401:/states of affairs in which it is true) is that on the Russellian account, two propositions that are true in all the same states of affairs can still be differentiated. For instance, the proposition "two plus two equals four" is distinct on a Russellian account from the proposition "three plus three equals six". If propositions are sets of possible worlds, however, then all mathematical truths (and all other necessary truths) are the same set (the set of all possible worlds).
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429:, mental states are often taken to primarily consist in propositional attitudes. The propositions are usually said to be the "mental content" of the attitude. For example, if Jane has a mental state of believing that it is raining, her mental content is the proposition 'it is raining.' Furthermore, since such mental states are
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entities, that is, existing in an abstract, non-physical realm. So some recent views of propositions have taken them to be mental. Although propositions cannot be particular thoughts since those are not shareable, they could be types of cognitive events or properties of thoughts (which could be the
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in common language, resulting in a mistaken equivalence of the statements. âI am
Spartacusâ spoken by Spartacus is the declaration that the individual speaking is called Spartacus and it is true. When spoken by John Smith, it is a declaration about a different speaker and it is false. The term âIâ
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The above definitions can result in two identical sentences/sentence-tokens appearing to have the same meaning, and thus expressing the same proposition and yet having different truth-values, as in "I am
Spartacus" said by Spartacus and said by John Smith, and "It is Wednesday" said on a Wednesday
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by using a variable for the problematic term, so that âX is a philosopherâ can have
Socrates or Plato substituted for X, illustrating that âSocrates is a philosopherâ and âPlato is a philosopherâ are different propositions. Similarly, âI am Spartacusâ becomes âX is Spartacusâ, where X is replaced
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includes only operators and propositional constants as symbols in its language. The propositions in this language are propositional constants, which are considered atomic propositions, and composite (or compound) propositions, which are composed by recursively applying operators to propositions.
324:. An Aristotelian proposition may take the form of "All men are mortal" or "Socrates is a man." In the first example, the subject is "men", predicate is "mortal" and copula is "are", while in the second example, the subject is "Socrates", the predicate is "a man" and copula is "is".
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A related problem is when identical sentences have the same truth-value, yet express different propositions. The sentence âI am a philosopherâ could have been spoken by both
Socrates and Plato. In both instances, the statement is true, but means something different.
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Philosophical debates surrounding propositions as they relate to propositional attitudes have also recently centered on whether they are internal or external to the agent, or whether they are mind-dependent or mind-independent entities. For more, see the entry on
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will be assigned. The rules specify how the operators, function and predicate symbols, and quantifiers are to be concatenated with other strings. A proposition is then a string with a specific form. The form that a proposition takes depends on the type of logic.
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in terms of synonymity. For example, "Snow is white" (in
English) and "Schnee ist weiĂ" (in German) are different sentences, but they say the same thing, so they express the same proposition. Another definition of proposition is:
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even remarking that "the conception we associate with the word âpropositionâ may be something of a jumble of conflicting desiderata". The term is often used broadly and has been used to refer to various related concepts.
417:(belief, desire, etc.) that one can take toward a proposition (e.g. 'it is raining,' 'snow is white,' etc.). In English, propositions usually follow folk psychological attitudes by a "that clause" (e.g. "Jane believes
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include variables, operators, predicate and function symbols, and quantifiers as symbols in their languages. The propositions in these logics are more complex. First, one typically starts by defining a
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A number of philosophers and linguists claim that all definitions of a proposition are too vague to be useful. For them, it is just a misleading concept that should be removed from philosophy and
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Explaining the relation of propositions to the mind is especially difficult for non-mentalist views of propositions, such as those of the logical positivists and
Russell described above, and
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can be declarative assertions of propositions, without forming a sentence nor even being linguistic (e.g. traffic signs convey definite meaning which is either true or false).
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in mathematics, maintained that the indeterminacy of translation prevented any meaningful discussion of propositions, and that they should be discarded in favor of sentences.
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is a proposition. This more complex structure of propositions allows these logics to make finer distinctions between inferences, i.e., to have greater expressive power.
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In other words, the example problems can be averted if sentences are formulated with precision such that their terms have unambiguous meanings.
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sentence "Schnee ist weiĂ" even though the two sentences are not the same. Similarly, propositions can also be characterized as the objects of
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if given some alternate world where the sky is green. However, a number of alternative formalizations have been proposed, notably the
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In modern logic, the term "proposition" is often used for sentences of a formal language. In this usage, propositions are formal
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held that propositions were structured entities with objects and properties as constituents. One important difference between
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if they have constituents, in some broad sense. Assuming a structured view of propositions, one can distinguish between
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are the only worlds in which the sky is blue, the proposition that the sky is blue could be modeled as the set
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are often added for convenience in using the language, but do not play a logical role.) Symbols are
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here is simply a short way of saying that the corresponding concatenation rule has been applied.
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Numerous refinements and alternative notions of proposition-hood have been proposed including
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This article is about the term in philosophy. For a theorem of lesser importance, see
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Stalnaker, Robert (1972). "Pragmatics". In
Davidson, Donald; Harman, Gilbert (eds.).
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506:. Propositions are also called sentences, statements, statement forms, formulas, and
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objects which can be studied independently of the meaning they would receive from a
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as "a statement or an idea that people can consider or discuss whether it is true."
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A function symbol applied to the number of terms required by the function symbol's
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A formal language begins with different types of symbols. These types can include
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1307:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Section 2
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Attempts to provide a workable definition of proposition include the following:
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In relation to the mind, propositions are discussed primarily as they fit into
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if any, where it is not. A proposition can be modeled equivalently with the
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178:. Propositions are also often characterized as being the kind of thing that
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An operator applied to the number of propositions required by its arity, or
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A predicate symbol applied to the number of terms required by its arity, or
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1434:(Spring 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1397:(Spring 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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means different things, so âI am
Spartacusâ means different things.
374:, such as desires, preferences, and hopes. For example, "I desire
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Logic, Language and
Meaning: Intensional Logic and Logical Grammar
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with terms representing the individuals
Spartacus and John Smith.
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Ciardelli, Ivano; Groenendijk, Jeroen; Roelofsen, Floris (2019).
413:. Propositional attitudes are simply attitudes characteristic of
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Propositions have played a large role throughout the history of
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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sentence "Snow is white" denotes the same proposition as the
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under the indicator function, which is sometimes called the
1244:"Mathematics | Introduction to Propositional Logic | Set 1"
1186:. In King, Jeffrey C.; Soames, Scott; Speaks, Jeff (eds.).
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and on a Thursday. These examples reflect the problem of
166:, and related fields, often characterized as the primary
1025:, on the other hand, advocated for the use of the term "
397:'s view (according to which a proposition is the set of
340:. In this sense, propositions are "statements" that are
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Propositions are standardly understood semantically as
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something (namely, propositions), they are said to be
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if given the actual world as input, but would return
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Joaquin, Jeremiah Joven B.; Franklin, James (2021).
1130:"Propositions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
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366:Propositions are also spoken of as the content of
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1102:"Aristotle: Logic â From Words into Propositions"
336:to distinguish them from what is expressed by an
2849:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
3051:[[Category:Formal semantics (natural language)
1368:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13, 20â22.
355:present propositions, being inquiries into the
549:rules, in order to construct strings to which
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559:propositional, sentential, or statement logic
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1275:. University of Chicago Press. p. 122.
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216:Formally, propositions are often modeled as
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209:: Collins Dictionary has a definition for
1215:"A causal-mentalist view of propositions"
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138:Learn how and when to remove this message
1155:"Platonism in metaphysics: Propositions"
312:as a sentence which affirms or denies a
1432:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1426:McGrath, Matthew; Frank, Devin (2018),
1395:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1305:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1181:"Propositions as cognitive event types"
1071:
635:A quantifier applied to a proposition.
2804:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
1389:Fitch, Greg; Nelson, Michael (2018),
1324:Irene Heim; Angelika Kratzer (1998).
1192:. New York: Oxford University Press.
839:of the proposition. For instance, if
334:closed formulae (or logical sentence)
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2717:Quantificational variability effect
2384:Formal semantics (natural language)
1159:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1106:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
753:if any, where the sky is blue, and
332:Often, propositions are related to
1457:. NJ USA: Prentice-Hall. pp.
25:
643:is a binary predicate symbol and
449:same across different thinkers).
359:of them. On the other hand, some
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1328:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 304.
1128:McGrath, Matthew; Frank, Devin.
1086:from the original on 2017-11-26.
1039:
998:These problems are addressed in
601:is a binary function symbol and
571:predicate, quantificational, or
486:, optionally with the help of a
320:, optionally with the help of a
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1326:Semantics in generative grammar
1189:New Thinking about Propositions
1017:, who granted the existence of
527:predicate (or relation) symbols
63:needs additional citations for
2799:Combinatory categorial grammar
2177:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
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444:'s view that propositions are
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2577:Antecedent-contained deletion
2058:Principle of compositionality
1430:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1393:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1303:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2207:Philosophical Investigations
154:is a central concept in the
36:Proposition (disambiguation)
2048:Modality (natural language)
954:particularized propositions
569:The types of logics called
537:.(Grouping symbols such as
478:) that affirms or denies a
455:internalism and externalism
3135:
2458:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2187:Language, Truth, and Logic
1927:Theological noncognitivism
1812:Contrast theory of meaning
1807:Causal theory of reference
1538:Index of language articles
960:Objections to propositions
932:. Propositions are called
494:Syntactic characterization
328:By the logical positivists
40:
29:
27:Bearer of truth or falsity
2950:Question under discussion
2900:Conversational scoreboard
2677:Intersective modification
2662:Homogeneity (linguistics)
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2272:Philosophy of information
1872:Mediated reference theory
1535:
1301:"Structured Propositions"
1060:Probabilistic proposition
663:Semantic characterization
557:The type of logic called
32:Proposition (mathematics)
3005:Distributional semantics
2197:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
926:inquisitive propositions
914:{\displaystyle \{w,w'\}}
41:Not to be confused with
3104:Propositional attitudes
3000:Computational semantics
2742:Subsective modification
2546:Propositional attitudes
1998:Useâmention distinction
1842:Direct reference theory
1414:Structured Propositions
1391:"Singular Propositions"
1153:Balaguer, Mark (2016).
1055:Categorical proposition
942:Russellian propositions
934:structured propositions
930:structured propositions
647:is a quantifier, then â
535:propositional constants
457:in philosophy of mind.
411:propositional attitudes
310:categorical proposition
270:structured propositions
203:propositional attitudes
3114:Propositional calculus
3074:Philosophy of language
3030:Philosophy of language
2672:Inalienable possession
2652:Free choice inferences
2647:Faultless disagreement
2418:Generalized quantifier
1932:Theory of descriptions
1867:Linguistic determinism
1529:Philosophy of language
1299:King, Jeffrey (2019),
1179:Soames, Scott (2014).
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781:{\displaystyle f(v)=F}
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723:{\displaystyle f(w)=T}
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545:together according to
285:philosophy of language
262:
242:
187:linguistic expressions
156:philosophy of language
34:. For other uses, see
2930:Plural quantification
2824:Inquisitive semantics
2789:Alternative semantics
2043:Mental representation
1978:Linguistic relativity
1862:Inquisitive semantics
1451:Quine, W. V. (1970).
1366:Inquisitive Semantics
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376:that I have a new car
372:intentional attitudes
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180:declarative sentences
2915:Function application
2722:Responsive predicate
2712:Privative adjectives
2227:Naming and Necessity
2137:De Arte Combinatoria
1936:Definite description
1897:Semantic externalism
1494:at Wikimedia Commons
1080:"Collins Dictionary"
950:general propositions
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613:are variables, then
508:well-formed formulas
476:declarative sentence
421:it is raining"). In
405:Relation to the mind
380:whether it will snow
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189:. For instance, the
72:improve this article
3069:Logical expressions
2995:Cognitive semantics
2910:Existential closure
2854:Situation semantics
2757:Temperature paradox
2727:Rising declaratives
2692:Modal subordination
2667:Hurford disjunction
2627:Discourse relations
2277:Philosophical logic
2267:Analytic philosophy
2073:Sense and reference
1952:Verification theory
1907:Situation semantics
1454:Philosophy of Logic
669:indicator functions
470:As noted above, in
395:Ludwig Wittgenstein
18:Logical proposition
3109:Mathematical logic
3040:Semantics of logic
2965:Strict conditional
2940:Quantifier raising
2905:Downward entailing
2885:Autonomy of syntax
2814:Generative grammar
2794:Categorial grammar
2732:Scalar implicature
2637:Epistemic modality
2612:De dicto and de re
2127:Port-Royal Grammar
2023:Family resemblance
1942:Theory of language
1917:Supposition theory
1416:by Jeffrey C. King
1134:Plato.stanford.edu
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912:
907:
883:
881:
880:
875:
873:
858:
856:
855:
850:
834:
832:
831:
826:
810:
808:
807:
802:
788:for every world
787:
785:
784:
779:
752:
750:
749:
744:
730:for every world
729:
727:
726:
721:
694:
692:
691:
686:
639:For example, if
597:For example, if
523:function symbols
391:Bertrand Russell
378:", or "I wonder
353:yesâno questions
296:Historical usage
267:
265:
264:
259:
247:
245:
244:
239:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3044:
2979:
2873:
2834:Lambda calculus
2766:
2737:Sloppy identity
2697:Opaque contexts
2632:Donkey anaphora
2597:Counterfactuals
2565:
2467:
2386:
2381:
2351:
2346:
2323:
2302:School of Names
2255:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2217:Of Grammatology
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2104:
1956:
1902:Semantic holism
1882:Non-cognitivism
1822:Conventionalism
1793:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1000:predicate logic
962:
900:
886:
885:
866:
861:
860:
841:
840:
817:
816:
790:
789:
755:
754:
732:
731:
697:
696:
677:
676:
665:
496:
468:
463:
437:mental states.
415:folk psychology
407:
399:possible worlds
388:
330:
303:
298:
250:
249:
230:
229:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Syntax (logic)
3086:
3081:
3079:Semantic units
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Inferentialism
3012:
3010:Formal grammar
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Possible world
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Glue semantics
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2782:Formal systems
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Polarity items
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Conservativity
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:Quantification
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Presupposition
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Presupposition
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Deconstruction
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1480:External links
1478:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1443:
1428:"Propositions"
1418:
1406:
1381:
1374:
1356:
1353:. p. 381.
1341:
1334:
1316:
1288:
1281:
1260:
1235:
1205:
1198:
1171:
1145:
1117:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1031:
1023:P. F. Strawson
972:which defines
961:
958:
944:, named after
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
872:
869:
848:
824:
800:
797:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
742:
739:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
684:
673:possible world
664:
661:
637:
636:
633:
630:
595:
594:
587:
586:A variable, or
495:
492:
467:
464:
462:
459:
406:
403:
387:
384:
329:
326:
302:
299:
297:
294:
257:
237:
222:possible world
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Performatives
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Logophoricity
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Evidentiality
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Scholasticism
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Structuralism
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Descriptivism
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Contrastivism
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:0-13-663625-X
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1375:9780198814795
1371:
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1360:
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1302:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:0-226-28088-8
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Gamut, L.T.F.
1264:
1261:
1249:
1248:GeeksforGeeks
1245:
1239:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1199:9780199693764
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
989:
982:
978:
975:
969:
965:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
904:
901:
897:
894:
870:
867:
846:
838:
822:
814:
813:inverse image
798:
795:
775:
772:
766:
760:
740:
737:
717:
714:
708:
702:
682:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
631:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
581:
576:
574:
567:
565:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
460:
458:
456:
450:
447:
443:
442:Gottlob Frege
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
342:truth-bearers
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:identifies a
307:
300:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
255:
235:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
142:
139:
131:
128:February 2023
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: â
88:
87:"Proposition"
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3064:Propositions
3050:
2970:Type shifter
2945:Quantization
2895:Continuation
2762:Veridicality
2642:Exhaustivity
2607:Cumulativity
2526:Indexicality
2506:Definiteness
2501:Conditionals
2437:
2428:Logical form
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2097:
2038:Metalanguage
2033:Logical form
1992:
1988:Truth-bearer
1947:Unilalianism
1857:Expressivism
1684:Wittgenstein
1629:von Humboldt
1546:Philosophers
1492:Propositions
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2438:Proposition
2282:Linguistics
2247:Limited Inc
2167:On Denoting
1993:Proposition
1644:de Saussure
1609:Ibn Khaldun
1015:W. V. Quine
974:proposition
564:Application
531:quantifiers
435:intentional
357:truth value
289:David Lewis
281:linguistics
226:truth value
211:proposition
152:proposition
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3099:Term logic
3084:Statements
3058:Categories
3035:Pragmatics
2687:Mirativity
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2342:Discussion
2337:Task Force
2287:Pragmatics
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2008:Categories
1922:Symbiosism
1877:Nominalism
1789:Watzlawick
1669:Bloomfield
1589:Chrysippus
1438:2020-08-20
1401:2019-12-11
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1254:2019-12-11
1139:2014-06-23
1111:2019-12-10
1066:References
695:such that
539:delimiters
427:psychology
386:By Russell
201:and other
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3094:Semantics
2839:Mereology
2775:Formalism
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2570:Phenomena
2561:Vagueness
2491:Ambiguity
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1968:Ambiguity
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1579:Eubulides
1574:Aristotle
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1351:Semantics
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1027:statement
1011:semantics
988:ambiguity
547:recursive
519:operators
515:variables
504:semantics
500:syntactic
480:predicate
446:Platonist
314:predicate
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2988:See also
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1983:Language
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1228:30 June
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368:beliefs
318:subject
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