Lobbying - Knowledge (XXG)

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in power and that the mix of advertisers on Mediaset channels shifts toward regulated firms during his tenure. To assess the impact of Berlusconi's political influence, industries were ranked according to their regulatory score, obtained from a survey of Italian economists. Highly regulated industries, such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing, showed a greater tendency to allocate a portion of their advertising budgets to Mediaset during Berlusconi's tenure. Despite higher prices for advertising space on Mediaset channels during Berlusconi's tenure, companies continued to advertise, suggesting that they expect significant political benefits from supporting the network. Mediaset's advertising partners are estimated to have paid about 1.9 billion euros more during Berlusconi's three terms, indicating the expected political value of their indirect lobbying efforts. This study provides evidence of market-based lobbying, in which companies strategically allocate their advertising budgets to gain political influence. It also highlights the additional conflict of interest that politicians with corporate holdings face and raises important questions about the role of money in politics beyond direct campaign contributions.

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would be paid back just by renting for three months 2 beach umbrellas for 15 euros each (and in many cases the renting prices are higher). The Court of Accounts has declared an imbalance between the fee and the gains from the beach establishment. Until 2009, according to a 1949 law, people who had public concessions had the right to keep them if there was no opposition from third parties. In 2009 this law is abolished under menace of legal procedure from the Eu for infraction of a 2006 directive, that established mandatory public procedures that were impartial and transparent. Anyhow, since then, governments continuously postponed any decision regarding modyfing laws on public concessions for beach establishments. Under the government of Mario Draghi the deadline for all concessions was established for the 31st of December 2023: anyhow, the new Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni assured in a letter of November 3, 2022, that "their government would defend the families that work in that sector", and delayed the deadline of the concessions. Some politicians claim that the families involved in the issue represent a significant and influential number of electors.

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licenses are held by artisan business owners who have passed a driver's exam and are registered with the Chamber of Commerce. After holding a license for five years, reaching the age of 60, or due to illness, license holders can transfer their license to someone else upon indicating their preference to the municipality. In case of death, the license can be passed to one of the heirs or their designated individuals. Italy has an average of one taxi for every 2,000 inhabitants, whereas countries like France and Spain have ratios of 1,160 and 1,028 taxis per 2,000 inhabitants, respectively. This suggests that Italy has a relatively lower number of taxis available compared to its population. In August 2019, the then Transport Councillor Marco Granelli acknowledged the need to increase the number of taxi licenses by 450 to meet the demand. Data showed that a significant percentage of calls for taxis were going unanswered during peak hours and weekends. However, the issue was put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it remains uncertain when it will be addressed.

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delays, amendments and compromises that have weakened the law. Pressure from various lobbies led to the deletion of several important provisions. For example, due to pressure from pharmacists, the sale of Band C drugs in supermarkets and parapharmacies was skipped. Other provisions removed include the portability of pension funds, the sale of boxes or garages worth less than one hundred thousand euros without a notarized deed, the protected energy market, and the Postal Service monopoly. In addition, the rule on RCA tariffs was withdrawn after protests from insurance companies, while the diatribe between taxi drivers and

1061:(UKPAC) defined lobbying as: in a professional capacity, attempting to influence, or advising those who wish to influence, the UK Government, Parliament, the devolved legislatures or administrations, regional or local government or other public bodies on any matter within their competence. Formal procedures enable individual members of the public to lobby their Member of Parliament but most lobbying activity centres on corporate, charity and trade association lobbying, where organisations seek to amend government policy through advocacy. 834:

of the sitting Parliament expired. With the rising of the new parliamentary term in 2018, the Regulation was not being readopted. At the subnational level, only six regions have legislations about lobbying: Tuscany (2002), Molise (2004), Abruzzo (2010), Calabria (2016), Lombardy (2016) and Puglia (2017). These regional legislations have similar structure, but only Tuscany took a step forward to implement this legislation and create a public register.

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health on individuals, and portray government actions as interference in personal liberties and free choice. This is formidable opposition. When industry is involved in policy-making, rest assured that the most effective control measures will be downplayed or left out entirely. This, too, is well documented, and dangerous. In the view of WHO, the formulation of health policies must be protected from distortion by commercial or vested interests.

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Code of conduct and a register of lobbyists. Today lobbying in the European Union is an integral and important part of decision-making in the EU. From year to year lobbying regulation in the EU is constantly improving and the number of lobbyists increases. This increase in lobbying activity is a result of the growing recognition of lobbying as a critical discipline at the intersection of politics, economics, and society.

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pushing the environmental policies or favouring fossil fuels in addition to informing them about the UAE hosting COP28. The gulf nation even declared its intentions of achieving net zero emissions by 2050, even though 30% of their GDP relies on oil and gas directly, while the remaining relies upon industry run on heavy energy consumption.

871:(the mass media company founded and controlled by Berlusconi) bias in the allocation of advertising spending during Berlusconi's political tenure, in particular for companies operating in more regulated sectors. Using advertising data from the Nielsen AdEx database, the behavior of companies buying advertising space on 640:. The controversy concerned the European Parliament's "friendship groups", the unofficial bodies operating with no formal regulations and sometimes under sponsored lobbyists and foreign governments. The European Parliament was preparing to vote on a resolution to call for a release of a Bahraini political prisoner 122:

within their electoral district acting as private citizens; others like professional lobbyists may engage in lobbying as a business or profession; while others are government relations support staff who work on behalf of professional lobbyists but do not actively participate in influencing or meeting

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of as much as 22,000% in some cases. Major American corporations spent $ 345 million lobbying for just three pro-immigration bills between 2006 and 2008. A review of 30 food and beverage companies spent $ 38.2 million on lobbying in 2020 to strengthen and maintain their influence in Washington, D.C.

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Another relevant case of lobbying that has been going on for at least 16 years concerns owners of beach establishments. Beaches are the Italian State's properties: since 2022, owners have to pay a fee of 2698 euros to keep a public concession of a beach establishment. This is an amount of money that

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Canada maintains a Registry of Lobbyists. Over 5,000 people now working as registered lobbyists at Canada's federal level. Lobbying began as an unregulated profession, but since the late 20th century has been regulated by the government to increase transparency and establish a set of ethics for both

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In the UK, lobbying plays a significant role in the formation of legislation. Various commercial organisations, lobby groups "lobby" for particular policies and decisions by Parliament and other political organs at national, regional and local levels. The phrase "lobbying" comes from the gathering

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A model of the Italian television advertising market was developed, distinguishing between regulated firms (interested in government actions) and unregulated firms (less interested in specific public policy changes). The model predicts that advertising prices on Mediaset increase when Berlusconi is

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Italy does not have a lobbying legislation at national level nowadays, even though there have been proposals by lawmakers during the years. In 2016, the Chamber of deputies added an addendum that introduced a Regulation of interest representation. The Regulation expired in late 2017, when the term

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involved in drafting and negotiating legislation must publish online their meetings with lobbyists. The amendment says that "rapporteurs, shadow rapporteurs or committee chairs shall, for each report, publish online all scheduled meetings with interest representatives falling under the scope of the

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Efforts to prevent noncommunicable diseases go against the business interests of powerful economic operators. In my view, this is one of the biggest challenges facing health promotion. it is not just Big Tobacco anymore. Public health must also contend with Big Food, Big Soda, and Big Alcohol. All

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exists. Many critiques of lobbying point to the potential for conflicts of interest to lead to agent misdirection or the intentional failure of an agent with a duty to serve an employer, client, or constituent to perform those duties. The failure of government officials to serve the public interest

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Climate event. Fleishmann Hillard were hired to compose letters that proposed the idea of Emirati ministers attending conferences and events and using the phrase "the UAE is hosting COP28 next year". Whereas, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld were hired to reach out to US politicians particularly

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The United Arab Emirates has a long history of lobbying government and politicians in the West for its conflict of interest concerning building influence and using it to impact the country's foreign policy. In November 2022 it was accused of hiring PR and lobbying firms in order to promote to the

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In addition to this, lobby organisations sometimes hire former EU employees (a phenomenon known as the revolving door) who possess inside knowledge of the EU institutions and policy process. This practice of hiring former EU employees is part of what lobbyist Andreas Geiger describes as lobbying's

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seeking to influence the EU's legislation. Some 2,600 special interest groups had a permanent office in Brussels. Their distribution was roughly as follows: European trade federations (32%), consultants (20%), companies (13%), NGOs (11%), national associations (10%), regional representations (6%),

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The majority of lobbying companies represent non-governmental organizations which activities include education, ecology, fundamental freedoms, health, consumer rights etc. Other entities that deal with lobby practice are multinational companies, Romanian companies, law firms and specialized lobby

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The first step towards specialized regulation of lobbying in the European Union was a Written Question tabled by Alman Metten, in 1989. In 1991, Marc Galle, Chairman of the Committee on the Rules of Procedure, the Verification of Credentials and Immunities, was appointed to submit proposals for a

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and is accessible to the public via its website. Similar registers for State government lobbyists were introduced between 2007 and 2009 around Australia. Since April 2007 in Western Australia, only lobbyists listed on the state's register are allowed to contact a government representative for the

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that confuses the evidence and keeps the public in doubt. Tactics also include gifts, grants, and contributions to worthy causes that cast these industries as respectable corporate citizens in the eyes of politicians and the public. They include arguments that place the responsibility for harm to

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provisions against revolving door politics exist in relation to certain industries. The Immigration Advisers Licensing Act 2007, for example, prohibits Ministers of Immigration, Associate Ministers of Immigration and immigration officials from becoming a licensed immigration adviser for one year

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Finally, lobbying from taxi drivers represents a growing issue. The current situation in Italy regarding taxi services is regulated by Law No. 21 of 1992. According to this law, the responsibility for determining the number of taxi licenses, shifts, and fares is given to the municipalities. Taxi

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In Italy, over the years, lobbies and power groups have obstructed the liberalization of markets and favored the protection of existing privileges. Despite various attempts to promote competition, such as the Law for the Market and Competition passed a year ago, the process has been riddled with

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The international standards for the regulation of lobbying were introduced at four international organizations and supranational associations: 1) the European Union; 2) the Council of Europe; 3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 4) the Commonwealth of Independent States.

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The royal court was home to the king and therefore was an important arena for policy issues and decisions. we find isolated examples of lobbyists for particular interests. An example of such a figure was Sir John Hay, who spent frequent intervals at court during when he acted as agent for the

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was postponed for a separate measure. Professional associations, such as lawyers and dentists, opposed measures that undermined their interests, such as the requirement for lawyers to have a quote or the requirement that dental companies be at least two-thirds owned by registered members. Other

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Other letters from Washington affirm, that members of the Senate, when the compromise question was to be taken in the House, were not only "lobbying about the Representatives' Chamber" but also active in endeavoring to intimidate certain weak representatives by insulting threats to dissolve the

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to describe the political advocates who frequented the hotel's lobby to access Grant—who was often there in the evenings to enjoy a cigar and brandy—and then tried to buy the president drinks in an attempt to influence his political decisions. Although the term may have gained more widespread

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where French lobbyists are able to register themselves. For example, the internal rule of the National Assembly (art. 23 and 79) forbids members of Parliament to be linked with a particular interest. Also, there is no rule at all for consultation of interest groups by the Parliament and the

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led to a lifetime ban on administration officials from lobbying for foreign governments and a five-year ban on other forms of lobbying. However, the rule was revoked by Trump right before the end of his presidency. A number of Trump allies were found guilty to lobbying on behalf of foreign

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stated that by 1983 the lobbying profession was an established part of the democratic political process in Canberra. Warhurst attests that by 2018, "political leader-lobbyists" were an established part of the same process. During the 1980s, political leaders traded on their own names, like

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Attempts to regulate lobbying in Romania have appeared in the context of the fight against corruption. Anti-corruption strategies adopted in 2011 and 2004 mentions the purposes of the elaboration of a draft law on lobbying, as well as ensuring transparency in the decision-making activity.

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since 1 December 2009. A criticism of the lobbyist register is that it only captures professional third-party lobbyists, not employees of companies which directly lobby government. An example of this is BHP, which employs Geoff Walsh, a key advisor to Bob Hawke as an in-house lobbyist.

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television channels during Berlusconi's tenure as prime minister was analyzed. It is hypothesized that some companies are more likely to advertise on Mediaset channels when Berlusconi is in power, indicating a potential correlation between advertising behavior and political influence.

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in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a duty to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the public good, can benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, a

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joined a lobbying firm just three months after leaving Parliament, where he had been justice and broadcasting minister. Lobbyists also move directly into staffer positions. Gordon-Jon Thompson took a leave of absence from his lobbying firm to work as chief of staff to Prime Minister

503:. Peter Costello carried two former staffers to work with him in his lobbying firm, ECG Consulting: Jonathan Epstein and David Gazard. Politicians can become exposed to allegations of conflicts of interest when they both lobby and advise governments. Examples include Peter Costello. 317:

briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the court records and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions.

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In 2013, there were just under 280 firms on the Federal Australian Register of Lobbyists. Steve Carney of Carney Associated says that lobbyists "try to leave no thumbprints on the glass, no footprints in the sand. The best lobbying is when nobody knows you were there."

59:. Lobbying, which usually involves direct, face-to-face contact in cooperation with support staff that may not meet directly face-to-face, is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including individuals on a personal level in their capacity as 1268:(1994) – a unique lobby which is called "Lobby 99" is working at the Israeli parliament. This is a lobby which is funded by the people by crowdfunding and working for the people, the 99 percent who are not among the elites which most lobbying companies represent. 515:

candidate), Howard staffer John Griffin and former New South Wales Liberal Party leader, Peter Collins. The Labor "sister" company is Hawker Britton, so named as both firms are owned by STW Group. In 2013, Hawker Britton had 113 client companies on its books.

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There is no register for lobbying activity and no cooling off period for public officials before they can enter the lobbying industry in New Zealand, allowing politicians and Parliamentary staffers to immediately become lobbyists after leaving office.

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whether as professional or amateur lobbyists can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define "lobbying" for legal purposes, and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential.

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affected by legislation and regulation, as the main asset for a lobbyist is contacts with and influence on government officials. This climate is attractive for ex-government officials. It can also mean substantial monetary rewards for lobbying

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Political party staff often form lobbying firms or dominate their ranks. Former Howard chief-of-staff Grahame Morris is director of Barton Deakin Government Relations. His colleagues there include David Alexander (former Costello staffer),

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and its neighbour country argued that without the ease of sanctions, the diplomatic efforts to end the Syrian war will be ineffective. However, the EU nations, including France and Germany, turned down the idea of restoring ties with

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Arbeitspapiere und Materialien – Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of

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Government. Nevertheless, a recent parliamentary initiative (motion for a resolution) has been launched by several MPs so as to establish a register for representatives of interest groups and lobbyists who intend to lobby the MPs.

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who left politics went to work for organisations on the EU lobby register after their mandate and approximately one third of Commissioners serving under Barroso took jobs in the private sector after their mandate, including for

1286:: Since 1998, Kazakhstan has been trying to pass a law on lobbying. The National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan "Atameken" is one of the first official lobbying structures in the country, but there are other examples. 2338: 962:

In 2012, Walmart revealed it had spent $ 25 million since 2008 on lobbying to "enhance market access for investment in India". This disclosure came weeks after the Indian government made a controversial decision to permit

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has grown from a small industry of a few hundred employees to a multi-billion dollar per year industry. What was once the preserve of big multinational companies and at a more local level (property developers, for example

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In 2008 and 2011, the emphasis was mainly on transparency in the decision-making activity of the public authorities, regulation of lobbying activities no longer appearing as a distinct or expressly mentioned objective.

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in Washington, D.C., and the massive impact this had on the lobbying scene in the United States, the rules for lobbying in the EU—which until now consisted of only a non-binding code of conduct—may also be tightened.

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found that political donations by corporations do not increase shareholder value. The authors posit a few reasons that firms continue giving despite little returns, including signaling firm values to investors and

821:(German: Lobbyliste) was introduced in Germany effective 1 January 2022, along with a code of conduct. These rules were criticized as insufficient by several opposition party members and representatives from the 359:

of these industries fear regulation, and protect themselves by using the same tactics. Research has documented these tactics well. They include front groups, lobbies, promises of self-regulation, lawsuits, and

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in charge of corporate affairs. Competitor Woolworths has a government relations team composed of former Labor and Liberal advisers, under the direction of a former leader of the National Party, Andrew Hall.

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face-to-face with targeted personnel enough to be considered registered lobbyists while working in the same professional circles as professional lobbyists who are legally designated as registered lobbyists.

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in the country. The lack of competitive markets is one of the main reasons Italy has not experienced economic growth in recent years. However, pressure groups continue to defend their privileges, hindering

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Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, or policies on behalf of a group or individual who hires them.

2923: 644:. However, chair of European Parliament's Bahrain friendship group, Zdechovský came under questions for visiting Bahrain in April 2022, without declaring. In a separate resolution, Zdechovský's 450:

noted that over this time, retired politicians have increasingly turned political lobbyists to leverage their networks and experience for private gain. In 2018 he noted that two of the top three

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There is currently no regulation at all for lobbying activities in France. There is no regulated access to the French institutions and no register specific to France, but there is one for the

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for four months before returning to his lobbying firm. Andrew Kirton resigned from his lobbying company on 31 January 2023 and the next day was announced as chief of staff for Prime Minister

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https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2018CanLIIDocs28#!fragment//BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoByCgSgBpltTCIBFRQ3AT0otokLC4EbDtyp8BQkAGU8pAELcASgFEAMioBqAQQByAYRW1SYAEbRS2ONWpA

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Lobbying can be categorized as inside lobbying, which directly interacts with decision-makers, or outside lobbying, which pressures decision-makers through mobilization of public opinion.

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and senior journalists and politicians. Besides private companies, the Indian government has been paying for the services a US firm since 2005 to lobby, for example, in relation to the

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The Romanian Lobby Registry Association (ARRL) was founded in June 2010 to popularize and promote lobbying activity. ARRL is a non-profit legal entity that works under private law.

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In 2022, The Mercury published a complete list of lobbyists registered at the Tasmanian Parliament. The field was dominated by former politicians, advisers and journalists in 2016.

288:, for example, filed suits in state and federal courts in the 1950s to challenge segregation laws. Their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional. 5148: 3015: 825:, who argued that they did not adequately address issues of transparency and potential conflicts of interest. Stricter rules are scheduled to come into effect on January 1, 2024. 165:

as a consequence of lobbying by special interests who provide benefits to the official is an example of agent misdirection. That is why lobbying is seen as one of the causes of a

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Romanian legislation does not include an express regulation on lobbying activity. The legislative proposals initiated by various parliamentarians have not been finalized.

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Joos, Klemens: Convincing Political Stakeholders – Successful Lobbying Through Process Competence in the Complex Decision-Making System of the European Union, 526 pages,

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or troubled human rights records'. Between 2015 and 2017, around 145 registered lobbyists were paid $ 18 million by Saudi Arabia to influence the U.S. government.

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of previous research findings found a positive correlation between corporate political activity and firm performance. A 2009 study found that lobbying brought a

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to regain the diplomatic ties with the Syrian government. The two Arab countries lobbied the European Union for months, pushing them to ease the sanctions on

5219: 5199: 4914: 189:, which refers to a gallery, hall, or portico. This architectural sense was later adopted to describe the practice of advocating or debating in such spaces. 4166: 3750: 169:. Politicians tend to vote more against the preferred position of their constituency in case of more special interest money and less attention to politics. 5257: 5092: 4936: 3293: 5104: 5000: 649: 613:, consisting of costly invitations to foreign politicians and employees of international organizations to Azerbaijan at the expense of the host country. 2283: 2409: 4049: 3986: 3648: 2272:// Africa Intelligence, 9 02 2017 г. "Baku's "caviar diplomacy" which consisted of buying the good graces of certain members of the Council of Europe" 2102: 5034: 2966: 2208: 1225: 1145: 3452: 2517: 5076: 4941: 3179: 1176: 1141: 3953: 3204: 2435: 1908:. Contributions to the study of world history, ISSN 0885-9159. Vol. 64. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group R. D. p. 51. 1459:

Balles, Patrick; Matter, Ulrich; Stutzer, Alois (31 May 2024). "Special Interest Groups Versus Voters and the Political Economics of Attention".

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A 2011 study of the 50 firms that spent the most on lobbying relative to their assets compared their financial performance against that of the

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In the United States, some special interests hire professional advocates to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies, such as

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engages GRA (Government Relations Australia), one of Australia's largest lobbying firms, whose staff includes former Federal Labor treasurer,

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may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The

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Lobbying and Advocacy: Winning Strategies, Resources, Recommendations, Ethics and Ongoing Compliance for Lobbyists and Washington Advocates

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lobbies. In 2010 alone, foreign governments spent approximately $ 460 million on lobbying members of Congress and government officials.

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vital role in shaping law and decision-making processes, given the unique insights and access these individuals provide. A report by

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Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)

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Legalization, accreditation, control and supervisory activity concerning lobbyists and lobbying organizations: prospects for Ukraine

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Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress

1113:, and concluded that spending on lobbying was a "spectacular investment" yielding "blistering" returns comparable to a high-flying 1787: 1604: 1390: 5262: 5252: 5159: 1184: 928: 475:, or joined the "respectable" end of the lobbying spectrum, working for law firms or banks, like former New South Wales premiers 5272: 4959: 1203: 5277: 2044: 313:) briefs to try to influence court cases. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit. 5375: 5046: 5040: 4512: 3801: 2584: 1350: 1039: 979: 975: 447: 3042: 2635: 4415: 3370:"Measuring Rates of Return for Lobbying Expenditures: An Empirical Case Study of Tax Breaks for Multinational Corporations" 2015: 667:

lobbyists, and those who will be lobbied. Canada does not require disclosure of lobbyist spending on lobbying activities.

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cites numerous documented uses of the word well before Grant's presidency, including use in Pennsylvania as early as 1808.

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Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages,

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Supermarket chains in Australia engage lobbying firms with political weight in their ranks. Australian Supermarket giant

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In the US, lobbying for foreign governments is not illegal, but it requires registering as a foreign agent with the

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to reduce the cost of traditional campaigns, and to more precisely target public officials with political messages.

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EU published in January 2017 analysed the career paths of former EU officials and found that 30% of Members of the

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Arab Lobby in the United States Handbook, 2015 edition, published by the Global Investment Center, United States (

5365: 5237: 4930: 4714: 4326: 4232: 4181: 3696: 1840: 1365: 1345: 1058: 964: 440: 347: 322: 4015: 3976: 3324:"Mixing Business With Politics: A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Outcomes of Corporate Political Activity" 2131: 637: 4667: 4477: 4408: 4301: 4201: 4066: 2110: 2073: 360: 4058: 1991: 1030:(TI) criticized the lack of oversight in the New Zealand lobbying industry in a November 2022 report as lax. 753:

adopted binding rules on lobby transparency. Amending its Rules of Procedure, the Parliament stipulated that

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In 2003 there were around 15,000 lobbyists (consultants, lawyers, associations, corporations, NGOs etc.) in

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The "lobby tree", planted in 2001 by SEAP, the professional organization of lobbyists, at Wiertzstraat in

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has signed into law the much-anticipated legislation on lobbying, officially known as draft law No. 10337

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and other pressure groups to engage with the government ahead of the national budget and legislation in

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Revolving Door Lobbying: Public Service, Private Influence, and the Unequal Representation of Interests

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before and after parliamentary debates where members of the public can meet their representatives.

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Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.

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Lobbying or certain practices that share commonalities with lobbying are sometimes referred to as

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Deanna Gelak (previous president of the American League of Lobbyists) mentioned this in her book

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failed to call for Khawaja's release and instead called him a "political opponent". Director of

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Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages,

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Nicholls, Andrew D. (1999). "Kings, Courtiers, and Councillors: The Making of British Policy".

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Climate Conference. The problem was that the promotion started even before Egypt hosted 2022's

5360: 4840: 4787: 4615: 4610: 4522: 4394: 4311: 4005: 3965: 3941: 3505: 3411: 3407: 3060: 2878: 2815:

Letter from Giorgia Meloni to President Capacchione, Il Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri.

2381: 1909: 1883: 1763: 1726: 1693: 1527: 1486: 1439: 1415: 864: 822: 681: 451: 325:

concept, a movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and roles in the

52: 4048:

Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union,

2817: 2457:"Transparency International EU (2017) Access All Areas: when EU politicians become lobbyists" 1433: 5308: 5174: 4884: 4855: 4742: 4672: 4662: 4642: 4422: 4316: 4264: 3497: 3387: 3377: 3335: 2776: 2312: 1875: 1718: 1685: 1517: 1476: 1468: 1330: 1160: 1083: 1075: 786:, stating that it would legitimize the regime that is accused of massacring its own people. 606: 592: 463: 455: 223: 76: 3878: 3122: 258: 5344: 5332: 5131: 4835: 4830: 4507: 4242: 4176: 4070: 4043: 3990: 3156:"Lobbyists in New Zealand enjoy freedoms unlike most other nations in the developed world" 2269: 2250: 2231: 2212: 1335: 617:

diplomacy also includes expensive gifts presented as "a tribute to the Eastern tradition."

571: 570:

purpose of lobbying. Similar rules have applied in Tasmania since 1 September 2009 and in

540:

is represented by both ECG Consulting and Bespoke Approach, while its own parent company,

266:

Governments often define and regulate organized group lobbying as part of laws to prevent

1863: 1212:, 'many lobbyists try to avoid representing countries that have tense relationships with 483:. In 2008, Alexander Downer formed the lobbying firm Bespoke Approach, along with former 4033:

The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying

4027:

Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion

3228: 3080: 2585:"French National Assembly : Motion for a Resolution on Lobbying (21 November 2006)" 415:

provided incidental opportunities for gaining the ear of monarchs and their councilors.

4889: 4845: 4762: 4321: 4279: 3805: 3485: 3081:"Wal-Mart Lobbying in India? - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School" 1905:

The Jacobean Union: A Reconsideration of British Civil Policies Under the Early Stuarts

1795: 1608: 1394: 1233: 1122: 1009: 818: 795: 633: 545: 459: 275: 80: 64: 5327: 380: 5354: 5179: 4809: 4752: 4206: 4096: 4024:

The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed

3622: 3402: 3347: 1828: 1740: 1229: 1213: 1118: 1013: 951:

surrounding leaked audio transcripts of conversations between the corporate lobbyist

731: 727: 351: 293: 200: 92: 84: 17: 3517: 2311:. Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada. October 10, 2014. Archived from 863:

A 2016 study found evidence of significant indirect lobbying of then-Prime Minister

652:, Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei accused the Czech MEP of acting as a mouthpiece for Bahrain. 110:

known by many of the aforementioned names, and has a near complete overlap with the

4850: 4802: 4797: 4757: 4657: 4627: 4578: 4296: 4269: 4196: 4171: 4156: 4077: 3649:"As Trump Travels to Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom's D.C. Lobbying Surge Is Paying Off" 3323: 2180: 2052: 1545: 1220: 1103: 770: 628: 554: 476: 281: 87:; and by fellow legislators or government officials influencing each other through 2705:"Deutscher Bundestag - Vorlagen zur Änderung des Lobbyregistergesetzes überwiesen" 2591: 4042:

Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code,

2675:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl" 2541: 1903: 83:(interest groups) to fulfil their mission such as requesting humanitarian aid or 63:, constituents, or private citizens; it is also practiced by corporations in the 5315: 4814: 4772: 4767: 4732: 4699: 4582: 3453:"Where the dollars go: Lobbying a big business for large food and beverage CPGs" 2023: 1942:

Lobbying In Australia: You Can't Expect Anything to Change If You Don't Speak Up

1192: 1004: 983: 952: 521: 488: 412: 232: 119: 3597:"One of Trump's final acts will allow former aides to profit from foreign ties" 2763:

DellaVigna, Stefano; Durante, Ruben; Knight, Brian; Ferrara, Eliana La (2016).

1156: 5320: 5267: 4782: 4737: 4694: 4493: 4387: 4252: 1360: 1114: 1110: 944: 706: 610: 541: 467: 48: 3697:"Trump revokes rule barring lobbying by former officials as he leaves office" 3509: 3339: 2877:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Institutul European din România. 2015. p. 67. 2861:"Balneari e taxi, come funziona l'Italia delle lobby | Milena Gabanelli" 1887: 1879: 1767: 1697: 1531: 1522: 1505: 1490: 4704: 4632: 4592: 4573: 4356:

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)

4227: 3573: 3127: 2924:"Why India Inc's lobby groups like CII, Ficci & Nasscom have lost sheen" 2456: 1811:"International standards for the regulation of lobbying (EU, CE, OECD, CIS)" 1673: 1091: 472: 435: 56: 4021:

The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction

3205:"New Zealand lobbying oversight lacking in comparison to similar countries" 1689: 106:

and sometimes legislative relations, or legislative affairs. It is also an

5339: 1864:"Advocacy Strategies in Global Governance: Inside versus Outside Lobbying" 1292:

In South Korea, lobbying is viewed as a form of corruption and is illegal.

4777: 4747: 4362: 4258: 4186: 3382: 3369: 2781: 2764: 1672:

Blanes i Vidal, Jordi; Draca, Mirko; Fons-Rosen, Christian (2012-12-01).

1472: 1315: 1208: 936: 872: 868: 701: 686: 480: 144: 44: 3954:"Form of government and lobbies in UK and UE. A comparative perspective" 3426:"How did opening borders to mass immigration become a 'Left-wing' idea?" 2942:"Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India - TobaccoTactics" 2284:"Revealed: MEP in prisoner resolution row made undeclared Bahrain visit" 1481: 943:. Lobbying activities have frequently been identified in the context of 5088:

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

4689: 4587: 4111: 3310:...Hiring a top-flight lobbyist looks like a spectacular investment ... 2333:

Sapers, J. in Ferguson, G. (2018). Chapter 10: Regulation of Lobbying.

1712: 1325: 1272: 1050: 924: 599: 208: 3392: 2765:"Market-Based Lobbying: Evidence from Advertising Spending in Italy †" 2436:"Form of government and lobbying UK and UE, a comparative perspective" 1722: 626:

In December 2022, Bahrain's lobbying efforts reflected in a report by

5017: 3550:"Wall Street Spent $ 2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election" 2176:"Plush hotels and caviar diplomacy: how Azerbaijan's elite wooed MPs" 860:

in a few years, but lobbies seem to be able to prevent such changes.

844: 614: 60: 4063: 3671:"Trump imposes lifetime ban on some lobbying, five years for others" 3471:"When Corporations Donate to Candidates, Are They Buying Influence?" 2992:"Radia Tapes: How One Woman's Influence Peddling Led to a Snake Pit" 2563: 2351: 2081: 1810: 1568: 1566: 227:

currency in Washington, D.C., by virtue of this practice during the

3501: 4977: 4637: 4211: 4018:– Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry 3368:

Alexander, Raquel Meyer; Mazza, Stephen W.; Scholz, Susan (2009).

1833:"Opening address at the 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion" 1250: 1246: 1155: 1074: 920: 783: 774: 680: 598: 354:, illustrated the methods used in lobbying against public health: 257: 3776:"UAE using role as Cop28 host to lobby on its climate reputation" 3016:"Indian government cuts down on US lobbying to lowest in 7 years" 1245:

politicians in the United States about its selection to host the

867:

through business proxies. The authors document a significant pro-

528:

describes political lobbying as a "pathetic miserable industry".

4622: 4237: 3751:"Trump Ally's UAE Lobbying Struck Heart of Democracy, U.S. Says" 2518:"Saudis, UAE Lobby Europeans to Restore Ties With Syria's Assad" 839: 754: 723: 550: 331: 4466: 4115: 2206:

Caviar Diplomacy. How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe

2103:"South Australian Lobbyist Code of Conduct and Public Register" 4030:

Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call

3322:

Lux, Sean; Crook, T. Russell; Woehr, David J. (January 2011).

2898: 857: 778: 766: 375: 203:

has shown that "lobbying" finds its roots in the gathering of

197: 156: 4462: 2747:"In Italia le lobby fanno fallire la legge sulla concorrenza" 2403:"Lobbying in the European Union: current rules and practices" 2051:. Government of Western Australia. 2011-07-20. Archived from 1637:"EU lobbyists face tougher regulation | Financial Times" 238:

The term "lobbying" also appeared in print as early as 1820:

143:

are controversial. Lobbying can, at times, be spoken of with

3623:"Foreign Lobbying Isn't Inherently Bad—Until There Are Lies" 3123:"Govt issues notification on committee to draft Lokpal Bill" 2136:

Victorian Public Sector Commissioner – Register of Lobbyists

856:

study indicates that true liberalization could grow Italy's

3486:"Quid Pro Quo? Corporate Returns to Campaign Contributions" 2132:"Questions and answers for Victorian Register of Lobbyists" 5013:

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania

3484:

Fowler, Anthony; Garro, Haritz; Spenkuch, Jörg L. (2020).

2796: 286:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3532:"Wall Street spends record $ 2bn on US election lobbying" 2818:

https://ww.mef.gov.it/inevidenza/documenti/NADEF_2018.pdf

2636:"Europarat bemängelt Deutschlands Kampf gegen Korruption" 2542:"Pleins feux sur les lobbies dans l'UE (28 October 2009)" 1605:"NP Action - Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions" 1163:

thematized the influence of lobbyists in his book called

1057:

before and after parliamentary debates. The now-defunct

5210:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

2500:"Text adopted by EU Parliament on lobbying transparency" 139:

The ethics and morals involved with legally lobbying or

2380:(2. ed.). Brussels: Helios Media. pp. 11–18. 1756:"The Lobbying Game: Why the Revolving Door Won't Close" 813:

In Germany, lobbying has existed since 1956, when the

392: 1086:, part of downtown Washington's maze of high-powered " 933:

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry

925:

National Association of Software and Service Companies

262:

An 1891 cartoon about lobbying an American assemblyman

147:, when the implication is that people with inordinate 5292: 5007:

Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program

4966:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

937:

Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India

222:

in Washington, D.C., where it was supposedly used by

118:, for example amateur lobbyists such as a voter or a 4948:

Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory

3875:"Lobbying interests in the structures of Kazakhstan" 3828:"President Zelensky Signs Law on Regulated Lobbying" 2610:"Kabinett beschließt Verhaltenskodex für Lobbyisten" 2564:"Le lobbying passe aussi par le web (12 March 2012)" 2074:"Register of Lobbyists : Register of Lobbyists" 5228: 5188: 5149:

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011

5139: 5130: 4923: 4877: 4868: 4823: 4725: 4566: 4557: 4536: 4500: 4452:

Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (XXG) (category)

4379: 4340: 4220: 4149: 3723:"The Emirati Lobby: How the UAE Wins in Washington" 1144:spent a record $ 2 billion trying to influence the 843:categories, such as hoteliers, called for a ban on 2451: 2449: 511:(former Lord Mayor of Brisbane and former federal 211:in the hallways ("lobbies") of the United Kingdom 30:"Lobbyist" redirects here. For the TV series, see 3995:Power. Man. Law. International Scientific Journal 3590: 3588: 3131:. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 9 April 2011. 1171:Foreign-funded lobbying efforts include those of 462:, and that the trend could be traced back to the 181:is believed to originate from the medieval Latin 3930:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy 3279:"Government Lobbyists Are More Nimble Than Ever" 2922:Goyal, Malini; Sharma, Shantanu N (2012-06-03). 2263:Will IOG go for Baku's 'caviar diplomacy' ? 2174:Doward, Jamie; Latimer, Charlotte (2013-11-24). 2049:Public Sector Commission – Register of Lobbyists 47:, which lawfully attempts to directly influence 4162:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry 3099:"20 Years of the Right to Information Movement" 3041:Kalra, Kaushiki Sanyal,Harsimran (2013-06-19). 2727: 2725: 2470:Green Paper on European Transparency Initiative 2244:Council of Europe plagued by 'caviar diplomacy' 2225:«Икорная дипломатия» Баку в сфере прав человека 2109:. Government of South Australia. Archived from 1817:. tom 8, nr 2: 79–101 – via Academia.edu. 1594:, TheCapitol.Net, 2008, LobbyingAndAdvocacy.com 565:A register of federal lobbyists is kept by the 356: 240: 218:One story held that the term originated at the 5117:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption 4984:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption 4915:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations 2020:Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet 1862:Dellmuth, Lisa Maria; Tallberg, Jonas (2017). 1117:, even despite the financial downturn. A 2011 777:for the revival of its collapsed economy. The 765:The European allies were being lobbied by the 4478: 4127: 2352:"EU standards for the regulation of lobbying" 2337:. 3rd Edition. University of Victoria Press. 1391:"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions" 8: 5220:United Nations Convention against Corruption 5200:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 3853:"Нужно ли в Казахстане узаконить лоббистов?" 3804:. Knesset.gov.il. 1997-04-01. Archived from 3065:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2769:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2486:"EU Parliament to end secret lobby meetings" 1435:Democracy and lobbying in the European Union 967:in the country's multi-brand retail sector. 89:legislative affairs (legislative assistance) 5258:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 5093:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission 4937:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 4332:Sponsorship of continuing medical education 3977:EU standards for the regulation of lobbying 2813:Consiglio dei Ministri. (3 November 2022). 2733:"At a glance: Government lobbying in Italy" 2335:Global Corruption: Law, Theory and Practice 2138:. State Government of Victoria. 2014-06-20. 817:issued a ruling legalizing it. A mandatory 298: 27:Attempting to influence government official 5136: 5105:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine 5001:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau 4874: 4563: 4485: 4471: 4463: 4134: 4120: 4112: 3900:"In Korea, lobbying takes different forms" 1992:"Liberal lobbyists look to the good times" 1711:Lapira, Timothy; Thomas, Herschel (2017). 291:Lobbyists may use a legal device known as 3569:"Lobbying by Foreign Countries Decreases" 3401: 3391: 3381: 2780: 2434:Petrillo, Pier Luigi (21 February 2013). 1521: 1480: 321:The lobbying industry is affected by the 67:serving their own business interests; by 5035:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission 4167:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (XXG) 1146:2016 United States presidential election 114:. Lobbyists may be among a legislator's 5299: 5077:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission 4942:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) 4064:Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 2967:"Assocham seeks wage support for MSMEs" 2855: 2853: 2022:. Australian Government. Archived from 1857: 1855: 1382: 689:, in front of the main entrance of the 5165:Freedom of information laws by country 5082:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 4370:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy 4056:Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: 3058: 2652: 2151:"Who plays the lobby game in Tasmania" 1652:"Lobbying – The Canadian Encyclopedia" 632:, which involved the name of a senior 5029:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar 4971:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 4900:International Anti-Corruption Academy 2758: 2756: 2475:, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2009 2371: 2369: 2282:Rankin, Jennifer (14 December 2022). 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1953: 1951: 1024:after leaving government employment. 743:Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal 705:international organizations (5%) and 544:, has former West Australian premier 346:In 2013, the director general of the 7: 5248:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 5243:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 5024:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 4954:National Anti-Corruption Observatory 3952:Petrillo, P. L. (21 February 2013). 3595:Meyer, Theodoric (24 January 2021). 3294:"The outsized returns from lobbying" 1510:Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 274:about possible influences by public 5170:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 5065:National Anticorruption Directorate 5059:Anti-Corruption General Directorate 4307:Pharmaceutical sales representative 4097:"Police loans inquiry is widenened" 2107:Department of Premier & Cabinet 1990:Grattan, Michelle (10 April 2013). 1309:List of basic public affairs topics 1206:(FARA). Unofficially, according to 749:Eventually, on 31 January 2019 the 4895:Group of States Against Corruption 3863:from the original on Oct 12, 2023. 3567:Knott, Alex (September 14, 2011). 3428:. 11 February 2016. Archived from 3135:from the original on 29 April 2011 2965:Mishra, Asit Ranjan (2021-06-02). 25: 5071:Investigative Committee of Russia 4099:. London: BBC News. 30 March 2006 3979:. Prawa Człowieka. nr 18: 97–108. 3851:Трубачева, Татьяна (2 May 2018). 3659:from the original on Feb 6, 2024. 3621:Elliott, Philip (July 21, 2021). 2442:from the original on Oct 8, 2023. 1754:Burger, Timothy J. (2006-02-16). 1504:Higashi, Alejandro (2012-07-01). 411:In pre-modern political systems, 51:or government officials, such as 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5263:Russian anti-corruption campaign 5253:Anti-austerity movement in Spain 5160:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act 4447: 4446: 4437: 4436: 3982:Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2010). " 3292:Brad Plumer (October 10, 2011). 3154:Espiner, Guyon (25 March 2023). 2875:Lobby în Romania vs. Lobby în UE 2830:"Gentile Presidente Capacchione" 1809:Nesterovych, Volodyymyr (2016). 1053:in the hallways (or lobbies) of 929:Confederation of Indian Industry 591:This section is an excerpt from 454:ministers had become lobbyists: 446:Academic John Warhurst from the 379: 5099:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera 4960:National Supervisory Commission 4442:Conflict of interest (category) 4084:. London: BBC. 22 December 2005 3730:Center for International Policy 2797:"American Economic Association" 2415:from the original on 2006-11-17 2350:Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2015). 2188:from the original on 2015-07-05 1574:"A Lobbyist by Any Other Name?" 1204:Foreign Agents Registration Act 1102:. Some lobbyists are now using 709:(1%), (Lehmann, 2003, pp iii). 5047:Investigation Task Force Sweep 5041:National Accountability Bureau 4513:Corruption in local government 4501:Corruption in different fields 3043:"A case for lobbying in India" 2990:Kumar, Akanksha (2018-02-02). 1717:. University Press of Kansas. 1351:Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model 1040:Lobbying in the United Kingdom 976:Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan 957:India-US civilian nuclear deal 448:Australian National University 73:non-governmental organizations 1: 5155:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 5053:Central Anticorruption Bureau 3826:Cheplyk, Roman (2024-03-12). 2634:AFP, dpa, tst (10 May 2021). 2516:Adghirni, Samy (2023-06-15). 1958:Warhurst, John (2013-03-13). 1788:"Revolving Door: Methodology" 1438:. Campus Verlag. p. 10. 1298:are relevant to NGO lobbying. 1219:In January 2017, an order by 1071:Lobbying in the United States 980:2005 Right to Information Act 736:Bank of America Merrill Lynch 434:Since the 1980s, lobbying in 5215:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 5205:International asset recovery 4989:Central Vigilance Commission 4544:Corruption Perceptions Index 4416:Who Killed the Electric Car? 2309:"Frequently asked questions" 1546:"BBC Definition of lobbying" 1131:Kellogg School of Management 947:cases, for example the 2010 815:Federal Constitutional Court 177:That architectural sense of 5273:2017–2019 Romanian protests 3374:Journal of Law and Politics 1940:Fitzgerald, Julian (2006). 1654:. Encyclopediecanadienne.ca 1393:. NP Action. Archived from 854:International Monetary Fund 532:Supermarket sector lobbying 524:of campaign advisory group 495:, who is married to former 430:Lobbying in South Australia 192:In a report carried by the 5397: 5278:2017–2018 Russian protests 4910:Transparency International 4885:Global Financial Integrity 2544:. Ec.europa.eu. 2009-10-28 2149:Smith, Matt (2016-10-22). 1674:"Revolving Door Lobbyists" 1623:"U.S. Senate: Definitions" 1306: 1080:K Street NW at 19th Street 1068: 1037: 1028:Transparency International 806: 715:Transparency International 674: 659: 609:is a lobbying strategy of 590: 427: 224:President Ulysses S. Grant 29: 5238:2011 Azerbaijani protests 4715:Offshore financial centre 4518:Interest group corruption 4432: 4182:Judicial disqualification 4012:, Helios Media GmbH, 2006 3933:(Houghton Mifflin. 2004) 3258:UK Public Affairs Council 3180:"New Zealand Legislation" 2078:lobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au 2016:"Who is on the register?" 1841:World Health Organization 1366:Outline of public affairs 1138:for individual managers. 1059:UK Public Affairs Council 965:foreign direct investment 561:Public lobbyist registers 441:Urban Taskforce Australia 348:World Health Organization 5180:Whistleblower protection 4668:Cryptocurrency and crime 4302:Pharmaceutical marketing 3927:Zelizer, Julian E., ed. 3802:"Lobbies in the Knesset" 3647:Fang, Lee (2017-05-19). 3340:10.1177/0149206310392233 3281:. Fortune. 13 June 2016. 2608:als/dpa (16 June 2021). 2401:Lehman, Wilhelm (2003). 2376:Geiger, Andreas (2012). 1960:"Shopping for influence" 1880:10.1177/0032321716684356 1678:American Economic Review 1523:10.24201/nrfh.v60i2.1062 988:anti-corruption campaign 978:'s campaign to pass the 361:industry-funded research 4549:Economics of corruption 4349:Nemo iudex in causa sua 3490:The Journal of Politics 1432:Karr, Karolina (2007). 1224:governments during the 850:economic liberalization 677:European Union lobbying 128:Nonprofit organizations 112:public affairs industry 5175:UK Bribery Act of 2010 4931:Oficina Anticorrupción 4680:Noble cause corruption 4537:Measures of corruption 4233:Arm's length principle 3975:Nesterovych V. (2015) 3451:Doering, Christopher. 2253:// EURACTIV 23 03 2017 1928:Scottish Royal Burghs. 1690:10.1257/aer.102.7.3731 1346:European Women's Lobby 1276:: Ukrainian President 1168: 1095: 974:campaigns include the 762:"-database of the EU. 693: 604: 366: 263: 251: 5376:Political terminology 4905:Mo Ibrahim Foundation 4685:Professional courtesy 4648:Honest services fraud 4053:. February 2006 (PDF) 3328:Journal of Management 3254:"Lobbying Definition" 2837:www.mondobalneare.com 2234:// RFE/RL, 12.11.2013 1159: 1078: 1047:Members of Parliament 760:Transparency Register 684: 602: 567:Australian Government 501:Natasha Stott-Despoja 428:Further information: 261: 205:Members of Parliament 18:Lobbying organization 4869:Institutions dealing 4603:Conflict of interest 4528:Political corruption 4143:Conflict of interest 3904:Korea JoongAng Daily 3383:10.2139/ssrn.1375082 2782:10.1257/app.20150042 2378:EU lobbying handbook 2045:"About the Register" 1461:The Economic Journal 1371:Pharmaceutical lobby 1240:United Arab Emirates 1123:return on investment 1055:Houses of Parliament 642:Abdulhadi al-Khawaja 497:Australian Democrats 270:and by establishing 268:political corruption 229:Grant Administration 213:Houses of Parliament 162:conflict of interest 100:government relations 4710:Offshore investment 4292:Medical ghostwriter 4073:1/ 2010, S. 112–122 3473:. 5 September 2017. 3299:The Washington Post 2903:registruldelobby.ro 2863:. 14 November 2022. 2709:Deutscher Bundestag 2473:European Commission 2215:// ESI, 24 May 2012 1580:. January 22, 2006. 1321:Advocacy Evaluation 972:grassroots lobbying 809:Lobbying in Germany 751:European Parliament 741:In the wake of the 719:European Parliament 691:European Parliament 419:Lobbying by country 308:friend of the court 149:socioeconomic power 53:regulatory agencies 5111:Warioba Commission 5049:(Papua New Guinea) 4793:Regulatory capture 4598:Commercial bribery 4192:Regulatory capture 4082:BBC News: Politics 4069:2021-03-14 at the 3989:2020-08-03 at the 3782:. 16 November 2022 3020:The Economic Times 2946:tobaccotactics.org 2928:The Economic Times 2597:on March 25, 2009. 2488:. 31 January 2019. 2459:. 31 January 2017. 2438:. Apertacontrada. 2268:2017-08-07 at the 2249:2017-07-30 at the 2230:2016-03-04 at the 2211:2017-09-11 at the 1964:The Canberra Times 1473:10.1093/ej/ueae020 1467:(662): 2290–2320. 1356:Issue advocacy ads 1341:Fossil fuels lobby 1278:Volodymyr Zelensky 1200:Justice Department 1169: 1096: 694: 662:Lobbying in Canada 605: 509:Sallyanne Atkinson 391:. You can help by 264: 167:democratic deficit 141:influence peddling 104:government affairs 5381:Right to petition 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5126: 5125: 4864: 4863: 4841:Election security 4788:Political scandal 4523:Police corruption 4460: 4459: 4312:Pharmacovigilance 3970:978-3-527-50597-5 3946:978-3-527-50865-5 3857:Forbes Kazakhstan 3703:. 20 January 2021 3677:. 29 January 2017 2884:978-606-8202-46-4 2387:978-1-4751-1749-3 1868:Political Studies 1732:978-0-7006-2451-5 1723:10.1353/book52376 1226:2016 US elections 1136:consumption value 1129:A study from the 1088:K Street lobbyist 990:to introduce the 865:Silvio Berlusconi 823:Council of Europe 452:Howard government 409: 408: 16:(Redirected from 5388: 5366:Activism by type 5343: 5342: 5331: 5330: 5319: 5318: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5137: 4875: 4856:Vote suppression 4743:Crony capitalism 4673:Hawala and crime 4663:Money laundering 4643:Graft (politics) 4623:Confidence trick 4564: 4558:Forms or aspects 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4423:Taken for a Ride 4317:Political ethics 4265:Follow the money 4136: 4129: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4090: 4089: 3972:, Wiley VCH 2011 3961: 3948:, Wiley VCH 2016 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3877:. Archived from 3871: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3832:GTInvest Ukraine 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3581:on Aug 13, 2018. 3577:. Archived from 3564: 3558: 3557: 3556:. March 8, 2017. 3546: 3540: 3539: 3538:. March 8, 2017. 3528: 3522: 3521: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432:on 25 March 2017 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3395: 3385: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3209:Transparency.org 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3182:. Archived from 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2703:Müller, Volker. 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2681:. Archived from 2671: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2590:. Archived from 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2347: 2341: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2260: 2254: 2241: 2235: 2222: 2216: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2080:. Archived from 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1996:The Conversation 1987: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1843:. Archived from 1831:(10 June 2013). 1825: 1819: 1818: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794:. Archived from 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1684:(7): 3731–3748. 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1607:. Archived from 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1429: 1423: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1387: 1331:Campaign finance 1165:The Israel Lobby 1161:John Mearsheimer 1152:Foreign lobbying 1094:office buildings 1084:Washington, D.C. 992:2011 Lokpal Bill 638:Tomáš Zdechovský 607:Caviar diplomacy 593:Caviar diplomacy 464:Hawke Government 456:Alexander Downer 404: 401: 383: 376: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 249: 77:voluntary sector 21: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5230: 5224: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5141: 5132:Anti-corruption 5122: 4919: 4871:with corruption 4870: 4860: 4836:Electoral fraud 4831:Ballot stuffing 4819: 4721: 4559: 4553: 4532: 4508:Corporate crime 4496: 4491: 4461: 4456: 4428: 4375: 4336: 4243:Business ethics 4216: 4202:Self-regulation 4177:Insider trading 4145: 4140: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4071:Wayback Machine 3991:Wayback Machine 3951: 3923: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3536:Financial Times 3530: 3529: 3525: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3160:RadioNewZealand 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3105: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3022:. July 30, 2017 3014: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2749:. 9 March 2016. 2745: 2744: 2740: 2735:. 7 April 2021. 2731: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2356:Prawa Człowieka 2349: 2348: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2270:Wayback Machine 2261: 2257: 2251:Wayback Machine 2242: 2238: 2232:Wayback Machine 2223: 2219: 2213:Wayback Machine 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1847:on 3 July 2019. 1827: 1826: 1822: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1792:Opensecrets.org 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1733: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1650:A. Paul Pross. 1649: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1585: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1397:on 2 April 2010 1389: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1336:Client politics 1311: 1305: 1260: 1242: 1154: 1073: 1067: 1042: 1036: 1000: 917: 894: 831: 811: 805: 792: 679: 673: 664: 658: 624: 619: 618: 603:A box of caviar 596: 588: 572:South Australia 563: 534: 432: 426: 421: 405: 399: 396: 389:needs expansion 374: 344: 310: 307: 304: 301: 276:lobby registers 256: 250: 247: 175: 137: 81:advocacy groups 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5394: 5392: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4890:Global Witness 4887: 4881: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4846:Gerrymandering 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Ghost soldiers 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4444: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4327:Revolving door 4324: 4322:Political bias 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4280:Medical ethics 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4093: 4074: 4054: 4051:Accountability 4046: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4002: 3980: 3973: 3962: 3958:Apertacontrada 3949: 3938: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3891: 3866: 3843: 3818: 3793: 3767: 3742: 3714: 3688: 3662: 3639: 3613: 3584: 3559: 3541: 3523: 3502:10.1086/707307 3496:(3): 844–858. 3476: 3462: 3443: 3417: 3360: 3334:(1): 223–247. 3314: 3284: 3270: 3245: 3220: 3196: 3171: 3146: 3114: 3090: 3072: 3033: 3007: 2982: 2957: 2933: 2914: 2890: 2883: 2866: 2849: 2821: 2806: 2801:www.aeaweb.org 2788: 2775:(1): 224–256. 2752: 2738: 2721: 2695: 2666: 2626: 2600: 2576: 2554: 2533: 2508: 2491: 2477: 2462: 2445: 2426: 2393: 2386: 2365: 2342: 2326: 2315:on May 3, 2019 2300: 2274: 2255: 2236: 2217: 2198: 2166: 2141: 2123: 2094: 2065: 2036: 2007: 1975: 1947: 1932: 1914: 1893: 1874:(3): 705–723. 1851: 1820: 1801: 1798:on 2007-12-25. 1779: 1746: 1731: 1703: 1664: 1642: 1628: 1614: 1611:on 2010-04-02. 1596: 1583: 1562: 1537: 1496: 1451: 1444: 1424: 1407: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307:Main article: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296:United Nations 1293: 1287: 1281: 1269: 1259: 1256: 1241: 1238: 1234:Elliott Broidy 1153: 1150: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1034:United Kingdom 1032: 1010:Jacinda Ardern 999: 996: 916: 913: 893: 890: 830: 827: 819:lobby register 807:Main article: 804: 801: 796:European Union 791: 788: 675:Main article: 672: 671:European Union 669: 660:Main article: 657: 654: 623: 620: 597: 589: 587: 584: 562: 559: 546:Alan Carpenter 533: 530: 460:Peter Costello 425: 422: 420: 417: 407: 406: 386: 384: 373: 370: 343: 340: 323:revolving door 255: 252: 245: 174: 171: 136: 133: 120:bloc of voters 116:constituencies 65:private sector 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5393: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Political law 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5300: 5296: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5189:International 5187: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5095:(South Korea) 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878:International 4876: 4873: 4867: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4810:State capture 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Elite capture 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560:of corruption 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:State capture 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 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