299:, demand response (DR) was defined as: "Changes in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized." DR includes all intentional modifications to consumption patterns of electricity to induce customers that are intended to alter the timing, level of instantaneous demand, or the total electricity consumption. In 2013, it was expected that demand response programs will be designed to decrease electricity consumption or shift it from on-peak to off-peak periods depending on consumers' preferences and lifestyles. In 2016 demand response was defined as "a wide range of actions which can be taken at the customer side of the electricity meter in response to particular conditions within the electricity system such as peak period network congestion or high prices". In 2010, demand response was defined as a reduction in demand designed to reduce peak demand or avoid system emergencies. It can be a more cost-effective alternative than adding generation capabilities to meet the peak and occasional demand spikes. The underlying objective of DR is to actively engage customers in modifying their consumption in response to pricing signals. The goal is to reflect supply expectations through consumer
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features introduce problems in grid stability and efficiency which lead to limitations on the amount of these resources which can be effectively added to the grid. In a traditional vertically integrated grid, energy is provided by utility generators which are able to respond to changes in demand. Generation output by renewable resources is governed by environmental conditions and is generally not able to respond to changes in demand. Responsive control over noncritical loads that are connected to the grid has been shown to be an effective strategy able to mitigate undesirable fluctuations introduced by these renewable resources. In this way instead of the generation responding to changes in demand, the demand responds to changes in generation. This is the basis of demand response. In order to implement demand response systems, coordination of large numbers of distributed resources through sensors, actuators, and communications protocols becomes necessary. To be effective, the devices need to be economical, robust, and yet still effective at managing their tasks of control. In addition, effective control requires a strong capability to coordinate large networks of devices, managing and optimizing these distributed systems from both an economic and a security standpoint.
429:, estimates that a 5 percent reduction in US peak electricity demand could produce approximately $ 35 billion in cost savings over a 20-year period, exclusive of the cost of the metering and communications needed to implement the dynamic pricing needed to achieve these reductions. While the net benefits would be significantly less than the claimed $ 35 billion, they would still be quite substantial. In Ontario, Canada, the Independent Electricity System Operator has noted that in 2006, peak demand exceeded 25,000 megawatts during only 32 system hours (less than 0.4% of the time), while maximum demand during the year was just over 27,000 megawatts. The ability to "shave" peak demand based on reliable commitments would therefore allow the province to reduce built capacity by approximately 2,000 megawatts.
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hypothesize that consumers served under these fixed-rate tariffs are endowed with theoretical "call options" on electricity, though in reality, like any other business, the customer is simply buying what is on offer at the agreed price. A customer in a department store buying a $ 10 item at 9.00 am might notice 10 sales staff on the floor but only one occupied serving him or her, while at 3.00 pm the customer could buy the same $ 10 article and notice all 10 sales staff occupied. In a similar manner, the department store cost of sales at 9.00 am might therefore be 5-10 times that of its cost of sales at 3.00 pm, but it would be far-fetched to claim that the customer, by not paying significantly more for the article at 9.00 am than at 3.00 pm, had a 'call option' on the $ 10 article.
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heaters or air conditioning during peak demand; the grid benefits by delaying peak demand (allowing peaking plants time to cycle up or avoiding peak events), and the participant benefits by delaying consumption until after peak demand periods, when pricing should be lower. Although this is an experimental program, at scale these solutions have the potential to reduce peak demand considerably. The success of such programs depends on the development of appropriate technology, a suitable pricing system for electricity, and the cost of the underlying technology. Bonneville Power experimented with direct-control technologies in
Washington and Oregon residences, and found that the avoided transmission investment would justify the cost of the technology.
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Electric users pay for this idle capacity through the prices they pay for electricity. According to the Demand
Response Smart Grid Coalition, 10%–20% of electricity costs in the United States are due to peak demand during only 100 hours of the year. DR is a way for utilities to reduce the need for large capital expenditures, and thus keep rates lower overall; however, there is an economic limit to such reductions because consumers lose the productive or convenience value of the electricity not consumed. Thus, it is misleading to only look at the cost savings that demand response can produce without also considering what the consumer gives up in the process.
929:. Professor Hogan asserts that the order overcompensates providers of demand response, thereby encouraging the curtailment of electricity whose economic value exceeds the cost of producing it. Professor Hogan further asserts that Order No. 745 is anticompetitive and amounts to "...an application of regulatory authority to enforce a buyer's cartel." Several affected parties, including the State of California, have filed suit in federal court challenging the legality of Order 745. A debate regarding the economic efficiency and fairness of Order 745 appeared in a series of articles published in The Electricity Journal.
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most power systems the wholesale price of electricity will be equal to the marginal cost of the highest cost generator that is injecting energy, which will vary with the level of demand. Thus the variation in pricing can be significant: for example, in
Ontario between August and September 2006, wholesale prices (in Canadian Dollars) paid to producers ranged from a peak of $ 318 per MW·h to a minimum of - (negative) $ 3.10 per MW·h. It is not unusual for the price to vary by a factor of two to five due to the daily demand cycle. A
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to on-peak, mid-peak and off-peak schedules. During the winter, on-peak is defined as morning and early evening, mid-peak as midday to late afternoon, and off-peak as nighttime; during the summer, the on-peak and mid-peak periods are reversed, reflecting air conditioning as the driver of summer demand. As of May 1, 2015, most
Ontario electrical utilities have completed converting all customers to "smart meter" time-of-use billing with on-peak rates about 200% and mid-peak rates about 150% of the off-peak rate per kWh.
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1013:, the demand side provides 839 MW (35%) from 89 sites. Of this 839 MW approximately 750 MW is back-up generation with the remaining being load reduction. A paper based on extensive half-hourly demand profiles and observed electricity demand shifting for different commercial and industrial buildings in the UK shows that only a small minority engaged in load shifting and demand turn-down, while the majority of demand response is provided by stand-by generators.
524:) at any given period, and use additional capacity from more expensive plants as demand increases. Demand response in most cases is targeted at reducing peak demand to reduce the risk of potential disturbances, avoid additional capital cost requirements for additional plants, and avoid use of more expensive or less efficient operating plants. Consumers of electricity will also pay higher prices if generation capacity is used from a higher-cost source of power generation.
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724:, communicate the demand to participating users, automate load shedding, and verify compliance with demand-response programs. GridWise and EnergyWeb are two major federal initiatives in the United States to develop these technologies. Universities and private industry are also doing research and development in this arena. Scalable and comprehensive software solutions for DR enable business and industry growth.
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252:, taking generating units on or off line, or importing power from other utilities. There are limits to what can be achieved on the supply side, because some generating units can take a long time to come up to full power, some units may be very expensive to operate, and demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all the available power plants put together. Demand response, a type of
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electricity customers to curtail their consumption when the productivity or convenience of consuming that electricity is worth less to them than paying for the electricity. Ancillary services demand response consists of a number of specialty services that are needed to ensure the secure operation of the transmission grid and which have traditionally been provided by generators.
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the shedding of load, towards a more 24/7-based demand response where the customer sees incentives for controlling load all the time. Although this back-and-forth dialogue increases the opportunities for demand response, customers are still largely influenced by economic incentives and are reluctant to relinquish total control of their assets to utility companies.
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inverter-based generation compared to conventional generation increases, the mechanical inertia used to stabilize frequency decreases. When coupled with the sensitivity of inverter-based generation to transient frequencies, the provision of ancillary services from other sources than generators becomes increasingly important.
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the industrial plants usually already have the infrastructures for control, communication and market participation, which enables the provision of demand response; moreover, some industrial plants such as the aluminum smelter are able to offer fast and accurate adjustments in their power consumption. For example,
921:(FERC) issued Order No. 745 in March 2011, which requires a certain level of compensation for providers of economic demand response that participate in wholesale power markets. The order is highly controversial and has been opposed by a number of energy economists, including Professor William W. Hogan at
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Australia has national standards for Demand
Response (AS/NZS 4755 series), which has been implemented nationwide by electricity distributors for several decades, e.g. controlling storage water heaters, air conditioners and pool pumps. In 2016, how to manage electrical energy storage (e.g., batteries)
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In virtually all power systems electricity is produced by generators that are dispatched in merit order, i.e., generators with the lowest marginal cost (lowest variable cost of production) are used first, followed by the next cheapest, etc., until the instantaneous electricity demand is satisfied. In
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are structuring the rules of ancillary service markets such that demand response can participate alongside traditional supply-side resources - the available capacity of the generators can be used more efficiently when operated as designed, resulting in lower costs and less pollution. As the ratio of
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applications improve the ability of electricity producers and consumers to communicate with one another and make decisions about how and when to produce and consume electrical power. This emerging technology will allow customers to shift from an event-based demand response where the utility requests
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Energy consumers need some incentive to respond to such a request from a demand response provider. Demand response incentives can be formal or informal. The utility might create a tariff-based incentive by passing along short-term increases in the price of electricity, or they might impose mandatory
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and similar schemes that attempt to shift demand associated with electric heating to overnight off-peak periods have been in operation since the 1970s. More recently, in 2006 Ontario began implementing a "smart meter" program that implements "time-of-use" (TOU) pricing, which tiers pricing according
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Demand response may also be used to increase demand during periods of high supply and low demand. Some types of generating plant must be run at close to full capacity (such as nuclear), while other types may produce at negligible marginal cost (such as wind and solar). Since there is usually limited
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mechanisms to manage customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, having electricity customers reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices. The difference is that demand response mechanisms respond to explicit requests to shut off,
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Commercial and industrial power users might impose load shedding on themselves, without a request from the utility. Some businesses generate their own power and wish to stay within their energy production capacity to avoid buying power from the grid. Some utilities have commercial tariff structures
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Regional
Transmission authority, serving 65 million customers in the US with 180 gigawatts of generating capacity. The latter study found that even small shifts in peak demand would have a large effect on savings to consumers and avoided costs for additional peak capacity: a 1% shift in peak demand
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indicates that producers were being charged to provide electricity to the grid (and consumers paying real-time pricing may have actually received a rebate for consuming electricity during this period). This generally occurs at night when demand falls to a level where all generators are operating at
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In many respects, demand response can be put simply as a technology-enabled economic rationing system for electric power supply. In demand response, voluntary rationing is accomplished by price incentives—offering lower net unit pricing in exchange for reduced power consumption in peak periods. The
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Industrial customers are also providing demand response. Compared with commercial and residential loads, industrial loads have the following advantages: the magnitude of power consumption by an industrial manufacturing plant and the change in power it can provide are generally very large; besides,
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Whether the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission reasonably concluded that it has authority under the Federal Power Act, 16 U. S. C. 791a et seq., to regulate the rules used by operators of wholesale electricity markets to pay for reductions in electricity consumption and to recoup those payments
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The modern power grid is making a transition from the traditional vertically integrated utility structures to distributed systems as it begins to integrate higher penetrations of renewable energy generation. These sources of energy are often diffusely distributed and intermittent by nature. These
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to control appliances and equipment and can involve economies of scale. Another advantage, mainly for large customers with generation, is being able to closely monitor, shift, and balance load in a way that allows the customer to save peak load and not only save on kWh and kW/month but be able to
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In an electricity grid, electricity consumption and production must balance at all times; any significant imbalance could cause grid instability or severe voltage fluctuations, and cause failures within the grid. Total generation capacity is therefore sized to correspond to total peak demand with
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may be turned up (turning up to a higher temperature uses less electricity), delaying slightly the draw until a peak in usage has passed. In the city of
Toronto, certain residential users can participate in a program (Peaksaver AC) whereby the system operator can automatically control hot water
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One of the most important means of demand response in the future smart grids is electric vehicles. Aggregation of this new source of energy, which is also a new source of uncertainty in the electrical systems, is critical to preserving the stability and quality of smart grids, consequently, the
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has been implemented in some jurisdictions to provide real-time pricing for all types of users, as opposed to fixed-rate pricing throughout the demand period. In this application, users have a direct incentive to reduce their use at high-demand, high-price periods. Many users may not be able to
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Electric Power Supply
Association, et al, JOINT REQUEST FOR REHEARING OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, THE AMERICAN PUBLIC POWER ASSOCIATION, THE ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION, FERC Docket No. RM10-17-001, April 14, 2011,
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Shedding loads during peak demand is important because it reduces the need for new power plants. To respond to high peak demand, utilities build very capital-intensive power plants and lines. Peak demand happens just a few times a year, so those assets run at a mere fraction of their capacity.
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There are three types of demand response - emergency demand response, economic demand response and ancillary services demand response. Emergency demand response is employed to avoid involuntary service interruptions during times of supply scarcity. Economic demand response is employed to allow
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Current demand response schemes are implemented with large and small commercial as well as residential customers, often through the use of dedicated control systems to shed loads in response to a request by a utility or market price conditions. Services (lights, machines, air conditioning) are
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in short time frames since the consumers do not face the actual price of production; if consumers were to face the short run costs of production they would be more inclined to change their use of electricity in reaction to those price signals. A pure economist might extrapolate the concept to
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Some utilities are considering and testing automated systems connected to industrial, commercial and residential users that can reduce consumption at times of peak demand, essentially delaying draw marginally. Although the amount of demand delayed may be small, the implications for the grid
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Some grids may use pricing mechanisms that are not real-time, but easier to implement (users pay higher prices during the day and lower prices at night, for example) to provide some of the benefits of the demand response mechanism with less demanding technological requirements. In the UK,
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customer to better match the demand for power with the supply. Until the 21st century decrease in the cost of pumped storage and batteries, electric energy could not be easily stored, so utilities have traditionally matched demand and supply by throttling the production rate of their
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L. Liu, W. Miller, and G. Ledwich, "Community centre improvement to reduce air conditioning peak demand," presented at the 7th
International Conference on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia, 2016. Available:
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California Public Utilities Commission, Demand Response Compensation in Organized Wholesale Energy Markets, Docket No. RM10-17-000, Request For Clarification or, in theAlternative, Request for Rehearing of the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California, April 14, 2011.
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In most electric power systems, some or all consumers pay a fixed price per unit of electricity independent of the cost of production at the time of consumption. The consumer price may be established by the government or a regulator, and typically represents an average cost per
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whereas dynamic demand devices passively shut off when stress in the grid is sensed. Demand response can involve actually curtailing power used or by starting on-site generation which may or may not be connected in parallel with the grid. This is a quite different concept from
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is a way to increase load during periods of low demand for use during later periods. Use of demand response to increase load is less common, but may be necessary or efficient in systems where there are large amounts of generating capacity that cannot be easily cycled down.
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capacity to store energy, demand response may attempt to increase load during these periods to maintain grid stability. For example, in the province of Ontario in September 2006, there was a short period of time when electricity prices were negative for certain users.
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Operation is participating in MISO as a qualified demand response resource, and the Trimet Aluminium uses its smelter as a short-term nega-battery. The selection of suitable industries for demand response provision is typically based on an assessment of the so-called
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during peak load periods. Practically speaking, summer heat waves and winter deep freezes might be characterized by planned power outages for consumers and businesses if voluntary rationing via incentives fails to reduce load adequately to match total power supply.
315:, which means using less power to perform the same tasks, on a continuous basis or whenever that task is performed. At the same time, demand response is a component of smart energy demand, which also includes energy efficiency, home and building energy management,
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capability has fallen by 32% since 1996. Factors affecting this trend include fewer utilities offering load management services, declining enrollment in existing programs, the changing role and responsibility of utilities, and changing supply/demand balance.
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The customer may adjust power demand by postponing some tasks that require large amounts of electric power, or may decide to pay a higher price for their electricity. Some customers may switch part of their consumption to alternate sources, such as on-site
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cutbacks during a heat wave for selected high-volume users, who are compensated for their participation. Other users may receive a rebate or other incentive based on firm commitments to reduce power during periods of high demand, sometimes referred to as
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load migration within the existing data center capacity during the curtailment hours in CAISO has the potential to reduce 113–239 KtCO 2e per year of GHG emissions and absorb up to 62% of the total curtailment with negative abatement costs in
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Shafie-Khah, Miadreza; Heydarian-Forushani, Ehsan; Osorio, Gerardo J.; Gil, Fabio A. S.; Aghaei, Jamshid; Barani, Mostafa; Catalao, Joao P. S. (2016). "Optimal Behavior of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots as Demand Response Aggregation Agents".
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is an electricity intensive process to convert computer hardware infrastructure, software skills and electricity into electronic currency. Bitcoin mining is used to increase the demand during surplus hours by consuming cheaper power.
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for electricity. Since electrical generation and transmission systems are generally sized to correspond to peak demand (plus margin for forecasting error and unforeseen events), lowering peak demand reduces overall plant and
728:(including financial) may be substantial, since system stability planning often involves building capacity for extreme peak demand events, plus a margin of safety in reserve. Such events may only occur a few times per year.
902:"a report that identifies and quantifies the national benefits of demand response and makes a recommendation on achieving specific levels of such benefits by January 1, 2007." Such a report was published in February 2006.
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Hogan, William W., Implications for Consumers of the NOPR's Proposal to Pay the LMP for All Demand Response, Statement submitted on behalf of the Electric Power Supply Association in FERC Docket No. RM10-17-000, May 12,
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Residential and commercial electricity use often vary drastically during the day, and demand response attempts to reduce the variability based on pricing signals. There are three underlying tenets to these programs:
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requirements. Depending on the configuration of generation capacity, however, demand response may also be used to increase demand (load) at times of high production and low demand. Some systems may thereby encourage
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over a given timeframe (for example, a year). Consumption therefore is not sensitive to the cost of production in the short term (e.g. on an hourly basis). In economic terms, consumers' usage of electricity is
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Sianaki, Omid Ameri; Hussain, Omar; Dillon, Tharam; Tabesh, Azadeh Rajabian (2010). "Intelligent Decision Support System for Including Consumers' Preferences in Residential Energy Consumption in Smart Grid".
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setbacks. These can be implemented using customized building automation systems programming, or through swarm-logic methods coordinating multiple loads in a facility (e.g. Encycle's EnviroGrid controllers).
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Similar approach can be implemented for managing air conditioning peak demand in summer peak regions. Pre-cooling or maintaining slightly higher thermostat setting can help with the peak demand reduction.
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2766:"Commercial Opportunities for Back-Up Generation and Load Reduction via National Grid, the National Electricity Transmission System Operator (NETSO) for England, Scotland, Wales and Offshore"
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direct implication is that users of electric power capacity not reducing usage (load) during peak periods will pay "surge" unit prices, whether directly, or factored into general rates.
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The process may involve turning down or off certain appliances or sinks (and, when demand is unexpectedly low, potentially increasing usage). For example, heating may be turned down or
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reduced according to a preplanned load prioritization scheme during the critical time frames. An alternative to load shedding is on-site generation of electricity to supplement the
909:), 3% of total U.S. peak demand, while actual delivered peak demand reduction was about 9,000 MW (1.3% of peak), leaving ample margin for improvement. It is further estimated that
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studies in 2006 looked at the importance of demand response for the electricity industry in general terms and with specific application of real-time pricing for consumers for the
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that set a customer's power costs for the month based on the customer's moment of highest use, or peak demand. This encourages users to flatten their demand for energy, known as
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effectively reduce their demand at various times, or the peak prices may be lower than the level required to induce a change in demand during short time periods (users have low
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in 2000–2001. With consumers facing peak pricing and reducing their demand, the market should become more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.
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Utilities may signal demand requests to their customers in a variety of ways, including simple off-peak metering, in which power is cheaper at certain times of the day, and
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Electric systems and grids typically scale total potential production to meet projected peak demand (with sufficient spare capacity to deal with unanticipated events).
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N. A. Sinitsyn. S. Kundu, S. Backhaus (2013). "Safe Protocols for Generating Power Pulses with Heterogeneous Populations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads".
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In addition, significant peaks may only occur rarely, such as two or three times per year, requiring significant capital investments to meet infrequent events.
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Liasi, Sahand Ghaseminejad; Bathaee, Seyed Mohammad Taghi (2017). "Optimizing microgrid using demand response and electric vehicles connection to microgrid".
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Motalleb, Mahdi; Thornton, Matsu; Reihani, Ehsan; Ghorbani, Reza (2016). "Providing frequency regulation reserve services using demand response scheduling".
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their minimum output levels and some of them must be shut down. The negative price is the inducement to bring about these shutdowns in a least-cost manner.
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Explanation of demand response effects on a quantity (Q) - price (P) graph. Under inelastic demand (D1) extremely high price (P1) may result on a strained
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concluded that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission acted within its authority to ensure "just and reasonable" rates in the wholesale energy market.
327:. Under conditions of tight electricity supply, demand response can significantly decrease the peak price and, in general, electricity price volatility.
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Sianaki, O. A.; Masoum, M. A. S. (2013). "A fuzzy TOPSIS approach for home energy management in smart grid with considering householders' preferences".
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trade what they have saved in an energy market. Again, this involves sophisticated energy management systems, incentives, and a viable trading market.
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520:(such as plants being off-line during peak demand periods). Operators will generally plan to use the least expensive generating capacity (in terms of
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By "smoothing" demand to reduce peaks, less investment in operational reserve will be required, and existing facilities will operate more frequently.
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would result in savings of 3.9%, billions of dollars at the system level. An approximately 10% reduction in peak demand (achievable depending on the
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1950:"A novel approach using flexible scheduling and aggregation to optimize demand response in the developing interactive grid market architecture"
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Technologies are available, and more are under development, to automate the process of demand response. Such technologies detect the need for
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Whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the rule issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is arbitrary and capricious.
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2692:"FERC Opens Wholesale Markets to Distributed Resources: Landmark Action Breaks Down Barriers to Emerging Technologies, Boosts Competition"
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introduced its own ELRP, where upon an emergency declaration enrolled customers get a credit for lowering their electricity use ($ 1 per
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for grid balance. One of these services is contingency reserve, which is used to regulate the grid frequency in contingencies. Many
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One advantage of a smart grid application is time-based pricing. Customers who traditionally pay a fixed rate for consumed energy (
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Grunewald, P.; J. Torriti (2013). "Demand response from the non-domestic sector: Early UK experiences and future opportunities".
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If demand response measures are employed the demand becomes more elastic (D2). A much lower price will result in the market (P2).
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Unused electrical production facilities represent a less efficient use of capital (little revenue is earned when not operating).
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which will delay or advance the cooling cycle based on monitoring grid frequency but they are not readily available as of 2018.
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is low). Automated control systems exist, which, although effective, may be too expensive to be feasible for some applications.
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Borlick, Robert L., Pricing Negawatts - DR design flaws create perverse incentives, PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, August 2010.
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to participate in regional wholesale electricity markets. Market operators submitted initial compliance plans by early 2022.
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data to producers and consumers, but the economic and environmental incentives remain the driving force behind the practice.
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Demand response is generally used to refer to mechanisms used to encourage consumers to reduce demand, thereby reducing the
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The Brattle Group, The Power of Five Percent, How Dynamic Pricing Can Save $ 35 Billion in Electricity Costs, May 16, 2007.
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2253:; Kolter, Z.; Harjunkoski, I. (2015-10-01). "Industrial demand response by steel plants with spinning reserve provision".
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Other methods to implementing demand response approach the issue of subtly reducing duty cycles rather than implementing
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or by agreements with specific high-use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand.
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Video about the demand response of electrical devices in a house combined with an electric vehicle. These are part of a
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It is estimated that a 5% lowering of demand would have resulted in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the
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can set their threshold and adjust their usage to take advantage of fluctuating prices. This may require the use of an
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Giordano V.; Meletiou, A.; Covrig, C. F.; Mengolini, A.; Ardelean, M.; Fulli, G; Jiménez, M. S.; Filiou, C. (2013).
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2343:(2015-02-01). "Bidding strategy in energy and spinning reserve markets for aluminum smelters' demand response".
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are located far apart for redundancy and can migrate loads between them, while also performing demand response.
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It is estimated that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the
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in 2000/2001. The market also becomes more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.
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1369:"Load management using diesel generators - talk at Open University - Dave Andrews Claverton Energy Group"
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The report estimates that in 2004 potential demand response capability equaled about 20,500 megawatts (
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Balijepalli, Murthy; Pradhan, Khaparde (2011). "Review of Demand Response under Smart Grid Paradigm".
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Robert Borlick, Paying For Demand Response at the Wholesale Level: The Small Consumer's Perspective,
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As of December 2009 National Grid had 2369 MW contracted to provide demand response, known as
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225:
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3333:
2944:
2467:
2366:
2321:
2276:
2102:
2076:
1930:
1637:
1416:
1339:
1264:
1223:
1047:
922:
778:
388:
370:
85:
80:
2506:
1200:
Albadi, M. H.; El-Saadany, E. F. (2007). "Demand Response in Electricity Markets: An Overview".
847:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
3484:
3364:
2969:
2671:
2653:
2356:
2311:
2266:
1743:
1737:
1627:
1444:
1406:
1329:
1287:
1254:
1213:
621:
283:
156:
65:
49:
2404:"The Value of Lost Load for Sectoral Load Shedding Measures: The German Case with 51 Sectors"
3433:
3374:
3078:
3073:
3050:
2959:
2899:
2806:
2459:
2415:
2348:
2303:
2258:
2145:
Demand-Side Management Technology Avoids Grid Construction for Bonneville Power (Case Study)
2094:
2047:
2010:
1969:
1922:
1857:
1619:
1398:
1321:
1313:
1310:
2010 Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation
1246:
1205:
1085:
732:
575:
244:
181:
2716:"'Game-Changer' FERC Order Opens Up Wholesale Grid Markets to Distributed Energy Resources"
2232:"BBC talks about Dynamic Demand (smart fridges) and Smart Metering. | Claverton Group"
3464:
3423:
3401:
3282:
3252:
3177:
2979:
2513:
2151:
1684:
1659:
910:
410:
349:
324:
123:
2507:
Benefits of demand response in electricity markets and recommendations for achieving them
2437:"Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers"
2345:
2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)
2802:
2455:
2090:
2043:
2006:
1965:
1853:
1526:
992:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3489:
3479:
3277:
2889:
1765:
529:
402:
341:
161:
151:
128:
95:
687:
electric vehicle parking lots can be considered a demand response aggregation entity.
3587:
3509:
3297:
3182:
3162:
3093:
3083:
3040:
2924:
2879:
2516:
2471:
1040:
1030:
917:
To encourage the use and implementation of demand response in the United States, the
888:
736:
721:
521:
426:
118:
2325:
2280:
2106:
1718:
1420:
1402:
1343:
1268:
1227:
755:
In 2008 it was announced that electric refrigerators will be sold in the UK sensing
679:
Smart grid applications increase the opportunities for demand response by providing
3529:
3504:
3369:
3338:
3152:
2954:
2370:
2340:
2295:
2250:
2098:
2051:
2015:
1990:
1974:
1949:
1641:
1120:
1053:
594:
559:
336:
300:
267:, in which explicit requests or changes in price can be communicated to customers.
2533:"FERC: News Release: FERC approves market-based demand response compensation rule"
1934:
1527:
The Power to Choose - Enhancing Demand Response in Liberalised Electricity Markets
3354:
3322:
3115:
3103:
3023:
2949:
2939:
2869:
2810:
2463:
2204:
1372:
899:
782:
616:
442:
331:
272:
264:
249:
2307:
1861:
1356:
3317:
3312:
3125:
3108:
2964:
2603:
Constantine Gonatas, Areas of Congruence, Yes, But 'Pseudo-Agreement' on LMP,
2352:
2262:
1250:
1020:
969:
Demand reduction and the use of diesel generators in the British National Grid
744:
656:
649:
598:
365:
1926:
1747:
1623:
1325:
1160:
30:
This article is about the electrical concept. For the transport concept, see
17:
3033:
3028:
2914:
2874:
2740:"FERC Order 2222: Experts offer cheers and jeers for first round of filings"
1209:
1115:
1024:
668:
589:
542:
345:
90:
1510:
1317:
952:
On January 25, 2016, the United States Supreme Court in a 6-2 decision in
236:
Daily load diagram; Blue shows real load usage and green shows ideal load.
232:
3147:
1991:"A nascent market for contingency reserve services using demand response"
1989:
Motalleb, Mahdi; Thornton, Matsu; Reihani, Ehsan; Ghorbani, Reza (2016).
1877:"Smart Grid Projects in Europe: Lessons learned and current developments"
906:
562:
happens (generation capacity falls below the load), utilities may impose
303:
or controls and enable dynamic changes in consumption relative to price.
176:
171:
2124:
1948:
Reihani, Ehsan; Thornton, Matsu; Reihani, Ehsan; Ghorbani, Reza (2016).
3068:
3058:
2819:
1840:
Siano, Pierluigi (2014). "Demand response and smart grids - A survey".
503:
2420:
2403:
2205:"MIT Technology Review: Managing Energy with Swarm Logic, Feb 04 2009"
3063:
1069:
166:
2219:
1465:"The Russian Energy Giant Mining Bitcoin With Virtually Free Energy"
940:
agreed to review the DC Circuit's ruling, addressing two questions:
691:
Application for intermittent renewable distributed energy resources
422:) would result in systems savings of between $ 8 and $ 28 billion.
2635:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/050415zor_7648.pdf
2577:
Jonathan Falk, Paying For Demand Response at the Wholesale Level,
2081:
1393:
Liasi, Sahand Ghaseminejad; Golkar, Masoud Aliakbar (2017-12-18).
1243:
2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)
769:
502:
364:
231:
219:
1798:
A review and analysis of electric utility conservation incentives
703:
generation drives a greater need for authorities to procure more
348:
between periods of low and high demand (or low and high prices).
3018:
27:
Techniques used to prevent power networks from being overwhelmed
2823:
961:
FERC issued its Order No. 2222 on September 17, 2020, enabling
2435:
Zheng, Jiajia; Chien, Andrew A.; Suh, Sangwon (October 2020).
972:
855:
Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against
831:
664:
613:, which sometimes requires cutting back services temporarily.
602:
436:
282:
Involuntary rationing, if employed, would be accomplished via
2298:(2014). "Optimal regulation provision by aluminum smelters".
1780:"Description of French EJP tariff - Claverton Energy Group"
1136:
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
425:
In a discussion paper, Ahmad Faruqui, a principal with the
2300:
2014 IEEE PES General Meeting: Conference & Exposition
1437:
Berger, Lars T.; Iniewski, Krzysztof, eds. (April 2012).
1395:
2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)
1161:"People will be paid to use less electricity on Monday"
936:
vacated Order 745 in its entirety. On May 4, 2015, the
1440:
Smart Grid - Applicacions, Communications and Security
260:
the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply.
1485:
1046:
Calculating the cost of the UK transmission network:
3538:
3448:
3385:
3347:
3201:
3138:
3049:
3004:
2997:
2857:
1589:. Ontario on Demand. September 2006. Archived from
1522:
1520:
1202:
2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting
798:
Importance for the operation of electricity markets
1712:
1710:
1507:"Description of the two types of demand response"
1358:Description of French EJP demand reduction tariff
1096:Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
507:The upper reservoir (Llyn Stwlan) and dam of the
1742:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 122.
1736:United States. Federal Power Commission (1967).
851:Specifically, this is not a US specific article
789:Short-term inconvenience for long-term benefits
828:US Energy Policy Act regarding demand response
2835:
2594:, November 2011, Vol. 24, Issue 9, pp. 13-19.
2581:, November 2010, Vol. 23, Issue 9, pp. 13-18.
2183:"Is Smart Energy Poised to Swarm California?"
550:has been added into the series of standards.
201:
8:
2607:, Jan./Feb. 2012, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 1-4
1284:Peak Energy Demand and Demand Side Response
1187:IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies
574:) on service areas via targeted blackouts,
471:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
243:is a change in the power consumption of an
3001:
2842:
2828:
2820:
2764:Mark Duffield (2009). Dave Andrews (ed.).
2255:2015 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)
1533:Demand Response Project, Presentation 2003
433:Electricity grids and peak demand response
208:
194:
36:
2419:
2080:
2014:
1973:
1719:"A megawatt saved is a 'negawatt' earned"
1432:
1430:
875:Learn how and when to remove this message
491:Learn how and when to remove this message
2385:"Storing Power in Molten Aluminum Lakes"
2165:"Smart Grid: Taking our cue from nature"
1842:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1796:Stoft, Steven, and Richard J. Gilbert. "
1091:Energy security and renewable technology
1048:estimating costs per kWh of transmission
635:
1152:
945:through adjustments to wholesale rates.
699:In addition, the increased presence of
516:some margin of error and allowance for
306:In electricity grids, DR is similar to
141:
103:
55:
48:
2676:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2669:
1820:California Public Utilities Commission
2522:Report to the Congress, February 2006
1075:Economics of new nuclear power plants
1052:Calculating the cost of back up: See
7:
1066:- Demand response without smart grid
919:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
469:adding citations to reliable sources
297:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2618:Electric Power Supply Ass'n v. FERC
1553:"Monthly Market Report - July 2006"
955:FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n
3520:Renewable energy commercialization
1812:"Emergency Load Reduction Program"
857:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
25:
2220:http://eprints.qut.edu.au/101161/
1717:Tyler Hamilton (August 6, 2007).
1486:"Bitcoin electricity consumption"
716:Technologies for demand reduction
319:, and electric vehicle charging.
143:Electric power systems components
3568:
3567:
2988:
2068:Energy Conversion and Management
2032:Energy Conversion and Management
1884:JRC Scientific and Policy Report
1800:." Yale J. on Reg. 11 (1994): 1.
1616:2017 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
1023:
977:
836:
568:emergency load reduction program
509:Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme
441:
295:As of 2011, according to the US
2535:. 15 March 2011. Archived from
1915:IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
1403:10.1109/IranianCEE.2017.7985237
534:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
317:distributed renewable resources
2490:"How Smart Is The Smart Grid?"
2099:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.021
2052:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.07.049
2016:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.078
1975:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.170
1:
3515:Renewable Energy Certificates
3475:Cost of electricity by source
3397:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
3273:High-voltage shore connection
1681:"CEIC Working Paper Abstract"
1656:"CEIC Working Paper Abstract"
1509:. 2 June 2011. Archived from
1126:National Grid Reserve Service
934:D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals
804:California electricity crisis
380:California electricity crisis
105:Electric power infrastructure
3530:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
3328:Transmission system operator
3288:Mains electricity by country
2865:Automatic generation control
1059:Control of the National Grid
963:distributed energy resources
709:independent system operators
3555:List of electricity sectors
3550:Electric energy consumption
3268:High-voltage direct current
3243:Electric power transmission
3233:Electric power distribution
2910:Energy return on investment
2811:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.051
2464:10.1016/j.joule.2020.08.001
1101:High-voltage direct current
938:United States Supreme Court
32:Demand responsive transport
3620:
3470:Carbon offsets and credits
3188:Three-phase electric power
2625: (D.C. Cir. 2014).
2402:Praktiknjo, Aaron (2016).
2308:10.1109/PESGM.2014.6939343
1862:10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022
1131:Northeast blackout of 2003
1106:Intermittent energy source
29:
3563:
3525:Renewable Energy Payments
3014:Fossil fuel power station
2986:
2353:10.1109/ISGT.2015.7131854
2263:10.1109/NAPS.2015.7335115
1251:10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497819
986:This section needs to be
892:Energy Policy Act of 2005
71:Electric power conversion
57:Electric power conversion
3308:Single-wire earth return
3248:Electrical busbar system
2905:Energy demand management
1927:10.1109/TSG.2015.2496796
1739:Report of the commission
1624:10.1109/SGC.2017.8308873
1282:Torriti, Jacopo (2016).
673:energy management system
611:energy demand management
593:(the term was coined by
582:Incentives to shed loads
254:energy demand management
224:A clothes dryer using a
3439:Residual-current device
3429:Power system protection
3419:Generator interlock kit
2605:The Electricity Journal
2592:The Electricity Journal
2579:The Electricity Journal
1762:"What is Load Shedding"
1584:"Monthly Market Report"
1443:. John Wiley and Sons.
1210:10.1109/PES.2007.385728
1141:Energy Reduction Assets
605:in 2021, $ 2 in 2022).
597:in 1985). For example,
3223:Distributed generation
2895:Electric power quality
2720:www.greentechmedia.com
1397:. pp. 1272–1277.
1318:10.1109/CIMSiM.2010.84
1077:(for cost comparisons)
653:
632:Smart grid application
512:
383:
237:
229:
226:demand response switch
76:HVDC converter station
3599:Electricity economics
3495:Fossil fuel phase-out
3263:Electricity retailing
3258:Electrical substation
3238:Electric power system
1111:List of power outages
932:On May 23, 2014, the
647:
506:
368:
256:, seeks to adjust in
235:
228:to reduce peak demand
223:
114:Electric power system
2851:Electricity delivery
2623:753 F.3d 216
2236:claverton-energy.com
2181:Katie Fehrenbacher.
1312:. pp. 154–159.
1064:Dynamic demand power
763:Industrial customers
626:elasticity of demand
465:improve this section
420:elasticity of demand
3460:Availability factor
3412:Sulfur hexafluoride
3293:Overhead power line
3193:Virtual power plant
3168:Induction generator
3121:Sustainable biofuel
2930:Home energy storage
2920:Grid energy storage
2885:Droop speed control
2803:2013EnPol..61..423G
2456:2020Joule...4.2208Z
2391:. 26 November 2014.
2091:2013ECM....67..297S
2044:2016ECM...124..439M
2007:2016ApEn..179..985M
1966:2016ApEn..183..445R
1854:2014RSERv..30..461S
1081:Energy conservation
896:Secretary of Energy
415:PJM Interconnection
361:Electricity pricing
3334:Transmission tower
2945:Nameplate capacity
2512:2006-09-22 at the
2150:2007-04-18 at the
923:Harvard University
779:value of lost load
705:ancillary services
701:variable renewable
654:
513:
389:unit of production
384:
371:electricity market
238:
230:
86:DC-to-DC converter
81:AC-to-AC converter
3581:
3580:
3485:Environmental tax
3365:Cascading failure
3134:
3133:
2970:Utility frequency
2450:(10): 2208–2222.
2421:10.3390/en9020116
2362:978-1-4799-1785-3
2317:978-1-4799-6415-4
2272:978-1-4673-7389-0
1768:on April 9, 2008.
1633:978-1-5386-4279-5
1450:978-1-1180-0439-5
1412:978-1-5090-5963-8
1335:978-1-4244-8652-6
1326:20.500.11937/4974
1260:978-1-4673-4896-6
1219:978-1-4244-1296-9
1007:
1006:
898:to submit to the
894:has mandated the
885:
884:
877:
645:
622:price sensitivity
576:rolling blackouts
501:
500:
493:
313:energy efficiency
284:rolling blackouts
218:
217:
157:Grid-tie inverter
66:Voltage converter
50:Power engineering
16:(Redirected from
3611:
3571:
3570:
3480:Energy subsidies
3434:Protective relay
3375:Rolling blackout
3002:
2992:
2960:Power-flow study
2900:Electrical fault
2844:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2770:Claverton Energy
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2652:. Archived from
2651:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:on 28 April 2011
2529:
2523:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2347:. pp. 1–5.
2336:
2330:
2329:
2302:. pp. 1–5.
2291:
2285:
2284:
2257:. pp. 1–6.
2246:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:. Archived from
2187:Businessweek.com
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1921:(6): 2654–2665.
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1893:on 23 April 2014
1892:
1886:. Archived from
1881:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1786:on July 7, 2012.
1782:. Archived from
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:. Archived from
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1723:The Toronto Star
1714:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1683:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:. Archived from
1652:
1646:
1645:
1618:. pp. 1–7.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:. Archived from
1557:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1371:. Archived from
1365:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1245:. pp. 1–6.
1238:
1232:
1231:
1204:. pp. 1–5.
1197:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1086:Energy intensity
1033:
1028:
1027:
1002:
999:
993:
981:
980:
973:
880:
873:
869:
866:
860:
840:
839:
832:
733:air conditioning
667:) and requested
646:
496:
489:
485:
482:
476:
445:
437:
245:electric utility
210:
203:
196:
182:Protective relay
37:
21:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3604:Electrical grid
3594:Demand response
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3559:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3465:Capacity factor
3453:
3451:
3444:
3424:Numerical relay
3402:Circuit breaker
3390:
3388:
3381:
3343:
3283:Load management
3253:Electrical grid
3218:Demand response
3211:
3206:
3197:
3178:Microgeneration
3130:
3045:
2993:
2984:
2980:Vehicle-to-grid
2853:
2848:
2818:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2746:. 14 March 2022
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:"Archived copy"
2645:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2514:Wayback Machine
2505:
2501:
2488:
2487:
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2401:
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2396:
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2216:
2212:
2203:
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2198:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:
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2162:
2158:
2152:Wayback Machine
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1947:
1946:
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1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
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1716:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1634:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1261:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1003:
997:
994:
991:
982:
978:
971:
911:load management
881:
870:
864:
861:
854:
841:
837:
830:
800:
791:
765:
718:
693:
636:
634:
584:
566:(also known as
556:
497:
486:
480:
477:
462:
446:
435:
411:Carnegie Mellon
377:
376:
374:
363:
293:
275:and batteries.
241:Demand response
214:
134:Demand response
124:Electrical grid
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:Statistics and
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Feed-in tariff
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Interconnector
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Dynamic demand
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Combined cycle
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Load-following
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Electric power
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2781:
2756:
2731:
2707:
2683:
2638:
2627:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2524:
2499:
2496:. 7 July 2010.
2481:
2427:
2394:
2376:
2361:
2331:
2316:
2286:
2271:
2241:
2223:
2210:
2196:
2193:on 2009-02-21.
2173:
2156:
2137:
2112:
2057:
2022:
1995:Applied Energy
1981:
1954:Applied Energy
1940:
1904:
1867:
1832:
1802:
1789:
1771:
1753:
1728:
1706:
1697:
1672:
1647:
1632:
1606:
1575:
1544:
1535:
1516:
1513:on 2011-08-19.
1498:
1477:
1456:
1449:
1426:
1411:
1385:
1360:
1349:
1334:
1299:
1292:
1274:
1259:
1233:
1218:
1192:
1177:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1015:
1005:
1004:
985:
983:
976:
970:
967:
950:
949:
946:
927:Kennedy School
883:
882:
844:
842:
835:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
799:
796:
790:
787:
764:
761:
757:dynamic demand
717:
714:
692:
689:
633:
630:
617:Smart metering
583:
580:
555:
552:
530:Energy storage
511:in north Wales
499:
498:
449:
447:
440:
434:
431:
403:negative price
362:
359:
350:Bitcoin mining
342:energy storage
308:dynamic demand
292:
289:
265:smart metering
216:
215:
213:
212:
205:
198:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Energy storage
159:
154:
152:Ring main unit
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
129:Interconnector
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3616:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Pigouvian tax
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Earth-leakage
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:Failure modes
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Power station
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Rankine cycle
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Cooling tower
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3006:Non-renewable
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Grid strength
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Demand factor
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:Energy Policy
2785:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2659:on 2017-02-05
2655:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:United States
2515:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:Bloomberg.com
2386:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:Zhang, Xiao;
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2127:on 2008-11-19
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1687:on 2007-06-11
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1662:on 2007-06-11
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1596:on 2007-03-24
1592:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1565:on 2007-03-24
1561:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1375:on 2010-02-17
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1293:9781138016255
1289:
1286:. Routledge.
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:Brittle Power
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:Energy portal
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1001:
989:
984:
975:
974:
968:
966:
964:
959:
957:
956:
947:
943:
942:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
890:
889:United States
879:
876:
868:
858:
852:
848:
845:This section
843:
834:
833:
827:
825:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
807:
805:
797:
795:
788:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
762:
760:
758:
753:
749:
746:
741:
738:
737:refrigeration
734:
729:
725:
723:
722:load shedding
715:
713:
710:
706:
702:
697:
690:
688:
684:
682:
677:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
651:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
614:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:load shedding
561:
554:Load shedding
553:
551:
547:
544:
538:
535:
531:
525:
523:
522:marginal cost
519:
518:contingencies
510:
505:
495:
492:
484:
474:
470:
466:
460:
459:
455:
450:This section
448:
444:
439:
438:
432:
430:
428:
427:Brattle Group
423:
421:
416:
412:
407:
404:
398:
395:
390:
381:
372:
367:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:
320:
318:
314:
309:
304:
302:
301:price signals
298:
290:
288:
285:
280:
276:
274:
268:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
242:
234:
227:
222:
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
119:Power station
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Load shedding
3505:Net metering
3452:and policies
3370:Power outage
3339:Utility pole
3303:Pumped hydro
3217:
3209:distribution
3204:Transmission
3153:Cogeneration
2955:Power factor
2794:
2790:
2784:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:Canary Media
2743:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2686:
2661:. Retrieved
2654:the original
2641:
2630:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2527:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2344:
2334:
2299:
2289:
2254:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2213:
2199:
2191:the original
2186:
2176:
2159:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2115:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1883:
1870:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1792:
1784:the original
1774:
1766:the original
1756:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1650:
1615:
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1547:
1538:
1529:Findings of
1511:the original
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1439:
1394:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1363:
1352:
1309:
1302:
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1169:. Retrieved
1167:. 2023-01-22
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1121:Load profile
1054:spark spread
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998:January 2023
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3500:Load factor
3355:Black start
3323:Transformer
3024:Natural gas
2975:Variability
2950:Peak demand
2940:Merit order
2870:Backfeeding
2797:: 423–429.
2339:Zhang, X.;
2294:Zhang, X.;
2154:April, 2006
2121:"Peaksaver"
2075:: 297–308.
2038:: 439–452.
2001:: 985–995.
1960:: 445–455.
1848:: 461–478.
1825:8 September
1816:cpuc.ca.gov
1491:20 December
900:US Congress
332:peak demand
3588:Categories
3542:production
3387:Protective
3318:Super grid
3313:Smart grid
3140:Generation
3074:Geothermal
2965:Repowering
2775:2023-01-06
2750:2022-04-07
2725:2022-04-07
2701:2022-04-07
2663:2017-06-27
2414:(2): 116.
2131:2010-11-26
1691:2007-01-30
1666:2007-01-30
1600:2007-01-30
1569:2007-01-30
1379:2008-11-19
1171:2023-01-23
1148:References
745:thermostat
657:Smart grid
650:smart grid
599:California
325:power grid
291:Background
3450:Economics
3173:Micro CHP
3051:Renewable
3034:Petroleum
3029:Oil shale
2915:Grid code
2875:Base load
2472:225188834
2082:1211.0248
1748:214707924
1470:4 January
1116:Load bank
681:real time
669:peak load
590:negawatts
558:When the
543:Economy 7
452:does not
394:inelastic
346:arbitrage
258:real-time
91:Rectifier
3573:Category
3360:Brownout
3148:AC power
2858:Concepts
2672:cite web
2543:21 March
2510:Archived
2408:Energies
2326:12371333
2281:12558667
2148:Archived
2107:32067734
1421:22071272
1344:17255524
1269:21891372
1228:38985063
1165:BBC News
1017:See also
532:such as
481:May 2022
177:Recloser
172:Bus duct
96:Inverter
42:a series
40:Part of
3389:devices
3099:Thermal
3094:Osmotic
3089:Current
3069:Biomass
3059:Biofuel
3041:Nuclear
2998:Sources
2799:Bibcode
2494:NPR.org
2452:Bibcode
2371:8139559
2341:Hug, G.
2296:Hug, G.
2251:Hug, G.
2087:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
2003:Bibcode
1962:Bibcode
1850:Bibcode
1642:3817521
988:updated
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3116:Solar
3104:Tidal
3079:Hydro
2657:(PDF)
2650:(PDF)
2558:2010.
2468:S2CID
2444:Joule
2440:(PDF)
2367:S2CID
2322:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2168:(PDF)
2103:S2CID
2077:arXiv
1931:S2CID
1897:3 May
1891:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1638:S2CID
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1556:(PDF)
1417:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1224:S2CID
770:Alcoa
624:, or
3207:and
3126:Wind
3109:Wave
3019:Coal
2696:FERC
2678:link
2545:2011
2477:2019
2357:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2267:ISBN
1899:2014
1827:2022
1744:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1493:2020
1472:2021
1445:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1011:STOR
887:The
572:ELRP
456:any
454:cite
409:Two
2807:doi
2520:DOE
2460:doi
2416:doi
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2304:doi
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2095:doi
2048:doi
2036:124
2011:doi
1999:179
1970:doi
1958:183
1923:doi
1858:doi
1620:doi
1531:IEA
1399:doi
1322:hdl
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