834:
1168:), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries, in an effort to modernize the language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages.
666:, which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such a separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time.
33:
268:
218:
278:
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borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular
English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as a method of enriching a language.
659:(1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence. The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications is given below.
701:"from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology.
2274:
Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): "Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an overview". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002): Lexikologie: ein internationales
Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen/Lexicology: an international handbook on the nature and structure of words
1171:
In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of
Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to a lesser extent, Romance languages
1159:
For most
Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in Medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era- in Italian, the 14th century had the highest number of loans. In the case of Romanian, the language underwent
669:
According to the linguist
Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "hen most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English
520:
are often used when two languages interact. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target
1151:
Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in
Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc., and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms (although the learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common
2133:
Duckworth, David (1977): "Zur terminologischen und systematischen
Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische Übersicht und neuer Vorschlag". In: Kolb, Herbert / Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.) (1977): Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift für Werner Betz zum 65.
675:
1129:
that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to the
Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as
344:. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).
1184:
and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups. The contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain words are chosen over others.
488:
692:
show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in a review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old
English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again.
351:, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from
2245:
Kontaktlinguistik/contact linguistics/linguistique de contact: ein internationales
Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/an international handbook of contemporary research/manuel international des recherches
696:
Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines
991:
have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch, the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g.,
1995:
536:
but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated.
710:
509:
loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.
2238:
Lexicology: An International on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies/Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen
816:. This often leads to divergence when many speakers anglicize pronunciations as other speakers try to maintain the way the name would sound in the original language, as in the
587:
also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from
1121:) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from
979:
publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words.
1959:
307:
1999:
865:, considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of the empire, such as
2296:
2265:
2227:
2206:
1775:
1750:
1633:
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such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)." This is not how the term is used in this illustration:
1571:
1020:
1581:
1907:
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833:
680:
On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1)
2113:
Betz, Werner (1959): "Lehnwörter und Lehnprägungen im Vor- und Frühdeutschen". In: Maurer, Friedrich / Stroh, Friedrich (eds.):
2334:
2344:
1477:
300:
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is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example is the word
2236:
Koch, Peter (2002): "Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.):
1152:
vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological
918:
2060:
Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics
1597:
Fiedler, Sabine (May 2017). "Phraseological borrowing from English into German: Cultural and pragmatic implications".
817:
167:
111:
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1897:
596:
2354:
1520:
Chesley, Paula; Baayen, R. Harald (2010). "Predicting New Words from Newer Words: Lexical Borrowings in French".
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271:
250:
132:
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Pronunciation often differs from the original language, occasionally dramatically, especially when dealing with
734:
is used by geologists to specify lava that is thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the two
513:
481:
1202:
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roots. That was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of
341:
245:
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162:
116:
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240:
182:
152:
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Oksaar, Els (1996): "The history of contact linguistics as a discipline". In: Goebl, Hans et al. (eds.):
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790:, were used in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the verbal suffix
540:
380:
255:
177:
2278:
600:
340:(the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of
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Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the original phonology even though a particular
32:
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In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating
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580:
235:
2121:
1879:
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1537:
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for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g.,
910:
886:
874:
854:
772:
709:
The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see
391:
into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. Loanwords, in contrast, are
281:
172:
157:
1696:
Compare the two survey articles by Oksaar (1992: 4f.), Stanforth (2021) and Grzega (2003, 2018).
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1903:
1771:
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primarily means "base layer", "inner bolero", or "detachable sleeve", while its French etymon
1216:
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101:
96:
46:
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origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
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Bloom, Dan (2010): "What's That Pho?". French Loan Words in Vietnam Today; Taipei Times,
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Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways. The studies by
2144:
1728:
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86:
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1745:(Revised and enlarged ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 389.
1303:
1268:
1255:
1084:
714:
137:
1827:
1541:
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1219:, was opened in 1958 by the Imperial Hotel under the name "Viking". The German word
662:
The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German
498:
1941:
1924:
1278:
1249:
1194:
1114:
1051:. Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as
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652:
425:
360:
1079:
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Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel
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27:
Word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language
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and vocabularies. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 805–813.
1853:
1482:. Society for Pure English Tract No. 42. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75
1288:
1048:
999:
988:
976:
632:
147:
1705:
The following comments and examples are taken from Grzega, Joachim (2004),
768:
2149:"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"
1960:"Chjapitre 10: Histoire du français - Les emprunts et la langue française"
1711:"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"
1533:
1011:
620:
612:
592:
544:
337:
202:
17:
1227:
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might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the
496:
Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term
2168:
1996:"Diccionario Critico Etimologico castellano A-CA - Corominas, Joan.PDF"
1044:
721:
628:
584:
564:
533:
404:
352:
142:
2128:
Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
1212:
858:
636:
572:
415:
372:
348:
197:
1409:"Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity"
1211:), meaning "buffet", because the first restaurant in Japan to offer
2058:
Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph., Brian D. (2009). "Lexical Borrowing".
1977:
832:
616:
608:
560:
552:
384:
31:
1502:
767:, contains at most one. The English spelling usually removes the
791:
730:
556:
333:
37:
1166:
Romanian language § French, Italian, and English loanwords
1880:"Definiciones de Cultismo, Semicultismo y Palabra Patrimonial"
502:, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.
2153:
1715:
849:, the literary and administrative language of the empire was
837:
Backgammon and Dominos numbers in Ottoman Turkish, 1907 (see
759:
747:
971:
Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired a political tinge:
2062:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 241–78.
688:
show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3)
2314:
1709:, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 139, and Grzega, Joachim (2003),
2284:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1925:"On the Genealogical Structure of the Spanish Vocabulary"
1826:
UCR; Department of Comparative Literature and Languages.
913:
was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive
753:
2309:
1386:(Online ed.). Google Books: OUP Oxford. p. 1.
684:
show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2)
1978:"Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales"
1668:"Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai"
1368:
Linguistic 'borrowing' is really nothing but imitation.
1160:
a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see
1015:
for office). The Professor of Indonesian Literature at
975:
publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words,
711:
Lists of English words by country or language of origin
434:, which literally means "children's garden"). The word
2240:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1142–1178.
2126:
Cannon, Garland (1999): "Problems in studying loans",
1206:
50:
2122:[ SOCIETY ] What's that 'pho'? - Taipei Times
2021:
1043:, eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in
419:
2199:
The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English
2134:
Geburtstag. Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 36–56.
2101:
Entlehnungen und Fremdwörter: Quantitative Aspekte.
1768:
The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success
1573:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
1503:"Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com"
744:
452:("tracing; imitation; close copy"); while the word
2253:
2139:Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen
2022:"dex.ro - Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române"
987:Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now
933:, which also included the introduction of the new
387:is adopted from another language by word-for-word
2248:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1–12.
2117:. 2nd ed. Berlin: Schmidt, vol. 1, 127–147.
2099:Best, Karl-Heinz, Kelih, Emmerich (eds.) (2014):
1383:Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English
1439:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Calque"
1437:Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.
925:were replaced with new formations derived from
1741:Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986).
2041:"Loan-words and lexical borrowing in Romance"
1143:
1137:
1039:had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar
301:
8:
2315:AfBo: A world-wide survey of affix borrowing
1954:
1952:
1479:The German Influence on the English Language
1131:
738:in the word, but the English pronunciation,
471:
465:
447:
429:
409:
1626:Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems
1060:
968:), most of them pronounced very similarly.
1858:UC Berkeley: Institute of European Studies
1559:. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
308:
294:
68:
58:in which it is itself a loanword from the
1940:
1356:. New York: Norton Library. p. 208.
1027:words can be traced back to Dutch words.
1923:Patterson, William T. (1 January 1968).
1854:"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia"
1225:, meaning "tile", became the Dutch word
1315:
940:Turkish also has taken many words from
541:technical vocabulary of classical music
359:that are similar because they share an
227:
210:
124:
78:
71:
2216:Kersley, Leo; Sinclair, Janet (1979),
2169:"The analysis of linguistic borrowing"
1458:
1448:
2162:Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?
1852:Maier, Hendrik M. (8 February 2005).
1707:Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?
1215:-style meals, inspired by the Nordic
1109:A large percentage of the lexicon of
480:
336:at least partly assimilated from one
7:
1896:Posner, Rebecca (5 September 1996).
1231:meaning "stove", as a shortening of
1770:. London: Oxford University Press.
1416:Intercultural Communication Studies
1019:, and of Comparative Literature at
379:), which is a word or phrase whose
371:A loanword is distinguished from a
2260:, New York: Simon & Schuster,
845:During more than 600 years of the
829:Transmission in the Ottoman Empire
25:
1666:Kenstowicz, Michael (June 2006).
1557:Language Contact: An Introduction
355:, which are words in two or more
347:Loanwords may be contrasted with
740:
673:
276:
267:
266:
217:
216:
1656:Kersley & Sinclair 1979: 3.
1628:, New York: Mouton Publishers,
1570:Algeo, John (2 February 2009).
1119:learned or scholarly borrowings
1117:, consists of loanwords (later
2310:World Loanword Database (WOLD)
1942:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435535
1902:. Cambridge University Press.
1035:In the late 17th century, the
905:. After the empire fell after
778:Most English affixes, such as
438:is a loanword, while the word
1:
1731:by S. Kemmer, Rice University
1023:, argues that roughly 20% of
424:, which means "market"), and
398:Examples of loanwords in the
2219:A Dictionary of Ballet Terms
2045:Revue de linguistique romane
1684:10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006
1611:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.002
1380:Dunkin, Philip (2014). "1".
1113:, themselves descended from
919:Turkish Language Association
824:Languages other than English
521:language (the superstrate).
2320:Daghestanian loans database
1555:Thomason, Sarah G. (2001).
1207:
818:pronunciation of Louisville
482:[ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ]
446:comes from the French noun
420:
51:
2371:
1624:Weinreich, Uriel (1979) ,
367:Examples and related terms
2182:Haugen, Einar. (1956): .
2075:"The Imperial Viking Sal"
1912:– via Google Books.
1878:Ángel Luis Gallego Real.
1867:– via eScholarship.
1476:Carr, Charles T. (1934).
1407:Hoffer, Bates L. (2005).
983:Dutch words in Indonesian
917:led by the newly founded
801:comes from Greek -ιζειν (
643:Linguistic classification
414:, which means "coffee"),
251:Sociocultural linguistics
2160:Grzega, Joachim (2004):
2103:Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.
1828:"Faculty: Hendrik Maier"
1766:Lewis, Geoffrey (2002).
505:Although colloquial and
2252:Shanet, Howard (1956),
2201:, London: John Murray,
2137:Gneuss, Helmut (1955):
2115:Deutsche Wortgeschichte
1294:Phono-semantic matching
655:(1958, also 1956), and
246:Linguistic anthropology
163:Phono-semantic matching
2335:Historical linguistics
2167:Haugen, Einar (1950):
2077:. Imperial Hotel Tokyo
1790:Sneddon (2003), p.162.
1507:germanenglishwords.com
1254:
1248:
1247:. The Indonesian word
1144:
1138:
1132:
1061:
1031:Dutch words in Russian
842:
795:(American English) or
532:, which originated in
472:
466:
448:
430:
410:
241:Historical linguistics
183:Linguistic description
153:Homophonic translation
66:
2345:Cultural assimilation
2106:Betz, Werner (1949):
2039:K.A. Goddard (1969).
1899:The Romance Languages
1599:Journal of Pragmatics
1534:10.1515/ling.2010.043
839:Tables game#Languages
836:
256:Sociology of language
35:
1576:. Cengage Learning.
1418:. Trinity University
1197:. The English word
1156:in these languages.
1142:, and in Italian as
1127:Ecclesiastical Latin
460:are translated from
2279:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2256:Learn to Read Music
2179:(2), 210–231.
2164:Heidelberg: Winter.
2154:Onomasiology Online
1964:axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1743:Hawaiian Dictionary
1716:Onomasiology Online
567:) is borrowed from
236:Applied linguistics
2289:Palgrave Macmillan
2141:. Berlin: Schmidt.
2130:25, 326–336.
1461:has generic name (
923:many adopted words
911:Republic of Turkey
861:loanwords, called
843:
282:Linguistics portal
178:Language varieties
173:Discourse analysis
158:Macaronic language
67:
2297:978-1-4039-3869-5
2267:978-0-671-21027-4
2229:978-0-306-80094-8
2222:, Da Capo Press,
2208:978-0-7195-6454-3
1777:978-0-19-925669-3
1752:978-0-8248-0703-0
1647:Shanet 1956: 155.
1635:978-90-279-2689-0
1501:Knapp, Robbin D.
1363:978-0-393-00229-4
1330:. Merriam-Webster
1182:Hans Henrich Hock
1111:Romance languages
1105:Romance languages
1017:Leiden University
931:Atatürk's Reforms
799:(British English)
507:informal register
357:related languages
318:
317:
102:Language planning
97:Language ideology
16:(Redirected from
2362:
2355:Sociolinguistics
2270:
2259:
2232:
2211:
2195:Hitchings, Henry
2110:. Bonn: Bouvier.
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1998:. Archived from
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1935:(1–3): 309–339.
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1335:
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1284:Language contact
1210:
1201:became Japanese
1189:Leaps in meaning
1176:Cultural aspects
1147:
1141:
1136:, in Spanish as
1135:
1064:
935:Turkish alphabet
805:) through Latin
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749:
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583:of the sport of
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458:loan translation
451:
433:
423:
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400:English language
377:loan translation
310:
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220:
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73:Sociolinguistics
69:
54:
21:
2370:
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2360:
2359:
2325:
2324:
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2193:
2157:4, 22–42.
2145:Grzega, Joachim
2096:
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2073:
2072:
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2057:
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2038:
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2015:
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2003:
2002:on 29 July 2018
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
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1971:
1958:
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1882:
1877:
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1824:
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1810:
1808:
1807:. 26 April 2017
1801:"Hendrik Maier"
1799:
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1778:
1765:
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1719:4: 22–42.
1704:
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1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1350:Jespersen, Otto
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1265:
1191:
1178:
1107:
1067:topgallant sail
1041:Peter the Great
1033:
985:
921:, during which
915:language reform
863:Ottoman Turkish
831:
826:
758:
752:
743:
739:
707:
657:Uriel Weinreich
645:
487:
486:
485:
477:
473:Lehnübersetzung
456:and the phrase
369:
314:
107:Multilingualism
92:Language change
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2366:
2358:
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2305:
2304:External links
2302:
2301:
2300:
2287:, Houndmills:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2249:
2246:contemporaines
2241:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2191:
2180:
2165:
2158:
2142:
2135:
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2013:
1987:
1969:
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1818:
1792:
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1721:
1698:
1689:
1678:(7): 921–949.
1658:
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1640:
1634:
1616:
1589:
1583:978-1428231450
1582:
1562:
1547:
1528:(4): 1343–74.
1512:
1493:
1468:
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1341:
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1308:
1307:
1306:
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1296:
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1276:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1259:means "cuff".
1237:, from German
1190:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1162:Romanian lexis
1106:
1103:
1037:Dutch Republic
1032:
1029:
984:
981:
847:Ottoman Empire
830:
827:
825:
822:
706:
703:
651:(1971, 1901),
644:
641:
589:French cuisine
579:. Much of the
571:, and that of
418:(from Persian
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228:Related fields
225:
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127:
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125:Areas of study
122:
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109:
104:
99:
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89:
87:Code-switching
81:
80:
76:
75:
45:loanword from
26:
24:
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2190:(4), 761–766.
2189:
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2156:
2155:
2150:
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2014:
2001:
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1991:
1988:
1983:
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1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
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1949:
1943:
1938:
1934:
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1304:Semantic loan
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1269:Bilingual pun
1267:
1266:
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715:Anglicisation
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441:
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1478:
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1415:
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1327:
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1279:Inkhorn term
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1170:
1158:
1150:
1133:mots savants
1115:Vulgar Latin
1108:
1101:for sailor.
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1056:
1034:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
970:
965:
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957:
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939:
853:, with many
844:
811:
806:
802:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
777:
775:diacritics.
729:
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708:
699:simple words
698:
695:
689:
685:
681:
679:
672:
668:
663:
661:
653:Einar Haugen
646:
601:crème brûlée
539:Most of the
538:
529:
523:
511:
504:
497:
495:
457:
453:
443:
439:
435:
431:Kindergarten
426:kindergarten
403:
397:
395:translated.
370:
361:etymological
346:
329:
325:
321:
319:
187:
79:Key concepts
63:
55:
36:
29:
2350:Translation
1832:UCR Faculty
1522:Linguistics
1486:25 February
1459:|last=
1299:Reborrowing
1274:Hybrid word
1245:cocklestove
1217:smörgåsbord
1080:dommekracht
1009:from Dutch
997:from Dutch
907:World War I
899:Montenegrin
814:place names
649:Werner Betz
581:terminology
518:superstrate
389:translation
2329:Categories
1837:10 October
1811:10 October
1605:: 89–102.
1328:Dictionary
1324:"loanword"
1310:References
1240:Kachelofen
1234:kacheloven
1025:Indonesian
973:right-wing
944:, such as
895:Macedonian
705:In English
690:Loanshifts
686:Loanblends
526:Wanderwort
512:The terms
193:Pragmatics
2340:Etymology
2006:2 October
1805:IDWRITERS
1729:Loanwords
1334:2 October
1289:Neologism
1256:manchette
1145:latinismi
1139:cultismos
1123:Classical
1053:бра́мсель
1049:Amsterdam
989:Indonesia
977:left-wing
887:Hungarian
875:Bulgarian
682:Loanwords
664:Fremdwort
633:chow mein
597:Chantilly
543:(such as
514:substrate
342:borrowing
330:loan-word
326:loan word
148:Diglossia
117:Variation
18:Loan-word
2281:(2003),
2197:(2008),
2184:Language
2173:Language
2147:(2003):
2081:30 March
1982:cnrtl.fr
1863:29 March
1542:51733037
1451:cite web
1354:Language
1352:(1964).
1263:See also
1208:baikingu
1154:doublets
1071:домкра́т
1065:for the
1062:bramzeil
1057:brámselʹ
1000:boontjes
954:pantalon
950:trousers
946:pantolon
909:and the
879:Croatian
867:Albanian
726:Hawaiian
621:espresso
613:linguine
545:concerto
467:Lehnwort
454:loanword
440:loanword
402:include
353:cognates
338:language
324:(also a
322:loanword
272:Category
203:Soramimi
188:Loanword
168:Register
112:Prestige
47:Japanese
2094:Sources
1422:10 June
1098:matroos
1089:матро́с
1075:domkrát
1045:Zaandam
1012:kantoor
966:comique
903:Serbian
871:Bosnian
855:Persian
851:Turkish
722:phoneme
629:dim sum
625:Chinese
623:), and
605:Italian
585:fencing
569:Italian
565:soprano
549:allegro
534:Hokkien
499:déjà vu
478:German:
381:meaning
349:calques
332:) is a
143:Dialect
60:Chinese
43:English
2295:
2264:
2226:
2205:
2026:dex.ro
1906:
1774:
1749:
1672:Lingua
1632:
1580:
1540:
1390:
1360:
1250:manset
1228:kachel
1222:Kachel
1213:buffet
1199:Viking
1093:matrós
1087:, and
1006:kantor
994:buncis
956:) and
942:French
927:Turkic
891:Ladino
859:Arabic
807:-izare
803:-izein
786:, and
773:macron
769:ʻokina
637:wonton
577:French
573:ballet
563:, and
464:nouns
462:German
449:calque
444:calque
436:calque
416:bazaar
373:calque
211:People
198:Pidgin
133:Accent
64:dòufu.
41:is an
1883:(PDF)
1538:S2CID
1412:(PDF)
1203:バイキング
962:funny
958:komik
883:Greek
728:word
617:pizza
609:pasta
593:crêpe
575:from
561:opera
553:tempo
421:bāzār
385:idiom
62:word
49:word
2293:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2083:2019
2008:2018
1929:Word
1904:ISBN
1865:2015
1839:2021
1813:2021
1772:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1488:2016
1463:help
1424:2022
1388:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1336:2022
1243:, a
1085:jack
1083:for
1047:and
960:for
948:for
901:and
857:and
793:-ize
784:-ing
771:and
731:ʻaʻā
713:and
557:aria
516:and
470:and
411:café
405:café
375:(or
334:word
52:tōfu
38:Tofu
2291:, (
1937:doi
1680:doi
1676:116
1607:doi
1603:113
1530:doi
1125:or
1021:UCR
797:ise
788:-ly
780:un-
639:).
603:),
530:tea
493:).
393:not
383:or
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2177:26
2175:,
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2043:.
2024:.
1980:.
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1951:^
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1856:.
1830:.
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1674:.
1670:.
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