydropower and panel engineers – a lasting legacy. Part 2"
492:
Laggan Dam with 2 of 6 siphons discharging water downstream
1044:
Civil Engineering Heritage Scotland: Highlands and Islands
513:
Removing the need for an aqueduct to divert the Roughburn.
372:, by then a partner in the firm founded by Meik’s father
1278:"Vehicle parts plant and new jobs planned for smelter"
1144:
Perez-Livermore, Glen; Ruddick, Lee (6 October 2023).
2217:
Buildings and structures in Highland (council area)
2146:
2119:
2084:
2019:
2010:
1970:
1869:
1853:
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661:Estate") had been purchased in 2016 as part of the
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1988:Lerwick District Heating and Energy Recovery Plant
1390:
1226:"Aluminium smelter in on-site hydro refurbishment"
778:"Rio Tinto smelter to be sold in deal worth £330m"
534:and would have also inundated valuable property.
633:(2012) the hydro-electric scheme and smelter at
1351:. Aberdeen: Aberdeen Univ. Pr. pp. 8–15.
1329:Gill, Oliver; Millard, Rachel (3 April 2021).
364:The scheme was initially designed by engineer
1427:
1006:Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers
218:, it was designed to provide electricity for
8:
252:. This company was bought by Canadian-based
198:power generation project constructed in the
1253:ANDRITZ HYDRO Company presentation May 2017
1118:. Aberdeen: Aberdeen Univ. Pr. p. 14.
2016:
1642:
1505:
1434:
1420:
1412:
17:
1174:"Andritz upgrades Scottish power station"
425:blast out the remaining section of rock.
256:in 1982 which was subsequently bought by
2212:Hydroelectric power stations in Scotland
1922:European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre
1551:Scottish Government (Energy Directorate)
769:
547:Stage 3 – Spey Dam and Mashie diversion
172:Related media on Commons
1597:North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board
1368:The Dam Builders: Power from the Glens
349:, into which the tailrace discharges.
307:. There are two principle reservoirs,
233:catchment, plus the headwaters of the
1168:
1166:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1042:Paxton, Roland; Shipway, Jim (2007).
1037:
1035:
995:
993:
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989:
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975:
973:
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526:to increase the flood flow capacity.
7:
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875:
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857:Highland Historic Environment Record
847:
845:
843:
803:
801:
799:
682:. Conservative finance spokesperson
2159:Sustainable development in Scotland
1617:South of Scotland Electricity Board
1200:"Major upgrade for aluminium plant"
408:Stage 1 – downstream of Loch Treig
14:
299:, and the northern flanks of the
2183:
2172:
2171:
1443:
1333:. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
740:
726:
712:
698:
554:Sir William Halcrow and Partners
480:along the shores of Loch Treig.
1230:Power Engineering International
440:Stage 2 – Treig and Laggan Dams
461:Loch Treig dam from downstream
1:
1541:Office for Nuclear Regulation
1526:European Marine Energy Centre
1000:Naylor, A H (February 1937).
808:Halcrow, W T (January 1931).
758:Lochaber Narrow Gauge Railway
402:Lochaber Narrow Gauge Railway
345:, on the eastern bank of the
192:Lochaber hydroelectric scheme
21:Lochaber hydroelectric scheme
1465:Energy in the United Kingdom
670:. According to reports, the
229:Water is collected from the
110:1929 (refurbished 2008-2012)
886:Scottish Military Disasters
680:Chancellor of the Exchequer
210:. Like its predecessors at
2238:
1397:. Edinburgh: Luath Press.
1067:Cowie, John (March 2011).
495:
47:Fort William, Scotland, UK
2167:
2154:Energy policy of Scotland
1516:Community Energy Scotland
1460:
1308:Scottish Construction Now
1093:10.1680/dare.2011.21.1.15
250:British Aluminium Company
222:production, this time at
177:
123:
119:
25:
1347:Payne, Peter L. (1988).
1266:– via andritz.com.
1114:Payne, Peter L. (1988).
1018:10.1680/ijoti.1937.14769
882:"Tunnelling for Victory"
826:10.1680/imotp.1931.15361
556:. It was constructed by
264:then sold the scheme to
136:Make and model
1607:Scottish Hydro Electric
748:Renewable energy portal
148:Nameplate capacity
97:Construction began
1366:Miller, James (2007).
1046:. Thomas Telford Ltd.
965:Payne 1988, pp. 13–14.
572:at the southern side.
493:
462:
284:
128:Units operational
1763:Moriston (Great Glen)
921:Payne 1988, pp. 11–13
720:United Kingdom portal
596:machines driving two
491:
460:
282:
115:Power generation
1728:Kinlochewe-Talladale
930:Payne 1988, pp. 9–11
613:Fort William Smelter
398:narrow-gauge railway
202:area of the western
106:Commission date
1389:Wood, Emma (2002).
1085:2011DamRe..21...15C
1073:Dams and Reservoirs
672:Scottish Government
647:Liberty House Group
163:External links
69: /
1978:Dundee Incinerator
1698:Garry (Great Glen)
1602:Pelamis Wave Power
1310:. 20 November 2020
947:. 31 December 1929
945:The Glasgow Herald
784:. 23 November 2016
590:Andritz Tech Hydro
494:
478:West Highland Line
463:
285:
268:in November 2016.
204:Scottish Highlands
73:56.8296°N 5.0702°W
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2006:
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1404:978-1-84282-047-6
1381:978-1-84158-225-2
1358:978-0-08-036584-8
1206:. 30 January 2008
1125:978-0-08-036584-8
1053:978-0-7277-3488-4
979:Payne 1988, p. 14
912:Payne 1988, p. 13
608:Present operation
538:Connecting tunnel
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243:Laggan Reservoir
181:edit on Wikidata
142:Francis turbines
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1592:British Energy
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1393:The Hydro Boys
1386:
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1321:
1295:
1284:. 3 March 2017
1269:
1243:
1232:. 7 April 2008
1217:
1191:
1180:. 4 April 2008
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558:Balfour Beatty
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36:United Kingdom
33:
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2018:
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1773:Nostie Bridge
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1653:Affric-Beauly
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1556:ScottishPower
1554:
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1536:National Grid
1534:
1532:
1529:
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1502:organisations
1500:Companies and
1498:
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1489:
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1481:Nuclear power
1479:
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1370:. Edinburgh:
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880:Cowan, Paul.
876:
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605:
603:
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598:DC generators
595:
591:
583:
581:
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573:
571:
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563:
562:Kirkland Lake
559:
555:
546:
544:
537:
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459:
452:
450:
446:
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430:
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423:
419:
418:liquid oxygen
413:
407:
405:
404:for details.
403:
399:
394:
388:
385:
382:
381:
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377:
375:
371:
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275:Scheme Layout
274:
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269:
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263:
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251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
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197:
196:hydroelectric
193:
182:
176:
173:
170:
166:
161:
154:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:Andritz Hydro
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
34:
32:
28:
24:
19:
16:
2189:
2177:
2110:Hunterston B
2092:Hunterston A
1932:Hadyard Hill
1861:Islay LIMPET
1747:
1636:Active power
1546:Scottish Gas
1392:
1367:
1348:
1341:Bibliography
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1252:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:The Engineer
1177:
1153:. Retrieved
1115:
1109:
1079:(1): 15–30.
1076:
1072:
1062:
1043:
1009:
1005:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
935:
926:
917:
889:. Retrieved
885:
860:. Retrieved
856:
817:
813:
786:. Retrieved
781:
772:
684:Murdo Fraser
656:
635:Fort William
623:Kinlochleven
616:
594:Pelton wheel
587:
578:
574:
566:
550:
541:
528:
516:
501:
475:
471:
464:
447:
443:
435:
431:
427:
414:
411:
395:
392:
378:
366:Charles Meik
363:
360:Construction
354:World War II
351:
343:Fort William
333:
317:
301:Grey Corries
286:
270:
266:GFG Alliance
247:
228:
224:Fort William
212:Kinlochleven
191:
189:
15:
2120:Oil and gas
2104:Chapelcross
2011:Deactivated
1947:Kilgallioch
1917:Crystal Rig
1912:Cruach Mhòr
1828:Oil and gas
1793:Storr Lochs
1718:Kerry Falls
1668:Breadalbane
1012:(4): 3–48.
676:Isle of Man
629:(2009) and
619:Invergordon
374:Thomas Meik
347:River Lochy
313:Loch Laggan
297:River Treig
293:River Spean
231:River Spean
131:5 × 17.3 MW
92:Operational
76: /
52:Coordinates
2206:Categories
2057:Kincardine
2039:Portobello
1983:Greengairs
1952:Pates Hill
1723:Kilmelfort
1673:Chliostair
1521:EDF Energy
1491:Wind power
765:References
520:arched dam
498:Laggan Dam
484:Laggan Dam
309:Loch Treig
289:River Spey
239:Loch Treig
235:River Spey
206:after the
155:88 MW
61:56°49′47″N
2075:Longannet
2069:Cockenzie
1998:Westfield
1937:Hare Hill
1897:Black Law
1882:Arecleoch
1877:Ardrossan
1845:Stornoway
1840:Peterhead
1743:Loch Gair
1738:Loch Dubh
1101:1368-1494
1026:0368-2455
834:1753-7843
668:Ben Nevis
631:Lynemouth
570:fish pass
530:adjacent
453:Treig Dam
422:gelignite
329:penstocks
320:Ben Nevis
305:Ben Nevis
260:in 2008.
258:Rio Tinto
220:aluminium
64:5°04′13″W
2222:Lochaber
2178:Category
2127:Inverkip
2098:Dounreay
2051:Braehead
2027:Pinkston
2013:stations
1962:Whitelee
1957:Seagreen
1887:Beatrice
1748:Lochaber
1693:Galloway
1683:Cruachan
1638:stations
1454:Scotland
1314:13 April
1288:13 April
1282:BBC News
1262:13 April
1236:13 April
1210:13 April
1204:BBC News
1184:13 April
1151:(Report)
891:13 April
862:12 April
788:12 April
782:BBC News
690:See also
645:and the
627:Anglesey
625:(2000),
621:(1981),
532:A86 road
339:smelting
335:Turbines
200:Lochaber
44:Location
2190:Commons
2085:Nuclear
2053:(1980s)
2047:(1980s)
2029:(1960s)
1835:Lerwick
1819:Torness
1812:Nuclear
1798:Striven
1768:Mucomir
1708:Glendoe
1622:Wavegen
1580:Defunct
1509:Current
1474:Sectors
1081:Bibcode
524:siphons
168:Commons
30:Country
2135:(2011)
2129:(1988)
2112:(2022)
2106:(2004)
2100:(1994)
2094:(1990)
2077:(2016)
2071:(2013)
2065:(2000)
2063:Methil
2059:(1997)
2045:Barony
2041:(1977)
2035:(1976)
1942:Hywind
1803:Tummel
1733:Lanark
1688:Foyers
1450:Energy
1401:
1378:
1355:
1155:2 June
1122:
1099:
1050:
1024:
951:28 May
832:
291:, the
216:Foyers
89:Status
2147:Other
2033:Yoker
1971:Other
1907:Clyde
1783:Shira
1758:Morar
1753:Lussa
1713:Inver
1703:Gisla
1678:Conon
1658:Arran
1646:Hydro
1531:FREDS
1257:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
659:Alcan
643:SIMEC
325:burns
254:Alcan
194:is a
179:[
2133:Fife
2020:Coal
1927:Farr
1870:Wind
1854:Wave
1788:Sloy
1778:Shin
1399:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1316:2024
1290:2024
1264:2024
1238:2024
1212:2024
1186:2024
1157:2024
1120:ISBN
1097:ISSN
1048:ISBN
1022:ISSN
953:2017
893:2024
864:2024
830:ISSN
790:2024
311:and
303:and
295:and
241:and
214:and
190:The
100:1924
1663:Awe
1566:SSE
1561:SGN
1452:in
1089:doi
1014:doi
822:doi
818:231
2208::
1374:.
1306:.
1280:.
1228:.
1202:.
1176:.
1165:^
1134:^
1095:.
1087:.
1077:21
1075:.
1071:.
1034:^
1020:.
1008:.
1004:.
984:^
970:^
943:.
901:^
884:.
872:^
855:.
842:^
828:.
816:.
812:.
798:^
780:.
564:.
467:OD
396:A
376:.
226:.
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1407:.
1384:.
1361:.
1318:.
1292:.
1240:.
1214:.
1188:.
1159:.
1128:.
1103:.
1091::
1083::
1056:.
1028:.
1016::
1010:5
955:.
895:.
866:.
836:.
824::
792:.
183:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
