653:
523:
1714:
70:
1514:
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ordered him to be arrested. Tanacharison and
Croghan protested vigorously, and Croghan noted that the residents of Logstown seemed very opposed to the presence of French soldiers in the town. The French decided to "board their Canoes and set off to a small Town of the Six Nations about two Miles below the Log's Town, where intends to stay till the Rest of their Army come down." Correspondence between La Chauvignerie and his superior at Fort Le Boeuf, Saint-Pierre, describe the French soldiers as suffering from hunger and cold, as firewood was difficult to find. La Chauvignerie writes on February 10: "We are on the eve of being without food...The scarcity of wood which prevails in this place causes us all to be exposed to the harshness of the weather...I shall take every care to keep the tribes as peaceful as possible until a reinforcement arrives."
956:
1373:
932:
887:
was already clear to the
Natives that the colonial governments were hoping to take possession of the land: "The People in this Town, began to enquire my Business, and because I did not readily inform them, they began to suspect me, and said, I was come to settle the Indian's Lands and they knew I should never go Home again safe." Gist invented a reason for his visit, that "I had a Message to deliver the Indians from the King, by Order of the President of Virginia," which "obtained me Quiet and Respect among them." Gist spent one night in the town and left the next day, observing the river downstream from the town: "The Bottoms upon the River below the Logg's Town very rich but narrow, the high Land pretty good but not very rich."
1201:(referred to in the treaty as "Thonariss, called by the English the half King"), reminded the Virginia officials that "the lands then sold were to extend no further to the sunset than the hill on the other side of Allagany Hill," but he was eventually forced to cede Iroquois lands beyond the Alleghenies, granting access to the territory the colonial authorities wanted. The Virginia representatives also tried to pretend that Indians would still have access to these lands, stating in the treaty: "Be assur'd that the King, our Father, by purchasing your Lands, had never any Intention of takeing them from you, but that we might live together as one People, & keep them from the French, who wou'd be bad Neighbours."
1001:
region have always belonged to the King of France, and that the
English have no right to come there to trade. My superior has commanded me to apprise you of what I have done, in order that you might not affect ignorance of the reasons of it, and he has given me this order with so much the greater reason because it is now two years since Monsieur CĂ©loron, by order of Monsieur de La Galissoniere, then Commandant General, warned many English who were trading with the Indians along the Ohio, against doing so, and they promised him not to return to trade on the lands, as Monsieur CĂ©loron wrote to you.
89:
618:
named Nolan arrived with 30 gallons of rum and began to sell it to the
Indians, much to the dismay of Weiser and Croghan, who were afraid that violence would erupt if the Indians drank too much. Several of the Logstown leaders were also unhappy, as they had petitioned the Pennsylvania provincial government as early as 1734 to restrict the sale of alcohol in Native American communities because of the social and economic problems it caused. Croghan eventually decided to break open the kegs and spill the rum, in accordance with a newly-enacted Pennsylvania statute issued by
1749:
3814:
1626:
1744:. This place was noted before the last war for the great trade carried on there by the English and French, but its inhabitants abandoned it in the year 1758. The lower town extended about sixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low, steep ridge, on the summit of which, near the declivity, stood the upper town, commanding a most agreeable prospect over the lower and quite across the Ohio, which is quite five hundred yards wide here, and by its majestic, easy current adds much to the beauty of the place.
1430:, who had recently returned from a journey to Fort Le Boeuf himself. The chiefs provided Washington with information about the best route to Fort Le Boeuf, and called a council of sachems. Washington explained his mission, and received assurances that the Indians and the English "were brothers." Tanacharison told Washington that "he couâd not consent to our going without a Guard, for fear some Accident shouâd befall us," and volunteered to accompany Washington, along with Kaghswaghtaniunt (White Thunder),
1188:
forks of the
Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and to allow new English settlements to be established on a half-million acres of unsettled land to the west and north of the Ohio River. The Company wanted to open trade with the Ohio Indians, which the French had forbidden. The Virginia and Pennsylvania delegates reminded the Delawares and Shawnees, "We advise and exhort you to beware of French Councils, and that you will adhere to a strict friendship with us (the English colonies and the Six Nations)."
1064:
a hunting, but those we have seen are of opinion that their
Brothers the English ought to have a Fort on this River to secure the Trade." Governor Hamilton was evidently anxious to pursue this opportunity, and wanted Croghan to obtain approval from the Logstown sachems for the construction of an English fort, but told Croghan that no official request to build a fort should be made. Instead, Croghan was instructed to find out how the Indians felt about having an English stronghold on the Ohio.
794:), signed more than fifteen months ago. I hope, Sir, you will condescend to forbid this trade for the future, which is contrary to the treaties; and that you will warn your traders not to return into these territories; for, if so, they can only impute to themselves the evils which might befall them. I know that our Governor-General would be very sorry to have to resort to violent measures, but he has received positive orders not to allow foreign merchants or traders in his government.
475:
Croghan to
Logstown in April, 1748 to cement the terms of the treaty and secure the tribes' loyalty to the British. Conrad Weiser was to follow in August with more gifts. Croghan met in council with 1500 men at Logstown, and finding the Council's gifts insufficient for all of them, he added an additional ÂŁ224 in powder, lead, knives, flints, brass wire, and tobacco from his own stock. This gesture was influential in maintaining the alliance between the British and the Ohio tribes.
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Indians had never requested a fort but had only agreed to consider the idea. Montour doubted that they would allow a fort to be built near
Logstown. As a result, the Provincial Council decided not to provide funding for a fort, arguing that fair dealings and occasional presents would hold the Indians as allies. At the Treaty of Logstown in June 1752, Tanacharison agreed to the construction of a fort upriver from Logstown, but his
1434:, and Jeskakake, on his journey to Fort Le Boeuf. Their purpose was to return three belts of wampum sent by the French as a symbol of friendship. Returning the wampum was a gesture intended to show that the sachems at Logstown were allied with the English. Washington wrote in his diary that "I knew that returning of Wampum was the abolishing of Agreements; & giving this up was shaking of all Dependence upon the French."
199:
45:
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1492:. Tanacharison tried to return the wampum to Saint-Pierre, "who evaded taking it, & made many fair Promises of Love & Friendship; said he wanted to live in Peace & trade amicably with them; as a Proof of which, he wouâd send some Goods immediately down to the Logstown for them." The French refused to consider leaving the area, and gave Washington a reply to deliver personally to Williamsburg.
968:
more" arrived, accompanied by forty
Iroquois warriors. On 21 May Joncaire called a council with the leaders of Logstown, and Croghan was also there. Joncaire requested that the leaders respond to CĂ©loron's speech of August, 1749, challenging them to end all trade relations with the English. In his letter to Governor Hamilton, Croghan noted, "To enforce that speech he gave them a very large belt of
250:, an area contested by France and England, Logstown was an important community for all parties living along the Ohio and tributary rivers. Logstown was a prominent trade and council site for the contending British and French colonial governments, both of which made abortive plans to construct forts near the town. Logstown was burned in 1754 and although it was rebuilt, in the years following the
470:, that one of his men, who had just come "down from ye Woods," had informed him that "the Indians at this side of the Lake Erie are making war very briskly against the French, but is very impatient to hear from their brothers, ye English, expecting a present of powder and lead; which, if they don't get, I am of opinion, by the best accounts, that they will turn to the French." In November 1747
1133:, provided that the company would settle 100 families within seven years. The Ohio Company was also required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense. The Treaty of Logstown was intended to open up land for settlement so that the Ohio Company could meet the seven-year deadline, and to obtain explicit permission to construct a fort.
1281:, and English control of the region would make French commerce, defense and communication slower, more expensive, and less secure. They responded to the news of the treaty by sending troops to construct and garrison a series of forts, intended to solidify their military presence in the Ohio region, intimidate the Native American inhabitants, and keep the British out.
1327:
1873:...formally excavated by professional archaeologists. Advancement of the Colonial period...had a devastating effect on the archaeological record of the last organized native villages of the western part of the state. Further destruction occurred as industry and development expanded, and any remains that survived the initial onslaught likely wiped away.
878:
the Land, and the
Wideness and Deepness of the Rivers, & the several Falls belonging to them, together with the Courses & Bearings of the Rivers & Mountains as near as you conveniently can: You are, also to observe what Nations of Indians inhabit there, their Strength & Numbers, who they trade with, & in what Comodities they deal.
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407:, stopped at Logstown to visit Kakowatcheky and to try to persuade him to join them. Chartier was angry with the Provincial government of Pennsylvania for their failure to control the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities, and his plan at that time was to bring as many Shawnees as he could over to French protection. He was on his way to
703:, "the Indians ran to their arms and hoisted the English Colors. Cawcaw-wi-cha-ke, the Shawnese King about 114 years of age, set his back against the flag staff with his gun in his hand and desired the young men to kill them all." CĂ©loron was enraged by the sight of the British flag, but noted the armed warriors, writing in his journal:
1713:
426:, beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. One source states that "in the year 1752...the Shawanese Inhabited Loggs Town, on the West Side of the Ohio, and tended Corn on the East Side of the River." On the east bank of the river, a few homes were built on a grassy terrace above the floodplain, the so-called "upper town."
1709:, and sent for those that lived here to come there and live with them, and quit the French, and at the same time the deputies of the Six Nations, which I had sent from Easton, came and hastened their departure. In this Town is forty houses, all built for them by the French, and lived here about one hundred and twenty warriors.
993:(the Governor of New France) to our lands? I desire you may go home directly off our lands and tell Onontio to send us word immediately what was his reason for using our Brothers so, or what he means by such proceedings, that we may know what to do; for I can assure Onontio that we, the Six Nations, will not take such usage."
1513:
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our Brothers what you will do to them, and in particular, to that man (pointing to George Croghan); now, if you have anything to say to our Brothers, tell it to him if you be a man, as you Frenchmen always say you are, and the Head of all Nations. Our Brothers are the people we will trade with, and not you.
310:, some with stone chimneys, on a plateau above the original Logstown village, and that these log cabins supposedly gave the town its name. However, George P. Donehoo says that the name "was probably due to the fact that large numbers of logs were left upon the flat after the floods in the Ohio River."
1219:
At the conclusion of the Logstown conference, Tanacharison promised that existing settlements southeast of the Ohio River "shall be unmolested by us, and that we will, as far as in our power, assist and Protect the British Subjects there." In spite of Tanacharison's promises, the Ohio Indians did not
951:
and I got to this Town, where we found thirty warriors of the Six Nations...They told us that they saw John Coeur about one hundred and fifty miles up this River at an Indian Town, where he intends to build a Fort if he can get liberty from the Ohio Indians. He has five canoes loaded with goods, and
728:
CĂ©loron reported that he was informed that warriors in Logstown had planned to attack his camp during the first night, but that his well-armed force, sentinels, and carefully planned encampment discouraged them from doing so. Later that evening "the Chiefs, accompanied by thirty or forty braves, came
1663:
John McCullough was 8 years old when he was captured by Lenape warriors in July, 1756, and brought to "Shenango," (a corruption of Chiningué). In his captivity narrative he reports living there with a Lenape family for two and a half years and states that Logstown "lay in a semi-circular form, round
1525:
which set up a temporary post nearby. George Croghan had arrived in Logstown the day before, accompanied by the trader John Patten, and observed the arrival of the French troops, "an Ensign, a Sergeant, and Fifteen Soldiers." The next day, as Patten was walking around the town, the French commandant
1508:
On his arrival he found that the French had taken a post on a branch of the River Ohio, and built a Fort...and that they had in readiness materials for other forts, which they declared their intentions to erect on the River, and particularly at Logstown, the place destined for their chief residence,
1260:
as his choice, arguing "that is our right to give you a King" to represent the Lenape in "all publick Business" between the Lenape, the Six Nations, and the British. Tanacharison announced to the Virginia commissioners, "we have given our Cousins, the Delawars, a King, who lives there, we desire you
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to Virginia, along the Ohio River on the southeast, as there was anxiety on the part of the colonial authorities as to whether the Indians were still willing to abide by the treaty. The Ohio Company and the Virginia commissioners also wanted the Ohio tribes to grant permission to build a fort at the
1063:
George Croghan was in Logstown in November, 1750 when the residents mentioned to him that Joncaire was exploring the idea of building a French fort nearby. In his letter of 16 November to Governor Hamilton, Croghan then adds: "We have seen but very few of the Chiefs of the Indians they being all out
1000:
Monsieur the Marquis de La Jonquiere, Governor of the whole of New France, having honored me with his orders to watch that the English should make no treaty in the country of the Ohio, I have directed the traders of your government to withdraw. You cannot be ignorant, sir, that all the lands of this
976:
You desire we may turn our Brothers, the English, away, and not suffer them to come and trade with us again. I now tell you from our hearts, we will not; for we ourselves brought them here to trade with us and they shall live amongst us as long as there is one of us alive. You are always threatening
967:
Alarmed by these continued attempts of the French to maintain influence over the Ohio tribes, the Pennsylvania government purchased gifts and sent Croghan and Montour back to Logstown. They arrived on 18 May 1751, and were welcomed warmly. Two days after they arrived, "Mr. loncoeur and one Frenchman
617:
Weiser was accompanied by "English traders, of whom there were above twenty," intending to formally establish trade with tribes represented at the council, to create a stronger relationship that would further exclude the French from operating in the region. During the council, a trader from Maryland
1255:
as his successor, but James Logan saw him as an obstinate and independent obstructionist to Pennsylvania's political agenda. Logan also wanted a leader with the determination to bring those Lenape who had migrated to Ohio back to the Susquehanna region, and felt that Pisquetomen would be unable and
877:
Search out and discover the Lands upon the River Ohio, & other adjoining Branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof: You are particularly to observe the Ways & Passes thro all the Mountains you cross, & take an exact Account of the Soil, Quality, & Product of
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In contrast, William Trent recorded that as the warriors arrived, "every man discharged his gun loaded with ball & large shot into the ground between the Frenchmen's legs which almost blinded them & covered them with dirt. The Indians then came to the English traders and asked them if they
984:
On 25 May Croghan met with Joncaire, who apologized for urging the leaders of Logstown to end trade with the English, saying that he was following orders from the Governor of Canada, but added that "he was sure the French could not accomplish their designs with the Six Nations, without it could be
886:
above a Mile wide, but on the SE side, scarce a Mile wide, the Hills high and steep. In the Loggs Town, I found scarce any Body but a Parcel of reprobate Indian Traders, the Chiefs of the Indians being out a hunting." In the town he found the people suspicious of his reasons for being there, as it
830:
Old Cackewatcheka was so exasperated at the Pride & Insolence of the French pretending to say that the Indian's land belonged to them that while he was in the midst of his Speech, the old King being blind and unable to stand without somebody to support him said in a low voice to those next to
3725:
Ken Siebert, Joe Verbka, Kira Presler, Ken Stockert, Richard White, Brooke Blades, Frank Dunsmore, Bryan Butina, Judson Kratzer, "Pennsylvania Archaeological Data Synthesis: The Beaver Creek Watershed, (Watershed B of the Ohio River Subbasin 20)," State Street Bridge Replacement Project, Mahoning
1764:
We set off at seven o'clock in the morning, and at ten o'clock arrived at the Logs Town, an old settlement of the Shawnesse, about seventeen miles from Fort Pitt, where we put ashore, and viewed the remains of that village, which was situated on a high bank, on the south side of the Ohio river, a
852:
Governor James Hamilton sent George Croghan to Logstown as soon as they learned of CĂ©loron's visit, to find out how the Indians had reacted to the French expedition. Croghan arrived in late August, only a few days after CĂ©loron's departure, and reported that the Indians had told CĂ©loron "that the
506:, Pennsylvania's ambassador to the Six Nations, to Logstown. Arriving on August 27, he set up his headquarters in Croghan's trading post and visited the surrounding villages. Soon a large number of Delaware, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot Indians gathered at Logstown, including the Wyandot chief
474:
and other Iroquois leaders visited Philadelphia to sign the "Treaty Between the President and Council of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Ohio Indians," promising a military alliance against the French in exchange for supplies and trade goods. The Council obtained ÂŁ200 worth of goods and sent
1567:
to build roads and clear the rivers of rocks and driftwood so that boats could bring supplies. Problems with supplies and illness among the troops had slowed progress, however, and the sudden death of Marin, the commander, at Fort Le Boeuf on 29 October forced the French to postpone the project.
814:, which described how the English were deceiving the Ohio tribes and planning their "total ruin," adding: "I know the English only inspire you with evil sentiments, and, besides, intend, through their establishments on the Beautiful River, which belongs to me, to take it from me." The aged chief
712:
tell them to ...knock down the English , or I would have it taken away myself. This was done immediately, a woman cut the pole and the flag has not been seen since...I fixed my camp securely near the village, and made it appear as strong as it was possible for me. I had body guards placed on the
1488:, who was in command of the French troops at Venango. Joncaire provided Washington's men with wine and brandy, and the Indians, when intoxicated, declared their loyalty to the French. It took Washington three days to persuade them to move on to Fort Le Boeuf, where they met the French commander
1088:
that they should pay for the construction of a fort at a site selected by the sachems at Logstown, arguing that unless the fort were built, the English might lose not only Indian support, but control over the fur trade in Ohio. But Andrew Montour contradicted Croghan's account, stating that the
835:
Afterwards, CĂ©loron called the English traders who were living in Logstown to meet with him, "to whom I addressed a summons to retire into their own territory with all their servants...They answered...that they would do so, that they knew well they had no right to trade on the Beautiful River."
798:
During the night, CĂ©loron was warned by Chabert de Joncaire that preparations were again being made in Logstown to attack the French camp, and he gave orders to his men to prepare for battle. He then sent Joncaire (who had lived in a Seneca village and spoke the language fluently) to advise the
1652:
and Logstown and bring back information on the number of warriors and European prisoners in each place, as Indian raids on settlements had become frequent, and the Pennsylvania Provincial Council was contemplating sending a military force to attack one or both of these communities. At Logstown
1562:
The French fort at Logstown was to be built by Contrecoeur, whose original orders had been to proceed down the Allegheny and Ohio and establish a military base there. The French had been planning to build a fort at Logstown since 1753, and had sent a sizeable French force to the south shore of
1079:
on the River Ohio, that if we should be obliged to engage in a war that we should have a Place to secure our Wives and Children...Now, Brothers, we will take two months to consider and choose out a place fit for that Purpose, and then we will send You word. We hope Brothers that as soon as you
628:
After the gifts had been distributed, the chiefs told Weiser and Croghan, "Our brethren the White Men have indeed tied our hearts to theirs. We at present can but return thanks with an empty hand till another opportunity serves to do it sufficiently...In the meantime, look upon us as your true
1553:
thinks it advisable, he will put his troops to work strengthening the establishment of the fort and, if necessary, enlarging it, in order to take care of as many as two hundred men in garrison for an entire year...When this fort is entirely finished or in the final stages of completion by its
840:
The English there were 10 in number, and one among them was their chief. Monsieur de CĂ©loron had him come, and ordered him, as he had done with the others, to return to his own country. The Englishman, who saw us ready to depart, acquiesced in all that was exacted from him, â firmly resolved,
707:
I made the men of my detachment brush themselves up as well as possible, so as to give them a better appearance, and I arranged everything...in good order, as I considered this one of the most considerable villages of the Beautiful River (the Ohio River)...When I was in sight of the village I
457:
The provincial government of Pennsylvania was anxious to keep Native Americans in the Ohio Valley from being influenced by the French. As early as 1731, agents from Montreal had visited communities along the Ohio River, distributing goods and urging the tribes to send emissaries to Quebec to
1256:
unwilling to attempt this. Logan and Weiser actively tried to promote Lappapitton as Sassoonan's successor, but Lappapitton declined out of respect for Pisquetomen. The Iroquois instructed Tanacharison to decide on a leader acceptable to all parties, and at Logstown Tanacharison presented
3177:"A Treaty Held at the Town of Lancaster, By the Honourable the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, and the Honourable the Commissioners for the Province of Virginia and Maryland, with the Indians of the Six Nations in June, 1744." From: Van Doren, C. and Boyd, J. P. (Eds.). (1938).
2551:
A Treaty held by commissioners, members of the Council of the province of Pennsylvania, at the town of Lancaster, with some of the chiefs of the Six Nations at Ohio, and others, for the admission of the Twightwee Nation into the alliance of His Majesty, &c. in the month of July,
955:
3053:
725:, who accompanied Céloron, wrote about Logstown, which he called by its French name: "The village of Chiningué is quite new; it is hardly more than five or six years since it was established. The savages who live there are almost all Iroquois; they count about sixty warriors."
911:
guides. They traveled with two canoes loaded with goods, including powder and shot, intended as gifts for the Indians and for trade. They proceeded down the Allegheny to Logstown, where Joncaire had orders to establish a trading-house, two stories high, its walls fitted with
1700:
Set off at seven o'clock, in company with six Delawares, and that night arrived at Logs Town, which we found deserted by its late inhabitants. On inquiring the reason of their speedy flight, the Delawares informed me the Lower Shanoes had removed off the River up Sihotta
1659:
visited the town in December, 1758, and wrote in his journal: "I came to Logs Town, situated on a hill. On the east end is a great piece of low land, where the Old Log's Town used to stand. In the New Log's Town, the French have built about thirty houses for the Indians."
1224:, the Oneida half king to the Shawnees, warned, "we intend to keep our country clear of settlements." Tanacharison himself had regrets, and a year later he told the French "we live in a country in between , therefore the land belongs to neither one nor t'other."
1080:
receive our Message you will order such a House to be built. Brothers: that you may consider well the necessity of building such a Place of Security to strengthen our arms, and that this, our first request of that kind may have a good effect on your minds.
853:
land was their own, and while there were any Indians in those parts they would continue to trade with the English," adding that âto separate them from their brothers, the English, would be like cutting a man in two halves and then expecting him to live.â
2606:
Colonial Records: Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the organization to the termination of the proprietary government. v. 11-16 Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania from its organization to the termination of the
1228:
1362:
are mine, on the other Side theirs; this is agreed on between the two Crowns over the great Waters. I do not like your selling your Lands to the English; they shall draw you into no more foolish Bargains. I will take Care of your Lands for you, and of
1293:
It is necessary to send 2000 Frenchmen with 200 of our domiciliated savages to this river (the Ohio)...in the spring; to build a store house at the lower end of this portage on the shore of Lake Erie, and another at the end of this same portage on
785:
I have been very much surprised to find some merchants of your government in this country, to which England has never had any pretensions. I have treated them with all possible mildness, though I had a right to look upon them as intruders and mere
518:
had ended and that England and France signed a peace treaty. As a result, the English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead. The chiefs complied with his request for a count of their warriors in the Ohio Valley region:
1591:
on 3 July, 1754, Scarouady burned down Logstown. Washington's journal entry for 26 June, 1754, reads: "An Indian arrived bearing the news that Monacatoocha (Scarouady) had burned his village, Logstown, and was gone by water with his people to
69:
3080:
849:. The expulsion of the British traders and CĂ©loron's condescending attitude irritated the Shawnees, some of whom returned to their home villages, "tearing down and trampling underfoot with contempt" the French copper plates as they went."
652:
368:, and Shawnees migrated west into the Ohio River Valley seeking to escape a smallpox epidemic in 1733 and a drought in 1741, creating a multi-ethnic community. In August 1744 the town's population increased significantly when
988:
At another meeting with the town's leaders on 28 May, the Speaker of the Six Nations addressed Joncaire directly, saying, "Is it not our land (stamping on the ground, and putting his finger to Joncair's nose)? What right has
896:
799:
chiefs that the French were aware of their plans. CĂ©loron writes that the warriors did not attack, but "filed before my camp and made the accustomed salute." Chiefs from the village visited the French camp the next day with
927:
Throughout September and October the Pennsylvania government received reports that a Frenchman named "Jean Coeur," or "John Ceur" was traveling up and down the Ohio River, distributing gifts and gaining influence with the
2307:
Richard S. Grimes, "The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795," Doctoral Dissertation, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University,
2272:
The Indian chiefs of Pennsylvania, or, A story of the part played by the American Indian in the history of Pennsylvania: based primarily on the Pennsylvania archives and colonial records, and built around the outstanding
780:
CĂ©loron discovered some British traders living in Logstown. Incensed, he warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France. and wrote a scolding note to the governor of Pennsylvania, which stated in part:
729:
to salute me." They apologized for the English flag, saying that it had been put on display by some young men "for show...and without perceiving the consequences," adding that "our heart is entirely French."
1558:. In case he found on his way some English establishments not farther than six leagues from the river, he would call on them to retire, would give the plunder to the savages and destroy these settlements."
4442:
733:
should kill them, the English took pity on them, seeing Monsieur CĂ©loron & his people much dejected & trembling with fear as they were sure of certain death should the traders advise them to it."
1881:
conducted a survey of the route traveled by George Washington from Williamsburg, Virginia to Fort LeBoeuf between October, 1753 and January, 1754, to determine the feasibility of designating this a
4090:
3755:
1600:
reports that the town's inhabitants destroyed it "fearing lest they might be punished for their alliance with the French." About 200 of the town's Iroquois, Shawnee and Lenape residents moved to
882:
Gist arrived in Logstown on 25 November, describing the path of the Ohio River as it appeared before reaching the town: "Down the River...to Loggs Town, the Lands these last 8 very rich, the
776:
and other nations. This gathering forms a bad village, which is seduced by the allurements of cheap merchandise furnished by the English, which keeps them in very bad disposition towards us.
1477:. The deserters had learned of La Malgue's sudden death on 29 October and had taken refuge in Lower Shawneetown. They were on their way to Philadelphia in the company of an English trader.
748:
and a part of the men of the villages I had passed, who had come to seek refuge there, and to render them stronger...Besides these three nations there are in this village Iroquois from the
3798:
3788:
1629:
Captain Snow's undated map of western Pennsylvania, showing "Logtown, treaty with ye Indians by Col. Lomax, Fry & Patton 1752." Logstown is depicted as a row of French-built cabins.
1060:: "It is land but your people may trade there but not build Stone or Timber houses, but of Bark." Twenty years later, the English began working to obtain permission to build forts.
4397:
3429:
924:, to find a new route from southern Ohio to Lake Erie, to visit Lower Shawneetown and establish relations with the chiefs there, and finally, to report back to CĂ©loron in Detroit.
4051:
4046:
3828:
3622:
Historical Account of Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in 1764. With Preface by Francis Parkman and a Translation of Dumas' Biographical Sketch of General Bouquet.
1239:, although the colonial commissioners and the Ohio Company hoped that they would support the treaty, or at least agree to consider additional treaties in the coming months.
1372:
2488:
1827:, a former resident of Logstown, was invited to Legionville to meet with General Wayne for peace talks. The site was vacated in 1793 after the troops left to fight in the
1412:
931:
4412:
1634:
680:
to travel down the Ohio River to demonstrate French dominance. Leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25
2504:"A Treaty between the president and Council of the province of Pennsylvania, and the Indians of Ohio: held at Philadelphia, Nov. 13. 1747," printed by Benjamin Franklin
4427:
3748:
494:. This treaty guaranteed commercial access to tribes across the Ohio Valley as far west as the Wabash River, an unprecedented diplomatic achievement for the English.
2100:
National Park Service, "Reconnaissance Survey, The Washington Trail 1753," Park Planning and Special Studies, Northeast Region. US Dept. of the Interior, August 2019
4417:
1347:
418:
along the east bank of the Ohio River, with a few structures located on the west bank. Gardens and cornfields were planted on both sides of the river, on fertile,
2850:
Malcolm B. Brown, "Is It Not Our Land?" An Ethnohistory of the Susquehanna-Ohio Indian Alliance, 1701-1754," Ph. D. thesis, University of Oklahoma, December 1996
4407:
4314:
1380:(1847), depicting Washington (standing) and Gist meeting with Shingas, Scarouady, Tanacharison, and other Native American leaders at Logstown in November, 1753.
263:
145:
88:
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burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for
3724:
4437:
1962:
4358:
4203:
3741:
2294:
Civilization of the American Indian series; v. 174. 1st ed. Norman: Published for the Newberry Library by the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987; pp 40-41.
4063:
4058:
985:
done by force; which, he said, he believed they would find to be as difficult as the method they had just tried, and would meet with the like success."
2675:
Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government, Mar. 10, 1683-Sept. 27, 1775,
1791:
in 1784. His journal entry for December 17 begins: "We embarked on the Monongahela, and soon entered the Ohio...Four miles down the River brings you to
807:
803:, and CĂ©loron reprimanded them for contemplating violence, adding: "I know how to make war, and those who have made war with us ought to know it, too."
669:
1971:
4365:
1885:. The report notes that "The site of Logs Town, an Indian village that Washington visited in 1753, also has...potential for an archeological survey."
1550:
2748:
Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps, "Relation du voyage de la Belle RiviĂšre faite en 1749, sous les ordres de M. de CĂ©loron," in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed.,
1481:
1355:
1056:
The Ohio Iroquois had been reluctant to allow the English to build forts in the region. As early as March 23, 1731, Seneca chiefs sent a message to
944:
3211:
1692:, who had abandoned their village in November 1758. On 26 November, George Croghan and Andrew Montour proceeded down the river to Shingas's Town (
44:
411:
to address the Shawnees living there. Kakowatcheky, however, refused to join him, and Chartier and his people left Logstown after a brief stay.
685:
677:
657:
1396:
to demand that the French vacate the Ohio Valley territory, which the British had claimed. Washington was also ordered to make peace with the
4189:
4085:
3197:
Michael N. McConnell, "Peoples âIn Betweenâ: The Iroquois and the Ohio Indians, 1720-1768,â in Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrell, eds.,
2982:
227:
3592:
Our Western Border, Its Life, Combats, Adventures, Forays, Massacres, Captivities, Scouts, Red Chiefs, Pioneer Women, One Hundred Years Ago.
514:, who "behavâd like People of good Sense & Sincerity." Weiser met each tribe separately and then in a general council he announced that
4324:
4319:
3650:
Patrick Riley, William J. Johnson, "Historic Hill Cemetery: Does It Contain Remains of General Anthony Wayne's Cantonment at Legionville?"
291:
1645:
in November 1755, was taken to Logstown in December and reported: "When we came to Loggs town we found all the Cabbins waste but Three."
869:
to survey lands along the Ohio to find an area of 200,000 acres that the Company could take possession of, according to a 1749 grant from
324:
notes was their designation and not a Native name: "We called it Chiningue, from its vicinity to a river of that name." Donehoo says that
2763:
A. Gwynn Henderson, "The Lower Shawnee Town on Ohio: Sustaining Native Autonomy in an Indian "Republic"." In Craig Thompson Friend, ed.,
4344:
4199:
4023:
1941:
1485:
900:
811:
709:
1465:
in Illinois, under the command of Captain DemaziliĂšre and headed towards Lake Erie, where a French military force under the command of
4184:
4124:
4116:
4013:
3764:
1858:
1530:
1021:
903:
back to Logstown to establish a permanent French base there. In early July 1750, Joncaire set out from Montreal with a staff of eight
3710:
William J. Mayer-Oakes, "Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley; An Introductory Archeological Study, (Anthropological Series, No. 2),"
4041:
3236:
1823:
camp for regular Army recruits, and was the first facility established expressly for this purpose. In March, 1793 the Seneca leader
1489:
1442:
1335:
2127:
Agnew, Daniel, "Logstown, on the Ohio: a historical sketch," originally published by Myers, Shinkle & Co., Pittsburgh, PA, 1894
2931:
A selection of George Croghan's letters and journals relating to tours into the western country--November 16, 1750-November, 1765.
1641:
Village." Progress was initially slow. Charles Stuart, who was taken captive by a group of Lenape and Shawnee warriors during the
4134:
2809:
1149:
791:
283:
4447:
4267:
4212:
4174:
4154:
3834:
3362:
vol. 1, 11 March 1748âââ13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 130â161.
2677:
Vol 4 of Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Provincial Council, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety; J. Severns, 1851.
1522:
1085:
640:, only nineteen at the time, probably sent by his father as a part of his education. Franklin kept a journal of his trip which
491:
467:
4402:
4392:
4329:
4257:
4247:
4232:
4159:
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3321:
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1777:
1736:
Friday, October 5. In this day's march, the Army passed through Loggstown, situated seventeen miles and an half, fifty-seven
1161:
622:
3504:
collected and edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York and London: G. P. Putnamâs Sons, 1889-1893). Vol. I (1748-1757).
102:
3500:
2582:
2126:
1772:
returned to the area and noted in his journal that on 21 October 1770 he "breakfasted at Logstown" with George Croghan and
1407:
on 30 October with eight men, heading to Logstown to meet with Iroquois allies. On his way, he stopped at the homestead of
4262:
4237:
4217:
4164:
3709:
2451:
1593:
380:, who moved to Logstown some time before 1750. The town's population varied from approximately 200 to 500 people. In 1749
3577:
The Second Journal of Christian Frederick Post; On a Message from the Governor of Pensilvania to the Indians on the Ohio,
3285:
vol. 5, July 1, 1753, through March 31, 1755, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962, pp. 84â107.
1579:. The French then decided that a fort at Logstown was unnecessary, particularly because of the lack of trees for lumber.
4242:
4222:
4179:
4169:
4129:
2403:
Christopher Gist's Journals, with Historical, Geographical and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of His Contemporaries,
1788:
1664:
the bend of a creek." He refers to an upper town and a lower town. In late 1758, he moved to "Kseek-he-ooing" (possibly
1575:
at the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers. Contrecoeur seized it on 18 April 1754, and razed it to build
373:
287:
3358:
George Washington, "Journey to the French Commandant: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
1461:
While at Logstown, Washington encountered four French deserters who had fled from a French military supply convoy from
4287:
4227:
3976:
3920:
3793:
1866:
1848:
1812:
722:
661:
353:
321:
75:
3108:
The Ohio Company of Virginia and the Westward Movement, 1748-1792: A chapter in the History of the Colonial Frontier,
2637:
1972:
The Story of Logstown Revisited: "Logstown: A Legacy Lost" published by the Logstown Associates Historical Society,
1748:
384:
observed fifty cabins housing about sixty warriors, suggesting a population of 200 to 250 total, while in late 1758
4432:
4252:
3012:
Wainwright, Nicholas B. "An Indian Trade Failure: The Story of the Hockley, Trent and Croghan Company, 1748-1752."
1795:...The next place is Loggstown, which was formerly a settlement on both sides of the Ohio, and the place where the
1609:
1601:
1541:
1311:
1071:
and representatives of the Six Nations, Croghan reported the following statement from Iroquois speaker Toanahiso:
3841:
2787:
History of Washington County, Pennsylvania: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men.
1184:
1057:
870:
644:
used in making his 1749 map. William's journey subsequently inspired his father's keen interest in the frontier.
2834:
2550:
2344:
History, Manners, and Customs of The Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbouring States,
1776:, but says nothing of the community or its inhabitants. On 5 September 1772, the Reverend David McClure visited
1330:
George Washington's 1754 map of the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers, showing "The Log's Town."
981:
He then returned the belt of wampum, symbolically rejecting the French challenge to end trade with the English.
246:, which occupied the region. Being an unusually large settlement, and because of its strategic location in the
4422:
3915:
3635:"Journal of George Washington, written during an expedition along the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers," extracted from
3574:
1963:
George P. Donehoo, "Logstown," excerpt from "A History of Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania," in
1741:
1656:
271:
1625:
1529:
Saint-Pierre was evidently planning to construct a fort near Logstown and to drive away any English settlers.
943:
Croghan returned to Logstown again in November, 1750, to tend to his trading post there. He wrote to Governor
381:
3105:
2804:
1273:
The French wanted to maintain control of the Ohio Valley because it lay between their two great provinces of
1093:
authority as half-king did not allow him to speak for the Onondaga Council. The following summer, Virginia's
4334:
3930:
3862:
2707:
1904:
1882:
1466:
1286:
1125:
In 1749 the British Crown awarded the Ohio Company a grant of 500,000 acres in the Ohio Country between the
1029:
823:
487:
463:
279:
2730:
Doug MacGregor, "The Shot Not Heard Around the World: Trent's Fort and the Opening of the War for Empire."
388:
noted forty houses for about one hundred and twenty warriors, suggesting a total population of 350 to 500.
2928:
2887:
Springfield: Trustees of the State Historical Library, 1940. Illinois Historical Collections, volume XXIX.
2638:
Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. "Conrad Weiser's journal of a tour to the Ohio, August 11, October 2, 1748," in
1844:
1404:
1278:
1262:
936:
765:
641:
349:
3634:
2983:
Kathleen Lugarich, "Constructing the French Forts of the Ohio Country," Fort Pitt Museum, October 9, 2015
1862:
states: "One unsuccessful attempt has been made to locate the late Historic village known as Logstown."
4339:
4018:
3925:
3408:
The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path,
3357:
2814:
2285:
2152:
2062:
The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path,
1914:
1909:
1878:
1808:
1377:
761:
757:
251:
3813:
2882:
3135:
2747:
2503:
996:
On 4 June 1751 Joncaire wrote directly to Governor Hamilton from Logstown, in French, with a warning:
4297:
4292:
4008:
3803:
1924:
1828:
1649:
1025:
515:
377:
231:
1544:
showing "Logs T. built & settled by the English several years agoe," upper left of map's center.
972:," a symbol of the importance of his message. Keeshequeatama, Speaker for the Six Nations, replied:
3405:
2818:
2688:
Evans, Lewis, "A map of Pensilvania, New-Jersey, New-York, and the three Delaware counties," (1749)
2099:
1952:
1796:
1792:
1642:
1597:
1359:
1274:
223:
3336:
Allegheny County: Its Early History and Subsequent Development from the Earliest Period Till 1790.
4302:
4095:
3387:
3280:
2965:
2518:
Michael N. McConnell, "Kuskusky Towns and Early Western Pennsylvania Indian History, 1748-1778,"
2452:
Kenny A. Franks, "Tanacharison," American National Biography Online, Oxford University Press 2021
1855:
The only known archaeological studies of the Logstown site took place in 1940 and 1942. The 1955
1572:
1261:
will look upon him as a Chief of that Nation." Shingas was absent from the treaty conference, so
1153:
1098:
895:
After CĂ©loron returned and reported his experiences, the new Governor-General of New France, the
883:
239:
3176:
3161:
845:
CĂ©loron then distributed gifts and departed from Logstown on 12 August, proceeding downriver to
3667:
The 1793-1793 Encampment of General Anthony Wayne at Legion Ville, Beaver County, Pennsylvania.
3199:
Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600-1800,
2379:
O. H. Marshall, C. B. Galbreath, Andrew Arnold Lambing, and Joseph Pierre de Bonnécamps. 1921.
1136:
Between 1 and 13 June 1752, the British held a council at Logstown with representatives of the
4387:
4149:
4033:
3783:
3485:
3317:
3232:
3036:
2902:
2867:
2769:
2672:
2363:
2326:
2081:
1980:
1899:
1769:
1753:
1689:
1668:) and was released in December, 1764, along with over 200 other captives, by order of Colonel
1555:
1470:
1389:
1351:
1319:
1303:
1209:
1126:
1033:
921:
846:
713:
right and the left, I ordered sentinels to be placed at a short distance from each other, and
633:
408:
295:
267:
3281:"Treaty of Carlisle, 1 November 1753," Founders Online, National Archives. [Original source:
2762:
1732:
passed through the area in 1764, en route with 1,500 troops to Ohio, writing in his journal:
684:, CĂ©loron moved down the river on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his
4307:
3981:
3694:
3679:
3110:
University of California at Los Angeles. The Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California, 1939
2341:
1919:
1521:
Tanacharison returned to Logstown on 15 January 1754, escorted by a French detachment under
1462:
1437:
1408:
1385:
1236:
1169:
1157:
960:
920:) for defense. Joncaire was directed to explore the region, to learn all he could about the
866:
637:
543:
400:
348:, possibly as early as 1725 or 1730 on low-lying land less than a mile north of present-day
3247:
2400:
3986:
3372:
2562:
1773:
1718:
1706:
1685:
1605:
1501:
1295:
1208:, Tanacharison reluctantly agreed to allow a British fort to be built at the mouth of the
1141:
1118:
952:
is very generous in making presents to all the chiefs of the Indians that he meets with."
749:
619:
333:
313:
Donehoo and several other sources report that the original Lenape name of the village was
2517:
3604:
2436:
1334:
In late 1753 (the exact date is unknown) the sachems at Logstown received a letter from
376:. Kakowatcheky is sometimes credited with founding Logstown. Another early resident was
3956:
3946:
3877:
2077:
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650â1815
1820:
1588:
1282:
1205:
1068:
1005:
I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your very humble and obedient servant,
948:
819:
773:
593:
459:
419:
396:
385:
198:
56:
2837:
An old frontier of France: the Niagara region and adjacent lakes under French control,
2699:
2473:
2249:
1981:
Jenny Wagner, "Native Americans shaped Beaver County, from its land to its Politics,"
1680:
In late 1758, Logtown's inhabitants were invited to establish a new town on the Upper
433:
sent two headmen as emissaries to live in Logstown and supervise the Iroquois allies:
4381:
3951:
3892:
3778:
3733:
3443:
2269:
2079:
Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
2059:
1729:
1722:
1669:
1576:
1474:
1446:
1393:
1307:
1265:"stood proxy for his brother and was presented with a lace hat and jacket and suit."
1235:
Technically, the treaty signed by the "Half-king" was not binding on the part of the
1165:
1130:
1045:
1041:
1037:
908:
700:
503:
446:
438:
430:
1536:
4144:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3680:
Robert W. McKnight, "Report of Preliminary Exploration of Logstown (Legionville),"
2839:
New York: Dodd, Mead, 1917. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 20-21
2734:
Summer 2007, Vol. 74, No. 3, State College: Penn State University Press pp. 354-373
1989:
1929:
1784:
1702:
1681:
1517:
1754 map of British plantations in North America, showing "Loggs Town" on the Ohio.
1450:
1427:
1315:
1198:
1173:
1094:
862:
815:
696:
673:
483:
434:
369:
286:. Today the site is marked with a stone bearing a brass plaque placed there by the
247:
235:
79:
3562:
Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
3544:
1725:'s expedition showing "Logs Town" on the Ohio, seen on the right side of the page.
1648:
In December, 1755, George Croghan hired a Lenape Indian named Jo Hickman to visit
478:
In late July, fifty-five representatives of the Six Nations, Delawares, Shawnees,
414:
Most sources agree that the main section of the town was built on the broad, flat
3664:
3649:
3619:
3589:
3559:
3514:
3478:
3463:
3333:
3310:
3295:
3265:
3225:
3196:
3029:
2860:
2784:
2652:
2622:
2604:
2535:
2418:
2378:
2356:
2318:
2289:
2234:
2204:
2189:
2167:
2137:
2074:
1956:
1947:
1251:
in 1747, the Lenape had been without an effective leader. Sassoonan had selected
806:
The following day, 10 August 1749, CĂ©loron delivered a prepared message from the
699:, fearing an assault, rallied the town's population in its defense. According to
2849:
2306:
1894:
1816:
1760:
George Croghan returned to the area in 1765. His journal entry for 16 May says:
1252:
1227:
404:
3529:
3887:
3857:
3392:
vol. 3, University of Toronto/UniversitĂ© Laval, 2003â, accessed March 15, 2021
3377:
vol. 3, University of Toronto/UniversitĂ© Laval, 2003â, accessed March 15, 2021
2478:
vol. 3, University of Toronto/UniversitĂ© Laval, 2003â, accessed March 15, 2021
1737:
1213:
1180:
1179:
One of the main purposes of the Logstown treaty conference was to confirm the
1145:
1114:
1090:
1076:
1017:
800:
689:
479:
415:
328:
is a French word for beaver, but also suggests that it may be a corruption of
307:
275:
3534:
Vol. 13, No. 1. ed. Beverly W. Bond Jr. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926
1637:
passed the site of the town on 5 April, 1755 and refers to it as the "Little
1314:, below Pittsburgh) or at Chiningué (Logstown), and a third at Sonhioto (the
117:
104:
3468:
vol. 1, no. 1, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania., 1918. Pp 248-258
3433:
English translation of documents in the Quebec Seminary by Donald Kent, 1952
3431:
PAPIERS CONTRECOEUR Le Conflit Angelo - Francias Sur L' Ohio De 1745 a 1756.
2933:
Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1904
2194:
vol. 1, no. 1, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania., 1918. Pp 259-264
1564:
1423:
1248:
1221:
917:
753:
471:
449:. Tanacharison oversaw the Delawares and Scarouady supervised the Shawnees.
442:
2955:
vol 6, no. 4 (1949): 596-604. Accessed March 23, 2021. doi:10.2307/1916752.
1571:
Then on 4 March 1754, La Chauvignerie discovered English soldiers building
1480:
Washington and his men left Logstown on 30 November and reached Venango at
3138:
Journal of Captain William Trent from Logstown to Pickawillany, A.D. 1752,
4139:
3545:
Myers, James P. "Pennsylvania's Awakening: the Kittanning Raid of 1756."
2250:
Chester Hale Sipe, "The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania,"
1824:
1780:, a trader, at "his house in Logs Town, which was the only house there."
1454:
1431:
1397:
1137:
1067:
On 29 May 1751, at a council meeting at Logstown between George Croghan,
714:
599:
587:
576:
570:
531:
511:
507:
243:
3607:
A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison: The White Woman of the Genesee,
3011:
2729:
1326:
3639:
by Jared Sparks, Volume II, Boston: Charles Tappan, 1846, pages 516-534
3620:
Parkman, Francis., Dumas, Charles Guillaume Frédéric., Smith, William.
2993:
2950:
2657:
Institute of Early American History and Culture, at Williamsburg, 1959.
2421:
History of Beaver County, Pennsylvania: And Its Centennial Celebration,
1693:
1665:
1638:
1500:
After Washington's return to Williamsburg, Governor Dinwiddie wrote to
1419:
1257:
990:
841:
doubtless, to do nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned.
787:
769:
741:
681:
561:
555:
549:
537:
365:
361:
345:
234:
and the site of the 1752 signing of the Treaty of Logstown between the
3120:
1839:
1289:
since 1748, wrote this summary of the French plan on 26 October 1752:
1109:
3695:
Edgar E. Augustine, "Report of Preliminary Excavations at Logstown,"
2904:
History of Ohio: The Rise and Progress of an American State, Volume 1
2687:
2110:
1994:
1193:
969:
935:
Conference between French and Native American leaders around 1750 by
904:
745:
605:
392:
357:
2003:
831:
him, Why don't you shoot this French Fellow - Shoot him - shoot him.
3448:
Springfield, IL: The Trustees of the State Historical Library, 1940
1843:
Historical marker at the former site of Logstown, near present-day
49:
The stone marker at or near the former site of Logstown (1725-1758)
2359:
Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America,
1838:
1747:
1712:
1624:
1535:
1512:
1436:
1418:
Arriving in Logstown on 23 November, Washington held council with
1371:
1325:
1226:
1108:
963:'s surveys of 1751, showing "Logs T." to the lower left of center.
954:
930:
822:, who arrived in Logstown a few days after CĂ©loron had left, told
790:, their traffic being contrary to the preliminaries of the peace (
651:
521:
423:
372:
arrived with his band of Shawnee warriors and their families from
197:
3334:
McCain, George Nox., Lambing, Andrew Arnold., White, John W. F..
2170:
A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania.
695:
CĂ©loron arrived at Logstown on August 8, 1749. The Shawnee chief
3181:
Philadelphia, PA: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 41â79.
2563:
Edward G. Everett, "Pennsylvania's Indian Diplomacy 1747-1753,"
1441:
George Washington (left) meeting with French military commander
1343:
1322:). The garrisons of these forts will be taken from the 2000 men.
1310:) where M. de Joncaire is located, another at the Written Rock (
3737:
1653:
Hickman observed "about 100 Indians and 30 English prisoners."
959:
Map showing the French occupation of the Ohio Valley, based on
3654:
75th Annual Meeting, Clarion, Pennsylvania April 23 â 25, 2004
2951:
Jacobs, Wilbur R. "Wampum: The Protocol of Indian Diplomacy."
2235:
O. H. Marshall, "De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749,
676:, and in August he ordered the military commander at Detroit,
202:
Logstown and other Native American villages, most circa 1750s.
2190:
George P. Donehoo, "A Few Facts in the History of Logstown,"
2142:
Pittsburgh: Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1969.
740:
This village consists of fifty cabins, composed of Iroquois,
3530:
Charles Stuart, âThe Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57,â
2863:
Colonial America: Essays in Politics and Social Development.
2585:
Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania
2209:
Vol I 1634-1760. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1908
2153:
Jeffrey Snedden, "Names still exist, but the places donât,"
1633:
In March, 1755, French forces began rebuilding the village.
1358:, and this I will do...All the Land and Waters on this Side
320:
The French referred to the town as "Chiningue" which Father
1815:
on ground situated where Logstown's "upper town" had been.
1220:
agree to allow English settlements in the Ohio region, and
306:
A few sources claim that in 1747 the French built about 30
1811:
established a military training base for the newly formed
1231:
Forts built by the French in Western Pennsylvania in 1753.
3590:
Charles McKnight, "The Captivity of John McCullough," in
2861:
Douglas Greenberg, John Murrin, Stanley Nider Katz, eds.
2405:
Pittsburgh, J. R. Weldin & Co., 1893; Part 4: 1750-51
1101:, but construction did not begin until February of 1754.
1084:
Governor Hamilton used this statement as evidence to the
1016:
Joncaire apparently abandoned the idea of constructing a
3609:
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 1918.
3179:
Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736â1762.
2996:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies,
2732:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies,
2441:
Dept of Anthropology, Pittsburgh University PA, Oct 1977
2439:
Ohio River Environmental Assessment: Cultural Resources,
2111:"Logstown Historical Marker," Historical Marker Database
736:
CĂ©loron described Logstown and its inhabitants briefly:
4443:
Former Native American populated places in Pennsylvania
3446:
Illinois on the eve of the Seven Years' War, 1747-1755,
2885:
Illinois on the Eve of the Seven Years' War, 1747-1755.
2752:
73 vols. Cleveland: Burrow Brothers, 1896-1901, vol. 69
2346:
Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1881.
2004:
Leon J. Pollom, "Logstown2: Where Drowned Trees Went,"
3016:
vol. 72, no. 4 (1948): 343-75. Accessed March 24, 2021
2998:
vol. 21, no. 4 (1954): 338-50. Accessed March 26, 2021
1995:
Leon J. Pollom, "Logstown1: You Donât Know Logstown,"
1990:
Shawn MacIntyre, "Logstown." Posted on January 7, 2020
1028:
to the south shore of Lake Erie, under the command of
818:, listening in the audience, was apparently outraged.
708:
discovered three French and one English flag...I had
3121:
Mulkearn, Lois. "Why the Treaty of Logstown, 1752."
2765:
The Buzzel about Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land
2538:
George Croghan and the Westward Movement, 1741â1782.
1400:
and to gather intelligence about the French forces.
254:
it became depopulated and was eventually abandoned.
4280:
4198:
4115:
4106:
4076:
4032:
3999:
3969:
3939:
3908:
3901:
3850:
3821:
3771:
3564:
Vol II. Harrisburg: W. S. Ray, state printer, 1916.
3201:
Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1987
3125:
vol 59, no. 1 (1951): 3-20. Accessed March 22, 2021
3014:
The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
2901:Emilius Oviatt Randall, Daniel Joseph Ryan (1912).
2006:
Now Then, Pittsburgh: Interesting Bits of the Past.
1997:
Now Then, Pittsburgh: Interesting Bits of the Past.
1032:, to build a road and construct a series of forts (
188:
183:
175:
167:
159:
151:
141:
133:
23:
3726:Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, July 2011
2994:Hunter, William A. "The Ohio, the Indian's Land."
2805:"Chabert de Joncaire, Philippe-Thomas, Nitachinon"
2625:Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier.
2381:Expedition of Celoron to the Ohio country in 1749.
1869:area noted that the Logstown site has never been
1509:as soon as the season would permit them to embark.
1097:obtained permission from the Six Nations to build
3248:Francis P. Jennings, "The Delaware Interregnum,"
3212:Final page of the Logstown Treaty document (1752)
2207:The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest,
1504:of New York about Washington's mission, stating:
1484:on 4 December, where they were warmly greeted by
3032:Pittsburgh's Lost Outpost: Captain Trent's Fort.
2767:, University Press of Kentucky, 1999; pp. 25-56.
18:Historic Native American village in Pennsylvania
3250:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
2789:Philadelphia: L.H. Everts and Co., 1882. 1882.
2520:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
1024:began preparations to send French and Canadian
3313:The First of Men: A Life of George Washington,
3268:Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753-1758,
3123:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
1554:garrison, Sieur PĂ©an...will continue...to the
1392:as a special envoy to the French commander at
664:, showing the "Village de Chingue" (Logstown).
4398:1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
3749:
3605:James Everett Seaver, Charles Delamater Vail
3466:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3007:
3005:
2883:Theodore Calvin Pease and Ernestine Jenison,
2743:
2741:
2513:
2511:
2432:
2430:
2423:vol. II. New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1904.
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2192:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
2140:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine.
1243:Appointment of Shingas as chief of the Lenape
1075:We expect that you our Brothers will build a
672:wanted to strengthen French control over the
146:Harmony Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania
93:Location of Pennsylvania in the United States
8:
3594:Philadelphia: J.C. McCurdy, 1876; pp 204-224
3515:Toner, Joseph Meredith, Washington, George.
3388:W. J. Eccles, "Paul Marin de La Malgue," in
2830:
2828:
2725:
2723:
2540:Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1926
1596:, and might be expected there in two days."
1587:A few days before Washington's surrender at
1342:I am commanded to build four strong Houses,
1121:depicting "Log's Town," at the upper margin.
1052:English attempts to build a fort at Logstown
458:establish alliances. On September 18, 1747,
3298:The Life of George Washington Studied Anew.
3221:
3219:
3164:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
3085:Historic Pittsburgh General Text Collection
2978:
2976:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2609:Harrisburg: Theo. Fenn & Company, 1851.
2531:
2529:
2275:Butler, Pa.: Ziegler Print. Co., Inc., 1927
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1496:French attempts to build a fort at Logstown
1453:and another Indian from Logstown, possibly
526:Unnamed Iroquois chief, early 18th century.
4112:
4029:
3905:
3847:
3756:
3742:
3734:
3373:William A. Hunter, "Kaghswaghtaniunt," in
3270:(Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018.
3261:
3259:
2750:The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,
2618:
2616:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2522:vol. 116, no. 1; January 1, 1992: pp 33-58
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2414:
2412:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1140:, and the Lenape and Shawnee who had been
294:in 1932, memorializing the visit of Major
20:
3669:Society for Historical Archaeology, 1993.
3652:The Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology,
3532:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
3459:
3457:
3455:
3401:
3399:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3025:
3023:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2865:McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated, 2001.
2668:
2666:
2664:
2587:Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs & Co., 1900
2578:
2576:
2574:
2565:Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
2437:James B. Richardson, Ronald C. Carlisle,
2302:
2300:
2252:Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1549:When Sieur Péan arrives at Chiningué, if
502:In 1748, the colony of Pennsylvania sent
4413:Geography of Beaver County, Pennsylvania
2383:Columbus, O.: The F.J. Heer Printing Co.
2265:
2263:
2261:
2254:v. 13, no. 2; April 1, 1930; pp. 104-122
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1865:In 2011 an archaeological survey of the
1185:Six Nations supposedly gave up territory
1011:Lieutenant of a detachment of the Marine
422:, where the town's residents cultivated
4428:Native American history of Pennsylvania
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
2896:
2894:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2095:
2093:
2019:
1799:was confirmed by the Western Indians."
1376:"Washington in the Indian Council," by
660:along the Ohio River in 1749, drawn by
317:which translates to "extensive flats."
210:(1725?, 1727–1758) also known as
182:
150:
132:
97:
66:
53:
41:
4418:History of Beaver County, Pennsylvania
2798:
2796:
2474:William A. Hunter, "Tanaghrisson," in
907:and four soldiers, in addition to two
3517:Journal of Colonel George Washington,
3483:University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
3252:vol. 89, no 2, April 1965; pp. 174-98
1533:wrote orders to Captain Michel PĂ©an:
1152:, and Lunsford Lomax represented the
891:Visit by Chabert de Joncaire, 1750-51
429:In 1747, the Six Nations Confederacy
274:) in an area on the east bank of the
187:
174:
166:
158:
140:
85:
7:
4408:Populated places established in 1725
3714:Pittsburgh, PA. Vol. 34, No. 1, 1955
3034:Charleston, SC: HISTORY Press, 2019.
2655:George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat.
2567:vol 44 (September 1961), pp. 241-56.
2291:Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History,
1696:). In his journal, Croghan writes:
648:Visit by CĂ©loron de Blainville, 1749
632:Among those accompanying Weiser was
356:. The population grew as groups of
344:The original village was settled by
292:Daughters of the American Revolution
282:. The site is also due north of the
4438:Peace treaties of the United States
3162:"The Treaty of Logg's Town, 1752."
3058:Historic Pittsburgh Text Collection
1486:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
1388:appointed newly-commissioned Major
901:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
836:Bonnecamps wrote in his own diary:
678:Pierre Joseph CĂ©loron de Blainville
658:Pierre Joseph CĂ©loron de Blainville
490:and signed a peace treaty with the
3765:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3684:Volume 10, Issue 2, 1940; pp 23-26
3637:The Writings of George Washington,
3579:London: Printed for J. Wilkie 1759
3502:The Writings of George Washington,
3081:"Allegheny county's hundred years"
2493:1929, Telegraph Press, Harrisburg.
1635:Joseph Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery
399:and about 400 Shawnees, including
266:, about 14 miles northwest of the
14:
3464:Henry Wilson Temple, "Logstown,"
3390:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
3375:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
3360:The Diaries of George Washington,
2640:Early Western Journals 1748-1765,
2476:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
1756:showing Logs Town near Fort Pitt.
1490:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
1443:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
1336:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
466:in Philadelphia, a member of the
3812:
3283:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin,
3228:The Delaware Indians: A History.
3054:"George Washington and the West"
2968:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2810:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2642:Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904
2491:The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania,
1368:Visit by George Washington, 1753
792:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
284:Pittsburgh International Airport
87:
68:
43:
37:Historic Native American village
3230:Rutgers University Press, 1989.
3140:Cincinnati: William Dodge, 1871
2953:The William and Mary Quarterly,
1523:Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie
1449:in 1753. In the background are
1086:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
857:Visit by Christopher Gist, 1750
492:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
468:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
298:to the town in November, 1753.
3712:Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
1765:fine fertile country round it.
1298:; likewise, to make a fort at
1:
3410:Volume 2, Putnam's sons, 1911
3338:Snowden & Peterson, 1888.
3315:Oxford University Press, 2010
2583:Joseph Solomon Walton, 1900,
2237:Magazine of American History,
2064:Volume 1, Putnam's sons, 1911
1688:, by the former residents of
1583:Destruction of Logstown, 1754
1269:French response to the treaty
656:Map of the route followed by
453:Visit by George Croghan, 1748
332:a Seneca word meaning "large
3549:66 (Summer 1999), pp 399-420
1469:was building a road between
947:on 16 November: "Yesterday,
510:and five other leaders from
498:Visit by Conrad Weiser, 1748
374:Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania
3697:Pennsylvania Archaeologist,
3682:Pennsylvania Archaeologist,
3624:Roger Clarke Company, 1907.
2966:"Paul Marin de La Malgue,"
2419:Bausman, Joseph Henderson.
2401:William M. Darlington, ed.
2323:DIANE Publishing Inc., 2007
2138:Charles William Dahlinger,
1849:Beaver County, Pennsylvania
1813:Legion of the United States
1705:), to a great plain called
723:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps
662:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps
354:Beaver County, Pennsylvania
322:Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps
189: âą Estimate
4466:
3575:Christian Frederick Post,
3226:Weslager, Clinton Alfred.
3166:vol. 13, 1906; Pp 154â174.
3087:. University of Pittsburgh
3060:. University of Pittsburgh
2835:Severance, Frank Hayward,
1835:Archaeological excavations
1610:Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania
1312:McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
1212:, the site of present-day
808:Marquis de La GalissoniĂšre
4353:
3810:
3300:G.P. Putnam's sons, 1887.
2803:MacLeod, Malcolm (1974).
873:. Gist was instructed to
871:King George II of England
486:met at the courthouse in
206:The riverside village of
98:
86:
67:
54:
42:
35:
3699:Volume 12, Issue 1, 1942
3519:J. Munsell's Sons, 1893.
3444:Pease, Theodore Calvin,
3406:Charles Augustus Hanna,
3266:Hunter, William Albert.
2653:Wainwright, Nicholas B.
2321:Indians in Pennsylvania,
2060:Charles Augustus Hanna,
1967:Vol 3, No 2. Spring 1977
1657:Christian Frederick Post
1502:Governor James De Lancey
1105:Treaty of Logstown, 1752
764:), and Indians from the
686:"lead plate expedition,"
670:Comte de La GalissoniĂšre
391:In late April 1745, the
3052:Ambler, Charles Henry.
2708:Ohio Historical Society
2623:Shannon, Timothy John.
2205:Thwaites, Reuben Gold.
2008:Posted November 7, 2018
1999:Posted November 4, 2018
1948:1752 Treaty of Logstown
1905:History of Pennsylvania
1883:National Historic Trail
1467:Paul Marin de la Malgue
1384:In late 1753, Virginia
1287:intendant of New France
1204:After much urging from
1191:At first, the Iroquois
1058:Governor Patrick Gordon
1030:Paul Marin de la Malgue
897:Marquis de la JonquiĂšre
861:In September, 1750 the
488:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
262:Logstown is located in
118:40.622942°N 80.226675°W
60:
4448:1754 disestablishments
3560:George Dallas Albert,
3296:Hale, Edward Everett.
2700:"Celeron de Bienville"
1875:
1852:
1767:
1757:
1746:
1726:
1711:
1630:
1560:
1545:
1518:
1511:
1458:
1415:and Gist joined them.
1405:Williamsburg, Virginia
1381:
1365:
1331:
1324:
1232:
1122:
1082:
1014:
979:
964:
940:
880:
843:
833:
812:Governor of New France
796:
778:
719:
665:
527:
203:
4403:History of Pittsburgh
4393:French and Indian War
4086:European colonization
3665:Carlisle, Ronald C..
2815:University of Toronto
2361:UNC Press Books, 2014
2286:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
1915:History of Pittsburgh
1910:French and Indian War
1879:National Park Service
1871:
1842:
1809:General Anthony Wayne
1762:
1751:
1734:
1716:
1698:
1628:
1547:
1539:
1516:
1506:
1473:, Fort Le Boeuf, and
1440:
1378:Junius Brutus Stearns
1375:
1340:
1329:
1291:
1230:
1181:1744 Lancaster Treaty
1112:
1073:
998:
974:
958:
934:
875:
838:
828:
783:
762:Mohawks of Kanesatake
758:Lake of Two Mountains
738:
705:
655:
636:'s illegitimate son,
525:
382:CĂ©loron de Blainville
252:French and Indian War
201:
142:Present-day Community
123:40.622942; -80.226675
3804:Solutrean hypothesis
3547:Pennsylvania History
3079:Thurston, George H.
2704:Ohio History Central
2536:Volwiler, Albert T.
2319:Paul A. W. Wallace,
2288:and Miklos Pinther,
2239:March, 1878, p. 146.
2172:Papamoa Press, 2019.
1942:Logstown on the Ohio
1925:Opessa Straight Tail
1829:Northwest Indian War
1551:Sieur de Contrecoeur
1398:Iroquois Confederacy
1306:, later the site of
1026:troupes de la marine
378:Opessa Straight Tail
232:Western Pennsylvania
226:, was a significant
4185:Trinidad and Tobago
3106:Kenneth P. Bailey,
2907:. pp. 216â217.
2785:Boyd Crumrine, ed.
2673:Samuel Hazard, ed.
2270:Chester Hale Sipe,
2168:Donehoo, George P.
1953:Henry Wilson Temple
1797:Treaty of Lancaster
1785:Indian Commissioner
1643:Great Cove massacre
1604:, and later to the
1598:Henry Wilson Temple
1247:Since the death of
937:Ămile Louis Vernier
620:Lieutenant-Governor
224:Baden, Pennsylvania
218:(transliterated to
114: /
4345:In popular culture
4096:Columbian exchange
4091:Population history
3822:Mythology/Religion
3481:Guns at the Forks.
2342:John Heckewelder,
2157:Posted Dec 6, 2016
1853:
1758:
1727:
1631:
1573:Fort Prince George
1556:RiviĂšre Ă la Roche
1546:
1519:
1459:
1386:Governor Dinwiddie
1382:
1332:
1233:
1154:Colony of Virginia
1123:
1099:Fort Prince George
965:
941:
899:, decided to send
721:The Jesuit priest
666:
534:, or Six Nations:
528:
420:alluvial flatlands
240:Colony of Virginia
222:) near modern-day
204:
4433:George Washington
4375:
4374:
4276:
4275:
4072:
4071:
3995:
3994:
3965:
3964:
3784:Pre-Columbian era
3479:O'Meara, Walter.
3311:John E. Ferling,
3030:Cherry, Jason A.
2929:Croghan, George,
2155:The Times Online,
1983:The Times Online,
1976:September 4, 1997
1900:Lower Shawneetown
1819:became the first
1803:Legionville, 1792
1770:George Washington
1740:by the path from
1690:Lower Shawneetown
1676:Abandonment, 1758
1608:near present-day
1531:Governor Duquesne
1471:Fort Presque Isle
1390:George Washington
1354:, Logs-Town, and
1320:Lower Shawneetown
1304:Brokenstraw Creek
1210:Monongahela River
1144:to them. Colonel
1034:Fort Presque Isle
1022:Governor Duquesne
922:Monongahela River
847:Lower Shawneetown
634:Benjamin Franklin
606:Lenape (Delaware)
516:King George's War
409:Lower Shawneetown
296:George Washington
270:(now in downtown
268:Forks of the Ohio
196:
195:
63:"extensive flats"
4455:
4113:
4030:
3906:
3848:
3816:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3692:
3686:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3427:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3370:
3364:
3355:
3340:
3331:
3325:
3308:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3278:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3049:
3043:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2935:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2819:Université Laval
2800:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2760:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2589:
2580:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2357:Stephen Warren,
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2057:
1920:Meshemethequater
1793:Montour's Island
1621:Rebuilding, 1755
1463:Fort de Chartres
1409:Christopher Gist
1403:Washington left
1352:Mohongialo Forks
1300:La Paille Coupée
1237:Onondaga Council
1172:represented the
1170:William Beverley
1158:Christopher Gist
961:Christopher Gist
867:Christopher Gist
638:William Franklin
611:Total : 789
401:Meshemethequater
264:Harmony Township
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
91:
72:
47:
21:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4423:Shawnee history
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4349:
4272:
4194:
4108:
4102:
4078:
4068:
4028:
3991:
3961:
3935:
3897:
3846:
3835:List of deities
3817:
3808:
3767:
3762:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3663:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3558:
3554:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3495:
3477:
3473:
3462:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3415:
3404:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3343:
3332:
3328:
3309:
3305:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3195:
3186:
3175:
3171:
3160:
3145:
3136:William Trent,
3134:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3028:
3021:
3010:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2938:
2927:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2833:
2826:
2813:. Vol. 3.
2802:
2801:
2794:
2783:
2779:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2739:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2572:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2527:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2489:Sipe, C. Hale,
2487:
2483:
2472:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2428:
2417:
2410:
2399:
2388:
2377:
2373:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2233:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2075:Richard White,
2073:
2069:
2058:
2021:
2016:
1938:
1936:Further reading
1891:
1859:Carnegie Museum
1837:
1805:
1783:Arthur Lee, an
1774:Alexander McKee
1719:Thomas Hutchins
1686:Pickaway Plains
1678:
1623:
1618:
1606:Aughwick Valley
1602:Fort Cumberland
1585:
1498:
1370:
1360:Allegheny Hills
1296:Lake Chatakouin
1271:
1245:
1119:Peter Jefferson
1107:
1054:
893:
859:
750:Sault St. Louis
650:
500:
464:Thomas Lawrence
455:
395:Shawnee leader
342:
304:
290:chapter of the
260:
228:Native American
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
94:
82:
50:
38:
31:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4284:
4282:
4281:Related topics
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Medicine wheel
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Classification
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3702:
3687:
3672:
3657:
3642:
3627:
3612:
3597:
3582:
3567:
3552:
3537:
3522:
3507:
3493:
3471:
3451:
3436:
3413:
3395:
3380:
3365:
3341:
3326:
3303:
3288:
3273:
3255:
3240:
3215:
3204:
3184:
3169:
3143:
3128:
3113:
3098:
3071:
3044:
3019:
3001:
2986:
2972:
2958:
2936:
2910:
2890:
2875:
2853:
2842:
2824:
2792:
2777:
2755:
2737:
2719:
2691:
2680:
2660:
2645:
2630:
2612:
2590:
2570:
2555:
2543:
2525:
2507:
2496:
2481:
2455:
2444:
2426:
2408:
2386:
2371:
2349:
2334:
2311:
2296:
2278:
2257:
2242:
2212:
2197:
2175:
2160:
2145:
2130:
2114:
2103:
2089:
2067:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1857:Annals of the
1836:
1833:
1821:basic training
1804:
1801:
1754:John Montrésor
1677:
1674:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1589:Fort Necessity
1584:
1581:
1497:
1494:
1369:
1366:
1283:Francois Bigot
1270:
1267:
1244:
1241:
1206:Andrew Montour
1131:Kanawha Rivers
1106:
1103:
1069:Andrew Montour
1053:
1050:
1044:), and later,
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
949:Andrew Montour
945:James Hamilton
892:
889:
858:
855:
824:Richard Peters
820:George Croghan
801:pipes of peace
717:for the night.
710:M. de Joncaire
649:
646:
615:
614:
613:
612:
609:
603:
597:
594:Tisagechroamis
591:
582:
581:
580:
567:
566:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
499:
496:
460:George Croghan
454:
451:
397:Peter Chartier
386:George Croghan
341:
338:
303:
300:
259:
256:
230:settlement in
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
73:
65:
64:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
27:
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4200:South America
4197:
4191:
4190:United States
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4117:North America
4114:
4111:
4107:Modern groups
4105:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:South America
3968:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:Turtle Island
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:North America
3849:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Paleo-Indians
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:0-8135-1494-0
3234:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:Viking, 2008.
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:Fort McIntosh
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1730:Henry Bouquet
1724:
1723:Henry Bouquet
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1670:Henry Bouquet
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1577:Fort Duquesne
1574:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1543:
1542:John Mitchell
1538:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:Fort Machault
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Fort Le Boeuf
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:Fort Le Boeuf
1391:
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1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
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1339:
1337:
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1309:
1308:Fort Le Boeuf
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
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1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1259:
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1240:
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1229:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1183:in which the
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:William Trent
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
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1116:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
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1092:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
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1046:Fort Duquesne
1043:
1042:Fort Machault
1039:
1038:Fort Le Boeuf
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1007:
1004:
1003:
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701:William Trent
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668:In 1749, the
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659:
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645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
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624:
623:George Thomas
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610:
607:
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592:
589:
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583:
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548:
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520:
517:
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509:
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504:Conrad Weiser
497:
495:
493:
489:
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476:
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469:
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461:
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450:
448:
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440:
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432:
431:Haudenosaunee
427:
425:
421:
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410:
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402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:Early history
339:
337:
335:
334:bull thistles
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:Fort McIntosh
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
191:
179:November 1758
178:
170:
162:
154:
147:
144:
136:
127:
99:Coordinates:
90:
81:
78:and state of
77:
76:Beaver County
71:
62:
58:
46:
34:
30:
22:
16:
4364:
4357:
4079:colonization
3883:The red road
3873:Medicine man
3868:Great Spirit
3720:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3645:
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3227:
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3178:
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3084:
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3057:
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2995:
2989:
2967:
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2808:
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2764:
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2711:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2683:
2674:
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2648:
2639:
2633:
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2564:
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2537:
2519:
2499:
2490:
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2420:
2402:
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2358:
2352:
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2337:
2320:
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2290:
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2251:
2245:
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2206:
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2169:
2163:
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2139:
2133:
2106:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2005:
1996:
1982:
1973:
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1930:Kakowatcheky
1877:In 2019 the
1876:
1872:
1867:Beaver Creek
1864:
1856:
1854:
1806:
1782:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1752:1776 map by
1735:
1728:
1717:1764 map by
1699:
1679:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1632:
1586:
1570:
1561:
1548:
1540:1755 map by
1528:
1520:
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1499:
1482:French Creek
1479:
1460:
1451:Tanacharison
1428:Tanacharison
1417:
1402:
1383:
1356:Beaver Creek
1341:
1333:
1316:Scioto River
1299:
1292:
1279:La Louisiane
1272:
1246:
1234:
1218:
1203:
1199:Tanacharison
1192:
1190:
1178:
1174:Ohio Company
1150:James Patton
1135:
1124:
1113:1751 map by
1095:Ohio Company
1083:
1077:Strong House
1074:
1066:
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1055:
1015:
999:
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980:
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913:
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863:Ohio Company
860:
851:
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816:Kakowatcheky
805:
797:
784:
779:
766:Nepisiniques
756:), from the
739:
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731:
727:
720:
706:
697:Kakowatcheky
694:
674:Ohio Country
667:
631:
627:
616:
501:
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456:
435:Tanacharison
428:
413:
390:
370:Kakowatcheky
343:
329:
325:
319:
315:Maughwawame,
314:
312:
305:
261:
248:Ohio Country
236:Ohio Company
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
137:Pennsylvania
80:Pennsylvania
74:Location in
28:
15:
4288:Ethnobotany
4145:El Salvador
4047:Visual arts
3916:Cosmovision
3902:Mesoamerica
3863:Fifth World
3829:Mythologies
3794:Archaeology
3772:Pre-history
2607:revolution.
1985:Feb 25 2015
1974:South News,
1965:Milestones,
1895:Legionville
1817:Legionville
1778:John Gibson
1616:Later years
1413:Wills Creek
1253:Pisquetomen
1138:Six Nations
1127:Monongahela
642:Lewis Evans
629:brothers."
405:Neucheconeh
244:Six Nations
212:Logg's Town
121: /
61:maughwawame
55:Etymology:
29:Maughwawame
4382:Categories
4330:Philosophy
4135:Costa Rica
4109:by country
3940:Variations
3931:World tree
3888:Totem pole
3858:Arborglyph
3490:0822971283
3322:0199752753
3041:1467141623
2872:007231740X
2774:0813133394
2713:2021-03-13
2368:1469611732
2331:1422314936
2325:, p. 127.
2086:1139495682
2014:References
1787:, visited
1650:Kittanning
1338:stating:
1318:, site of
1214:Pittsburgh
1162:Thomas Lee
1146:Joshua Fry
1115:Joshua Fry
1091:figurehead
1018:blockhouse
742:Channanous
715:bivouacked
690:New France
569:Allies of
484:Twightwees
480:Nanticokes
416:floodplain
330:ochenango,
308:log cabins
276:Ohio River
272:Pittsburgh
242:, and the
214:, French:
184:Population
163:June, 1754
160:Demolished
109:80°13âČ36âłW
106:40°37âČ23âłN
4325:Movements
4320:Languages
4268:Venezuela
4213:Argentina
4175:Nicaragua
4155:Guatemala
4150:Greenland
3842:Religions
1807:In 1792,
1742:Fort Pitt
1639:Chaouanon
1594:Red-Stone
1565:Lake Erie
1424:Scarouady
1249:Sassoonan
1222:Scarouady
1142:tributary
918:loopholes
914:crénelés,
754:Kahnawake
544:Onondagas
472:Scarouady
462:wrote to
443:Scarouady
326:chiningue
302:Etymology
280:Aliquippa
278:opposite
216:Chiningue
176:Abandoned
155:1725-1727
4388:Iroquois
4359:Category
4315:Identity
4298:Iroquois
4293:Cherokee
4258:Suriname
4248:Paraguay
4233:Colombia
4160:Honduras
4140:Dominica
4077:European
4052:Painting
4014:Colombia
3926:Religion
3921:Creation
3799:Genetics
3091:27 March
3064:27 March
1957:Logstown
1889:See also
1845:Ambridge
1825:Guyasuta
1455:Guyasuta
1432:Guyasuta
1129:and the
1008:Joncaire
928:Indians.
865:ordered
788:vagrants
774:Ontarios
770:Abenakis
768:and the
682:Abenakis
600:Mohicans
588:Shawnees
584:Others:
577:Wyandots
571:Iroquois
532:Iroquois
512:Kuskusky
508:Orontony
350:Ambridge
346:Shawnees
258:Location
220:Shenango
208:Logstown
25:Logstown
4335:Studies
4263:Uruguay
4238:Ecuador
4218:Bolivia
4165:Jamaica
4064:Writers
4059:Artists
4019:Ecuador
4001:Culture
3982:Mapuche
2273:chiefs,
1738:perches
1694:Saucunk
1666:Saucunk
1420:Shingas
1348:Weningo
1263:Tamaqua
1258:Shingas
991:Onontio
884:Bottoms
772:, with
562:Mohawks
556:Cayugas
550:Oneidas
538:Senecas
366:Senecas
362:Cayugas
192:200â500
171:1755-58
168:Rebuilt
152:Founded
4366:Portal
4303:Navajo
4243:Guyana
4223:Brazil
4180:Panama
4170:Mexico
4130:Canada
4125:Belize
3987:Muisca
3909:Common
3488:
3320:
3235:
3039:
2870:
2772:
2366:
2329:
2084:
1959:(1918)
1944:(1894)
1707:Moguck
1703:Scioto
1682:Scioto
1426:, and
1275:Canada
1194:sachem
1168:, and
1156:, and
1020:, and
970:wampum
909:Cayuga
905:cadets
810:, the
482:, and
447:Oneida
441:, and
439:Seneca
393:Pekowi
358:Lenape
238:, the
4340:Trade
4228:Chile
4042:Music
4009:Andes
3957:Olmec
3947:Aztec
2552:1748.
1684:, at
1411:near
826:that
746:Loups
608:: 165
590:: 162
579:: 100
540:: 163
445:, an
424:maize
134:State
57:Unami
4308:Zuni
4253:Peru
4204:list
4024:Peru
3977:Inca
3952:Maya
3486:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3093:2021
3066:2021
3037:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2308:2005
2082:ISBN
1363:you.
1344:viz.
1277:and
1117:and
602:: 15
596:: 40
564:: 74
558:: 20
552:: 15
546:: 35
437:, a
403:and
4034:Art
1847:in
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352:in
336:."
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3083:.
3056:.
3022:^
3004:^
2975:^
2939:^
2913:^
2893:^
2827:^
2807:.
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2740:^
2722:^
2706:.
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2663:^
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2573:^
2528:^
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2429:^
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2389:^
2299:^
2260:^
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2178:^
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2022:^
1955:,
1831:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
