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pawn shops to online operations via illegal applications. These operations are not usually controlled by
Vietnamese, but rather Vietnamese people living in Cambodia or Chinese operators. Many of these sharks offer very high loan rates at 20% to 1000% per month. When the borrower is unable to pay their debt, the sharks will force the borrower to take out further loans. If the borrower is unable to pay those on time, the sharks will use intimidation tactics such as sending threatening messages to the borrower and their family and friends. Additionally, some resort to vandalism and kidnapping. Most borrowers only loan relatively small amounts of money, below 10 million VNĐ, but due to compound rates, the borrower will ultimately have to pay much more than they would have with official credit service suppliers. There are a lot of cases reported and most are solved by the police, but many remain unsolved.
590:
deadbeat and you'll be fired"). Charities provided legal support to troubled borrowers. This fight culminated in the drafting of the
Uniform Small Loan Law, which brought into existence a new class of licensed lender. The law was enacted, first in several states in 1917, and was adopted by all but a handful of states by the middle of the 20th century. The model statute mandated consumer protections and capped the interest rate on loans of $ 300 or less at 3.5% a month (51% a year), a profitable level for small loans. Lenders had to give the customer copies of all signed documents. Additional charges such as late fees were banned. The lender could no longer receive
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profitable but illegally high interest rates. They presented themselves as legitimate and operated openly out of offices. They only sought customers who had a steady and respectable job, a regular income and a reputation to protect. This made them less likely to leave the area before they paid their debt and more likely to have a legitimate reason for borrowing money. Gamblers, criminals, and others who were disreputable or likely to be unreliable were avoided. They made the borrower fill out and sign seemingly legitimate contracts. Though these contracts were not legally enforceable, they at least were proof of the loan, which the lender could use to blackmail a
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780:. The availability of these services has made illegal, exploitative loan sharks rarer, but these legal lenders have also been accused of behaving in an exploitative manner. For example, payday loan operations have come under fire for charging inflated "service charges" for their services of cashing a "payday advance", effectively a short-term (no more than one or two weeks) loan for which charges may run 3–5% of the principal amount. By claiming to be charging for the "service" of cashing a paycheck, instead of merely charging interest for a short-term loan, laws that strictly regulate moneylending costs can be effectively bypassed.
436:. They lend money to people who are unable to obtain loans from banks or other legal sources, mostly targeting habitual gamblers. Often, they discreetly advertise by sticking notices, mostly on lamp posts and utility boxes around a neighbourhood, thus vandalising public property, as authorities must remove such advertisements. They charge high interest rates (generally about 40% per month/fortnight) according to Anti-Crime, Drug and Social Development Voluntary Organisation and frequently threaten violence (and administer it) towards those who fail to pay on time.
564:, exploiting the social stigma of being in debt to a loan shark. They were able to complain to the defaulter's employer, because many employers would fire employees who were mired in debt, because of the risk of them stealing from the employer to repay debts. They were able to send agents to stand outside the defaulter's home, loudly denouncing him, perhaps vandalizing his home with graffiti or notices. Whether out of gullibility or embarrassment, the borrower usually succumbed and paid.
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businesses that fill this niche in the credit market prefer the name 'payday lenders' rather than loan sharks, but most large cities are still a hotbed of usurious lending, and the landscapes are dotted with their inviting and brightly colored storefronts. Despite their more respectable name, these predatory lenders have endured through regulation, prohibition, and the rise and fall of the mob since the late 1800s
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84:
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shaming because they were either self-employed or already disreputable. Thus, violence was an important tool, though not their only one. These loan sharks operated more informally than salary lenders, which meant more discretion for the lender and less paperwork and bureaucracy for the customer. They were also willing to serve high-risk borrowers that legal lenders would not touch.
43:
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to collecting information on the multitude of smaller firms. Larger firms had more job security and the greater possibility of promotion, so employees sacrificed more to ensure they were not fired. The loan shark could also bribe a large firm's paymaster to provide information on its many employees. Regular salaries and paydays made negotiating repayment plans simpler.
315:, which is sometimes considered to be "loan sharking" (or, at least, unfavorably compared to loan sharking by critics) regardless of whether it is legal. A key difference between "traditional" loan sharking and predatory lending is that lenders alleged to be engaged in the latter practice are expected to stay within the law when making and collecting
729:. Newspapers in the 1960s were filled with sensational stories of debtors beaten, harassed, and sometimes murdered by mob loan sharks. Yet careful studies of the business have raised doubts about the frequency with which violence was employed in practice. Relations between creditor and debtor could be amicable, even when the "
635:. Towards the 1960s, loan sharks grew ever more coordinated, and could pool information on borrowers to better size up risks and ensure a borrower did not try to pay off one loan by borrowing from another loan shark. The fearsome reputation of a criminal organization made the loan shark's threat of violence more credible.
575:) of tracking and pursuing a defaulter did not depend on the size of the loan. The attitudes of lenders to defaulters also varied: some were lenient and reasonable, readily granting extensions and slow to harass, while others unscrupulously tried to milk all they could from the borrower (e.g. imposing late fees).
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Many customers were employees of large firms, such as railways or public works. Larger organizations were more likely to fire employees for being in debt, as their rules were more impersonal, which made blackmail easier. It was easier for lenders to learn which large organizations did this as opposed
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In the late 19th-century US, the low legal interest rates made small loans unprofitable, and small-time lending was viewed as irresponsible by society. Banks and other major financial institutions thus stayed away from small-time lending. There were, however, plenty of small lenders offering loans at
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would come into force on 1 May 2020 rather than 1 June 2020. Under the new law, high-interest lenders charging interest at 50% or more would not be allowed to charge interest as well as fees over 100% of the amount loaned to borrowers. In addition, compound interest on high interest loans were banned
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Threats of violence were rarely followed through, however. One possible reason is that injuring a borrower could have meant he could not work and thus could never pay off his debt. Many regular borrowers realized the threats were mostly bluffs and that they could get away with delinquent payments. A
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The research by the government and other agencies estimates that 165,000 to 200,000 people are indebted to loan sharks in the United
Kingdom. Illicit loan sharking is treated as a high-level crime by law enforcement, due to its links to organized crime and the serious violence involved. Payday loans
394:
In 2020, a financial market regulation agency was separated from the
National Bank of Kazakhstan to monitor the rights and legitimate interests of borrowers, to identify and eliminate systemic problems of the financial sector of the economy. A unified state register of microfinance organizations was
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was small and medium-sized businesses. Business customers had the advantage of possessing assets that could be seized in case of default, or used to engage in fraud or to launder money. Gamblers were another lucrative market, as were other criminals who needed financing for their operations. By the
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One important market for violent loan sharks was illegal gambling operators, who could not expose themselves to the law to collect debts legally. They cooperated with loan sharks to supply credit and collect payments from their punters. Thieves and other criminals, whose fortunes were frequently in
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organized crime syndicate and payday lenders in
California revealed that, depending on when a payday loan was paid back by a borrower (generally 1–14 days), the interest rate charged for a payday loan could be considerably higher than the interest rate of a similar loan made by the organized crime
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Although the reform law was intended to starve the loan sharks into extinction, this species of predatory lender thrived and evolved. After high-rate salary lending was outlawed, some bootleg vendors recast the product as "salary buying". They claimed they were not making loans but were purchasing
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Licensed payday advance businesses, which lend money at high rates of interest on the security of a postdated check, are often described as loan sharks by their critics due to high interest rates that trap debtors, stopping short of illegal lending and violent collection practices. Today's payday
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In the United States, there are lenders licensed to serve borrowers who cannot qualify for standard loans from mainstream sources. These smaller, non-standard lenders often operate in cash, whereas mainstream lenders increasingly operate only electronically and will not serve borrowers who do not
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Opposition to salary lenders was spearheaded by social elites, such as businessmen and charity organizations. Businessmen were encouraged not to fire employees who were indebted to loan sharks so that the loan sharks could not blackmail their debtors ("pay up or we'll tell your boss that you're a
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Because salary lending was a disreputable trade, the owners of these firms often hid from public view, hiring managers to run their offices indirectly. To further avoid attracting attention, when expanding his trade to other cities, an owner would often found new firms with different names rather
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Loan sharks in
Vietnam are very common, especially in high population density areas and industrial park surroundings. They focus on poor workers and gamblers, advertising their services on walls and electric poles as well as online platforms such as Google and Facebook. Their operations vary from
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in paint or markers on the walls of the property of that person as a threat of violence and to scare, and perhaps shame, the borrower into repaying the loan. A common use of painting includes the characters "O$ P$ " meaning "owe money, pay money", as well as the debtors' unit number. According to
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lending. Plenty of vest-pocket lenders operated outside the jurisdiction of organized crime, charging usurious rates of interest for cash advances. These informal networks of credit rarely came to the attention of the authorities but flourished in populations not served by licensed lenders. Even
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Organized crime began to enter the cash advance business in the 1930s, after high-rate lending was criminalized by the
Uniform Small Loan Law. The first reports of mob loansharking surfaced in New York City in 1935, and for 15 years, underworld money lending apparently did not expand beyond that
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In the 1920s and 1930s, American prosecutors began to notice the emergence of a new breed of illegal lender that used violence to enforce debts. The new small lender laws had made it almost impossible to intimidate customers with a veneer of legality, and many customers were less vulnerable to
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Loan sharks may conjure up an image of tough guys in fedoras looking to make a profit off of desperate people in dire financial straits, but in reality, lenders who advance small sums of cash at high interest rates until payday existed long before organized crime entered the trade. Today the
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with high interest rates are legal in many cases, and have been described as "legal loan sharking" (in that the creditor is legally registered, pays taxes and contributions, and can reclaim remittance if taking the case to adjudication; likewise there is no threat of harm to the debtor).
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of about 1.442 million % and 267.5 million % per annum respectively. This is against the law that sets the maximum interest rate at 20%. These lenders usually do business with those who cannot get more money from banks, legitimate consumer loans, or credit cards.
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Those who could not get a legal loan at 36% or 42% a year could secure a cash advance from a mobster at the going rate of 10% or 20% a week for small loans. Since the mob loans were not usually secured with legal instruments, debtors pledged their bodies as collateral.
319:, and thus the debate into such practices often focuses on whether they are ethical as opposed to whether they are legal. However, laws regulating lending practices vary so widely between jurisdictions (even in the same country, particularly between states in the
366:
were criticized for doing nothing to protect those with low incomes, the vulnerable or those who have low levels of financial literacy, from loan sharks, when it emerged in 2015 that up to 100,000 of the 360,000 loans given by the moneylenders violated the law.
692:. Many of the customers were office clerks and factory hands. The loan fund for these operations came from the proceeds of the numbers racket and was distributed by the top bosses to the lower echelon loan sharks at the rate of 1% or 2% a week. The 1952
349:. Illegal moneylenders typically charge interest of 30 or 50% in 10 days (in Japanese, these are called "to-san" ('to' meaning ten and 'san' meaning three, or 10-3) or "to-go" ('to' meaning ten and 'go' meaning five, or 10-5), which correspond to
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over a customer. These licensing laws made it impossible for usurious lenders to pass themselves off as legal. Small loans also started becoming more socially acceptable, and banks and other larger institutions started offering them as well.
323:) that particular practices that might be technically legal (if arguably unethical) "predatory lending" in one jurisdiction might be considered illegal "loan sharking" if attempted in an identical manner in a different locale.
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flux, were also served, and these connections also allowed the loan sharks to operate as fences. Another type of high-risk customer was the small businessman in dire financial straits who could not qualify for a legal loan.
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To force a defaulter into paying, the lender might threaten legal action. This was a bluff, since the loan was illegal. The lender preyed on the borrower's ignorance of the law. Alternatively, the lender resorted to
978:
522:
In recent years, the government has tried to stop these loaners from operating and encouraged people not to borrow money from them. The victims are largely under-educated people with limited financial knowledge.
733:" or "juice" was exorbitant, because each needed the other. FBI agents in one city interviewed 115 customers of a mob loan business but turned up only one debtor who had been threatened. None had been beaten.
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or who are deemed to be too risky even by the check-cashing creditors. Some beat delinquents while others seize assets instead. Their rates run from 10% to 20% a week, as was common with the mob in the past.
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In the beginning, underworld loansharking was a small loan business, catering to the same populations served by the salary lenders and buyers. Those who turned to the bootleg lenders could not get
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syndicate. However the violent collection practices of the organized crime can ensure a lower rate of unpaid loans. The absence of taxes further reduces the cost of lending in this case.
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local police authorities, there have been cases where borrowers and their family members were beaten or had their property damaged or destroyed, and some victims have committed suicide.
586:, and the penalty was forfeiture of the interest and perhaps the principal as well. But these were only ever imposed if the borrower sued, which he typically could not afford to do.
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loan is a close cousin of the early 20th century salary loan, the product to which the "shark" epithet was originally applied, but they are now legalised in some states.
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closed the loophole through which the salary buyers had slipped. Salary-buying loan sharks continued to operate in some southern states after World War II because the
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The size of the loan and the repayment plan were often tailored to suit the borrower's means. The smaller the loan, the higher the interest rate was, as the costs (
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Because loan sharks operate mostly illegally, they cannot use the legal system to collect such debts, thus they often resort to enforcing repayment by terms of
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more certain consequence was that the delinquent borrower would be cut off from future loans, which was serious for those who regularly relied on loan sharks.
705:, offers a glimpse of mob payday lending. The waterfront in Brooklyn was another site of extensive underworld payday advance operations around mid-century.
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At its height in the 1960s, underworld loansharking was estimated to be the second most lucrative franchise of organized crime in the United States after
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has been consistently fighting loan sharks since 2018. Thus, the maximum interest rate on a loan was limited to no more than 100% of the loan amount.
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Regulation of moneylenders is typically much looser than that of banks. In Japan, the
Moneylending Control Law requires only registration in each
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cap turned away roughly half of all applicants and tended to make larger loans to married men with steady jobs and decent incomes.
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In 2024, the
Central Bank plans to impose higher requirements on loan loss provisions for loans with a full value of 250% or more.
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future wages at a discount. This form of loansharking proliferated through the 1920s and into the 1930s until a new draft of the
632:
1442:
1227:
882:
Mark H. Haller; John V. Alviti (April 1977). "Loansharking in
American Cities: Historical Analysis of a Marginal Enterprise".
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at the licensed companies because their incomes were too low or they were deemed poor risks. The firms operating within the
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actions when seeking to enforce the satisfaction of the debt. As a consistent or repeated illegal business operation or "
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lingers, banks are reluctant to loan money and regulation has become tighter, illegal moneylending has become a
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1548:"How Payday Loan Companies Charge Extortionate Interest Rates to Cash in on Present-buying"
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while fees for defaulting on payments were capped. By June 2024, figures released by the
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1970s, mob salary lending operations seemed to have withered away in the United States.
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2019:
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launched a crackdown against loan sharks to ease economic hardship. Commerce Minister
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was set so low that licensed personal finance companies could not do business there.
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and threats of violence. Historically, many moneylenders skirted between legal and
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2006:
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296:. In the recent western world, loan sharks have been a prominent feature of the
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phrase '大耳窿' ('big ear hole')) is a colloquial term for illegal loan sharks in
2121:
1951:
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864:
1976:
1803:
1202:"Overview of the market of microfinance organizations in Kazakhstan in 2020"
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619:
Violent loansharking was typically run by criminal syndicates, such as the
582:
The penalties for being an illegal lender were mild. Illegal lending was a
1652:"27 Arrested as Usurers in Sudden Move by Dewey to Break Up Vast Racket",
1058:, Stuart I. Greenbaum and Anjan V. Thakor, Academic Press, 2007, page 75,
2126:
1946:
1669:, unpublished PhD dissertation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1968).
1590:
Small Loan Legislation: A History of the Regulation of Lending Small Sums
730:
667:
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than increasing the visibility and recognizability of his existing firm.
429:
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17:
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and low-income neighborhoods. They lend money to people who work in the
1139:"100,000 borrowers in line for loan write-offs after illegal loan case"
693:
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will set on fire, spray paint, lock up gates, splash, or write threats
332:
268:, often using the threat of violence or other illegal, aggressive, and
1708:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 140–141, 399–400.
903:
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In its early phase, a large fraction of mob loansharking consisted of
1836:
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in the United States, unlicensed loan sharks continue to operate in
1300:"Five years' corrective training, caning for loan-shark harassment"
974:"Payday loans: legal loan-sharking or a better bet than the banks?"
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showed that no customers had been granted high-cost loans in 2023.
1856:
1033:"Walthamstow: MP shocked by 'legal loan shark' school involvement"
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678:
654:
410:
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1522:"Loan sharks threats of violence forced family into prostitution"
1359:"Loan sharks extinct? The impacts of Labour's crackdown revealed"
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250:
1748:
1495:"Nhóm tạt sơn, mắm tôm vào quán phở Hòa đường Pasteur lãnh án"
179:
77:
36:
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A 2001 comparison of short-term lending rates charged by the
1667:"Upon the Hip"—A Study of the Criminal Loan-Shark Industry
1469:"Người Trung Quốc điều hành app cho vay lãi 90% mỗi tháng"
492:
Several organizations regulate the loan market in Russia:
1680:
The Organization of Illegal Markets: An Economic Analysis
1706:
Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor
1630:(Kansas City: Conference on Personal Finance Law, 1938).
1417:"Банк России ужесточает регулирование рынка микрозаймов"
670:" operations in Chicago, for instance, until the 1950s.
27:
Person who offers loans at extremely high interest rates
1744:
1157:"Central Bank must better protect vulnerable borrowers"
415:
Ah Long pamphlet found in a car door handle in Malaysia
203:
1682:(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1985).
1520:
Bahra, Parminder; Bennett, Rosemary (7 August 2009).
2078:
2005:
1930:
1874:
1822:
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1782:
1643:(Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association, 1949).
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1695:(Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1979), p. 66.
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1035:. Newsquest. East London & West Essex Guardian
972:
375:Loansharking is one of the main activities of the
1391:"Современные «кредитные акулы» как их распознать"
407:Lift door sticker awareness campaign in Singapore
1588:David Gallert, Walter Hilborn and Geoffrey May,
1099:Loan Sharks: The Rise and Rise of Payday Lending
1080:, Steve Perry, Pneuma Springs Publishing, 2011,
713:Over time, mob loan sharks moved away from such
644:Origins in "salary buying", 1920-criminalization
776:are often used in connection with this type of
631:who needed a new line of work after the end of
482:Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
477:Credit Contracts Legislation Amendment Act 2020
1760:
276:", loansharking is generally associated with
8:
741:Organized crime has never had a monopoly on
1228:"Ah Long promoting big loans for World Cup"
307:with extremely high interest rates such as
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1786:
1767:
1753:
1745:
1592:(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1932).
1128:, 22 May 2008. Accessed 23 September 2014.
1102:, Carl Packman, Searching Finance, 2012,
763:Non-standard lenders in the United States
303:Loan sharking is not to be confused with
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
506:Self-regulated industry organization MIR
447:When a person fails to pay on time, the
1245:
1243:
1003:Quick Cash: The Story of the Loan Shark
915:
890:(2). Oxford University Press: 125–156.
666:city. There is no record of syndicate "
1628:Salary Buying in Kansas City, Missouri
1006:. Northern Illinois University Press.
971:Murray-West, Rosie (7 December 2011).
772:, "non-standard consumer credit", and
1055:Contemporary Financial Intermediation
884:The American Journal of Legal History
717:rackets. By the 1960s, the preferred
7:
1917:Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing
1565:
1338:from the original on 4 February 2023
981:from the original on 12 January 2022
280:and certain criminal organizations.
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1326:"Loan shark clampdown fast-tracked"
746:today, after the rise of corporate
1031:Binns, Daniel (14 February 2012).
768:have bank accounts. Terms such as
533:Payday loans in the United Kingdom
25:
1443:"Khiếp đảm khi vay tiền giang hồ"
790:Payday loans in the United States
197:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
52:This article has multiple issues.
1626:George Gisler and Joe Birkhead,
1371:from the original on 9 June 2024
1200:Zanimaem.kz (20 February 2021).
395:introduced to legalize lenders.
184:
82:
41:
1731:James, Stephen (19 July 2001).
1693:The Business of Organized Crime
1615:Loansharking in American Cities
1577:Loansharking in American Cities
948:Friesen, Bria (28 April 2017).
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1357:Wells, Imogen (10 June 2024).
1:
1546:Simon Edge, 15 November 2012
1737:Sacramento News & Review
1423:(in Russian). 15 August 2023
1324:Stock, Rob (30 April 2020).
819:Debt of developing countries
627:. Many of these were former
1733:"The ancient evil of usury"
1603:Handbook of Organized Crime
1601:Kelly, Ko-lin, Schatzberg.
547:19th-century salary lenders
389:National Bank of Kazakhstan
32:Loan shark (disambiguation)
2204:
1721:. BBC News. 14 March 2007.
1566:Haller & Alviti (1977)
1283:. Malaysia. Archived from
1259:. Malaysia. Archived from
1077:When Payday Loans Go Wrong
787:
530:
330:
29:
2112:
1739:. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
1120:"Lenders of first resort"
264:, and generally operates
255:extremely high or illegal
2168:Organized crime activity
1656:(29 October 1935), p. 1.
850:Refund anticipation loan
351:effective interest rates
210:may contain suggestions.
195:may need to be rewritten
2086:Consumer leverage ratio
1997:Tax refund interception
1719:"Q+A-Sub-prime Lending"
950:"What is a Title Loan?"
824:Mortgage discrimination
399:Malaysia and Singapore
364:Central Bank of Ireland
343:decades-long depression
249:is a person who offers
1641:Loan Sharks in Georgia
1000:Mayer, Robert (2010).
651:Uniform Small Loan Law
603:20th-century gangsters
596:confession of judgment
469:New Zealand Government
416:
408:
260:, has strict terms of
2091:Debt levels and flows
1161:The Irish Independent
1143:The Irish Independent
414:
406:
1912:Debt snowball method
1175:"Holy Land Gangland"
860:Settlement (finance)
834:Overdraft protection
709:1960s heyday–present
661:Post-criminalization
102:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2188:Illegal occupations
1691:Annelise Anderson,
1287:on 8 December 2008.
1263:on 8 December 2008.
633:alcohol prohibition
475:announced that the
424:(derived from the
341:. In Japan, as the
298:criminal underworld
1704:Sudhir Venkatesh,
1654:The New York Times
752:immigrant enclaves
417:
409:
2145:
2144:
1992:Strategic default
1957:Collection agency
1870:
1869:
1852:Predatory lending
1304:The Straits Times
977:. The Telegraph.
952:. payday Champion
770:sub-prime lending
592:power of attorney
465:COVID-19 pandemic
463:During the early
305:predatory lending
294:criminal activity
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
199:quality standards
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16:(Redirected from
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2178:Informal finance
1837:Consumer lending
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845:Poverty industry
778:consumer finance
737:Non-mafia sharks
727:illegal gambling
238:
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166:
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110:
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2148:
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2141:
2137:Promissory note
2108:
2074:
2055:Deposit account
2001:
1972:Debtors' prison
1926:
1892:Management plan
1866:
1818:
1778:
1773:
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1712:
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1651:
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1639:Victor Meador,
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1621:
1613:
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1596:
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1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
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1501:(in Vietnamese)
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1475:(in Vietnamese)
1467:
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1462:
1452:
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1449:(in Vietnamese)
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1199:
1198:
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1184:
1182:
1181:. 3 August 2009
1179:Tablet Magazine
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:. 16 June 2015.
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:. 16 June 2015.
1137:
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829:Organized crime
809:
792:
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756:informal sector
739:
715:labor intensive
711:
663:
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605:
549:
544:
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529:
516:
490:
461:
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401:
385:
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360:
335:
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286:
278:organized crime
266:outside the law
239:
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111:
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15:
12:
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5:
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2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2088:
2082:
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2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2070:Securitization
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
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1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
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1943:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:Loan guarantee
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1862:Vendor finance
1859:
1854:
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1697:
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1678:Peter Reuter,
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1569:
1551:
1539:
1512:
1486:
1460:
1447:Người Lao Động
1434:
1408:
1382:
1349:
1316:
1298:Chong, Elena.
1290:
1266:
1239:
1219:
1192:
1166:
1148:
1130:
1112:
1108:978-1907720543
1090:
1068:
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896:10.2307/845211
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855:Securitization
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
805:
800:Chicago Outfit
788:Main article:
785:
784:Payday lending
782:
764:
761:
748:payday lending
738:
735:
710:
707:
690:payday lending
662:
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645:
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562:public shaming
548:
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531:Main article:
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331:Main article:
328:
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258:interest rates
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2132:Interest rate
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2018:
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1923:
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1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Restructuring
1905:
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1887:Consolidation
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1835:
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1832:Business loan
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1125:The Economist
1121:
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1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:9781782281702
1083:
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1064:9780080476810
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542:United States
541:
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467:in 2020, the
466:
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431:
427:
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413:
405:
398:
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382:
380:
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377:Israeli mafia
370:
368:
365:
357:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
334:
326:
324:
322:
321:United States
318:
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275:
271:
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263:
259:
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196:
193:This article
191:
187:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2183:Debt bondage
2102: /
2098: /
2065:Money market
2060:Fixed income
1987:Phantom debt
1967:Debt bondage
1935:
1841:
1736:
1727:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:John Seidl,
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1397:(in Russian)
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1285:the original
1278:
1269:
1261:the original
1254:
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1208:(in Russian)
1205:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1123:
1115:
1098:
1093:
1076:
1071:
1054:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1002:
995:
983:. Retrieved
966:
954:. Retrieved
943:
931:. Retrieved
928:Investopedia
927:
924:"Loan Shark"
918:
887:
883:
880:
877:Bibliography
814:Debt bondage
797:
793:
774:payday loans
766:
743:black market
740:
724:
712:
696:
687:
683:
672:
664:
647:
618:
614:
610:
606:
588:
581:
577:
570:
566:
558:
550:
536:
521:
517:
509:
502:RosComNadzor
497:Central Bank
491:
462:
448:
446:
440:
420:
419:
418:
393:
386:
374:
361:
347:social issue
336:
302:
287:
270:extortionate
246:
244:
229:
213:
204:You can help
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
117:"Loan shark"
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2104:Odious debt
1982:Garnishment
1847:Payday loan
1783:Instruments
1453:15 December
1427:5 September
1401:5 September
1236:. Malaysia.
1206:Zanimaem.kz
1185:2 September
840:Payday loan
703:George Raft
701:, starring
639:Mafia links
629:bootleggers
584:misdemeanor
473:Kris Faafoi
459:New Zealand
313:title loans
284:Description
2152:Categories
2122:Insolvency
2030:Government
1962:Compliance
1952:Charge-off
1932:Collection
1882:Bankruptcy
1875:Management
1842:Loan shark
1809:Government
1505:8 December
1479:8 December
1309:1 December
1275:"Archives"
1251:"Archives"
956:11 October
911:References
865:Title loan
698:Loan Shark
655:usury rate
383:Kazakhstan
339:prefecture
262:collection
247:loan shark
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2163:Extortion
2079:Economics
2040:Municipal
2025:Diplomacy
2020:Corporate
1977:Distraint
1814:Municipal
1804:Debenture
1799:Corporate
1617:. p. 149.
1605:. p. 156.
1579:. p. 154.
1526:The Times
1473:VNExpress
1421:Ведомости
1395:4slovo.ru
719:clientele
625:Irish Mob
554:defaulter
434:Singapore
426:Cantonese
290:blackmail
216:June 2018
208:talk page
158:June 2012
63:talk page
18:Loanshark
2127:Interest
2100:Internal
2096:External
2015:Consumer
1947:Bad debt
1528:. London
1499:Tuổi Trẻ
1369:Archived
1336:Archived
1280:The Star
1256:The Star
1233:The Star
1212:15 March
979:Archived
807:See also
573:overhead
430:Malaysia
2158:Banking
2117:Default
2045:Venture
2035:Medical
2007:Markets
1939:Evasion
1901:history
1375:10 June
1342:10 June
1039:6 April
985:6 April
933:6 April
694:B movie
514:Vietnam
449:Ah Long
443:tactics
441:Long Ah
421:Ah Long
358:Ireland
333:Sarakin
142:scholar
1934:
1897:Relief
1532:11 May
1106:
1084:
1062:
1010:
904:845211
902:
675:credit
488:Russia
371:Israel
309:payday
274:racket
206:. The
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2173:Loans
2050:Buyer
1857:Usury
1824:Loans
1791:Bonds
1364:Stuff
1331:Stuff
900:JSTOR
870:Usury
836:loans
679:usury
668:juice
621:Mafia
327:Japan
317:loans
251:loans
149:JSTOR
135:books
1776:Debt
1534:2010
1507:2022
1481:2022
1455:2022
1429:2023
1403:2023
1377:2024
1344:2024
1311:2015
1214:2021
1187:2019
1104:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1041:2018
1008:ISBN
987:2018
958:2019
935:2018
623:and
432:and
387:The
362:The
121:news
892:doi
731:vig
594:or
311:or
253:at
104:by
2154::
1735:.
1554:^
1524:.
1497:.
1471:.
1445:.
1419:.
1393:.
1367:.
1361:.
1334:.
1328:.
1302:.
1277:.
1253:.
1242:^
1230:.
1204:.
1177:.
1159:.
1141:.
1122:,
1016:.
926:.
898:.
888:21
886:.
556:.
379:.
300:.
245:A
66:.
1936:·
1903:)
1899:(
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1536:.
1509:.
1483:.
1457:.
1431:.
1405:.
1379:.
1346:.
1313:.
1216:.
1189:.
1110:.
1088:.
1066:.
1043:.
989:.
960:.
937:.
906:.
894::
236:)
230:(
218:)
214:(
201:.
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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