612:-Loka, Rupa-Loka, Arupa-Loka are the realms that are inhabited by various beings. Additionally, those who inhabit these realms will identify with the characteristics of that realm. For example, a being that resides in Kama-loka experiences predominantly sensual desires, whereas a being in Rupa-loka will experience deep meditation. Various early suttas also suggest that there is a close relationship between psychology and cosmology, equating to different levels of existence in the cosmos, which can be interpreted as the afformentioned lokas.
38:
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229:, with lakes containing lotuses, pools of wine, milk, and ghee, as well as streams that are replete with honey. It is abundant with food and refreshments, and equal opportunity is offered to all of its denizens. It is described to be an infinite, complete, as well as an immortal realm, offering pleasure to those rare few who are able to ascend to it. It is sometimes associated with Pitṛloka, the realm of one's ancestors, but this association is not present in all literature.
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have attained a temporary spiritual liberation due to their positive merits for having strengthened their detachment to the mind, ego and sense objects. However, ultimate liberation (moksha) is regarded as the highest goal in human life, in which one achieves ultimate union with God. Moksha, in turn, requires total liberation/detachment from worldly objects and desires.
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spatiality was a religious or soteriological meaning, which could exist independent of a spatial notion, an 'immaterial' significance. The most common cosmological conception of lokas in the Veda was that of the trailokya or triple world: three worlds consisting of earth, atmosphere or sky, and heaven, making up the universe."
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at the bottom. The higher lokas (1-7) are described as the heavens, populated by higher gods, and full of truth. The lower lokas (8-14) constitute the different "hells". In each of these realms are different deities and beings 'living out their karmic trajectories". Those beings in the higher realms
257:
enumerates the following 28 Narakas: Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Raurava, Maharaurava, Kumbhipaka, Kalasutra, Asipatravana, Sukaramukha, Andhakupa, Krimibhojana, Samdamsa, Taptasurmi, Vajrakantaka-salmali, Vaitarani, Puyoda, Pranarodha, Visasana, Lalabhaksa, Sarameyadana, Avichi, Ayahpana, Ksharakardama,
276:
in the Veda did not simply mean place or world, but had a positive valuation: it was a place or position of religious or psychological interest with a special value or function of its own. Hence, inherent in the 'loka' concept in the earliest literature was a double aspect; that is, coexistent with
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have unbound themselves from individual existence in any form, in any realm, and cannot be found here, there, or in between, i.e., they are found in no loka whatsoever. The early suttas also contain information regarding another important domain known as the supramundane realm,
91:. In some philosophies, it may also be interpreted as a mental state that one can experience. A primary concept in several Indian religions is the idea that different lokas are home to various divine beings, and one takes birth in such realms based on their
195:, which is a land where the fruits of one's actions allows one passage into either Svarga or Naraka. Bhuloka also has seven oceans, namely, Lavana, Ikshu, Sura, Sarpih, Dadhi, Dughdha, and Jala.
760:, there is nothing except strong winds. In Jain cosmology, on achieving moksha, the soul becomes free of the wordly realm once the fruits of all good and bad karmas have been received.
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The concept of a loka or lokas develops in the Vedic literature. Influenced by the special connotations that a word for space might have for a nomadic people,
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704:, the universe is referred to as loka. Although loka originally means "open space," Jain teachers preferred to derive it from the verbal root
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Jain cosmology postulates an eternal and ever-existing loka which works on universal natural laws, there being no creator and destroyer
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654:, or the world of material existence, in which certain beings mastering specific meditative attainments reside, and the third is
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Naraka is generally translated as hell, and refers to the loka that humans are sent to, to be punished for their sins. Ruled by
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to describe the inhabitable and uninhabitable spaces in the universe. The philosophy describes how inhabitable space (
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offer the reward of Svarga as one's destination for the proper practice of sacrificial rituals on earth. In
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1249:. Library of religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. p. 90.
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Who is Who in Hindu
Mythology - VOL 2: A Comprehensive Collection of Stories from the Pur??as
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The scholar
Deborah Soifer describes the development of the concept of lokas as follows:
708:, which means to see. They explain loka as "that which is seen by the omniscient ones."
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Raksogana-bhojana, Sulaprota, Dandasuka, Avata-nirodhana, Paryavartana, and
Suchimukha.
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850:. Routledge, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN. pp. 503–504.
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Map 2: Intermediate neighbourhood of the Earth according to one Hindu cosmology.
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The concept of the three worlds has a number of different interpretations in
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The Myths of
Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective
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Map 3: Local neighbourhood of the Earth according to one Hindu cosmology.
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conceives them to be Bhūta (past), Bhavya (future), and Bhavat (present)
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Generally translated as heaven, Svarga is identified with the realm of
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1082:"Vaivasvata Manvantara: the Mārīca creation [Chapter 38]"
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1827:
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949:
Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008).
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In the
Tibetan and Tantric schools, "Six Lokas" refers to a
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of Vishnu as the Cosmic Man with the three realms: heaven -
472:
Another lineup of the fourteen lokas is stated as follows:
137:
The most common classification of lokas in
Hinduism is the
752:
and vice versa, both of which are a subdivision of space (
732:– the realms of the hellish beings or the infernal regions
726:
Madhya Loka – the realms of the humans, animals and plants
782:
and G. de
Purucker. One of Blavatsky's three worlds are
83:, that may be translated as a planet, the universe, a
63:
748:) will never penetrate into the uninhabitable space (
41:
Rajaloka, Saṁgrahaṇīratna by Śrīcandra, 17th century.
1294:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 657–697.
830:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 143–162.
790:), which is like a temporary after-life state or an
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604:and the six dimensions or classes of beings in the
225:, Svarga is filled with the nectar of immortality,
1171:. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. p. 37.
1156:. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. p. 28.
1207:Desired Realms (Rupa Loka, Arupa Loka, Kama Loka)
1129:"What are the functions of each of the 14 lokas?"
828:On the Early Buddhist Attitude Toward Metaphysics
600:spiritual practice or discipline that works with
723:Urdhva Loka - the realms of the gods or heavens
626:There is a cosmological view in Buddhism called
1108:State University of New York Press (Nov 1991),
1839:
1569:
1332:
642:, there are three distinct realms: First the
8:
719:, the universe is divided into three parts:
1292:Beginnings of Jaina Ontology and Its Models
1006:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Index
794:, according to the teachings of Blavatsky,
1846:
1832:
1824:
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1562:
1554:
1339:
1325:
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309:, there are 14 worlds, seven higher ones (
662:, who have attained the highest goal of
251:, which is the effect of bad karma. The
179:, Bhuloka is identified with the planet
811:
523:
390:
1056:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 5 Chapter 26"
778:, and can be found in the writings of
622:Trailokya § In_Buddhist_cosmology
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1238:
1009:. Taylor & Francis. p. 254.
861:"Loka" in the Encyclopedia Britannica
7:
841:
839:
837:
821:
819:
817:
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774:The concept of lokas was adopted by
27:Concept of world in Indian religions
1543:List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
770:Trailokya § Theosophical views
75:'Planet') is a concept in
25:
955:. Psychology Press. p. 844.
897:Maruvada, Surya N. (2020-03-02).
1997:
1309:. Sage Publications. p. 28.
1182:www.wisdomlib.org (2008-06-21).
1080:www.wisdomlib.org (2019-06-20).
1032:"Naraka, Nāraka: 33 definitions"
1030:www.wisdomlib.org (2009-03-29).
924:www.wisdomlib.org (2013-05-25).
872:www.wisdomlib.org (2017-11-18).
558:
546:
526:
405:
393:
125:to Bhuvar loka (head to belly),
982:. APH Publishing. p. 101.
1307:Moksha and the Hindu Worldview
1169:Moksha and the Hindu Worldview
1154:Moksha and the Hindu Worldview
736:Jain cosmology uses the terms
693:Universe structure as told by
217:in contemporary Hinduism. The
133:- Atala to Patala loka (legs).
1:
1363:
533:Large scale structure of the
1280:Shah, Natubhai (1998). p. 25
1058:. 2012-11-13. Archived from
289:Hindu cosmology § Lokas
1290:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2021).
976:Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997).
874:"Trailokya: 21 definitions"
64:
2381:
2365:Sanskrit words and phrases
848:HINDU COSMOGONY/ COSMOLOGY
767:
682:
619:
585:
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286:
236:
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1995:
1765:Hindu genealogy registers
608:. In Buddhist cosmology,
53:
2303:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
952:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
313:) and seven lower ones (
141:, or the three worlds.
1184:"Loka: 45 definitions"
1003:Craig, Edward (1998).
846:Haag, James W (2012).
697:
650:reside, the second is
537:(material sphere-like
280:
134:
42:
1245:Dundas, Paul (2002).
692:
575:Further information:
412:The lower seven Lokas
270:
117:
40:
32:Loka (disambiguation)
1305:Mishra, R.C (2013).
1167:Mishra, R.C (2013).
1152:Mishra, R.C (2013).
1104:Soiver, Deborah A.,
129:- Bhu loka (groin),
30:For other uses, see
715:. According to the
189:Indian subcontinent
2355:Buddhist cosmology
1639:Burial in Hinduism
826:Lin, Qian (2022).
698:
577:Buddhist cosmology
400:Higher seven Lokas
135:
43:
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1813:Dharmic religions
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1256:978-0-415-26605-5
1188:www.wisdomlib.org
1114:978-0-7914-0799-8
1086:www.wisdomlib.org
1036:www.wisdomlib.org
1016:978-0-415-07310-3
989:978-81-7024-867-5
962:978-0-7007-1267-0
930:www.wisdomlib.org
910:978-1-64805-686-4
878:www.wisdomlib.org
634:, based upon the
239:Naraka (Hinduism)
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2149:Other deities
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1786:Denominations
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512:Rakshasa-loka
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478:
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463:Rasatala-loka
462:
460:Mahatala-loka
459:
457:Talatala-loka
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:(Svarga-loka)
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424:(Brahma-loka)
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193:Bharatavarsha
190:
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177:Narada Purana
170:
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159:), and hell (
158:
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39:
33:
19:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2203:Gramadevatas
2137:
1986:
1739:
1697:Pitru Paksha
1524:
1517:
1510:
1477:Dvapara Yuga
1306:
1300:
1291:
1285:
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1265:
1246:
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1222:
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1187:
1177:
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1153:
1147:
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1132:
1123:
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1100:
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1085:
1075:
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1060:the original
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1025:
1005:
998:
978:
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951:
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:
919:
899:
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:
867:
856:
847:
827:
792:astral plane
773:
757:
753:
749:
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741:
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735:
710:
705:
699:
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655:
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643:
638:and related
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293:Urdhva lokas
273:
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267:
260:
252:
242:
208:
174:
150:
143:
136:
45:
44:
2287:Mahabharata
2198:Kuladevatas
1977:Vishvakarma
1673:Rasam Pagri
926:"Geography"
616:Three lokas
606:Bhavachakra
515:Yaksha-loka
497:Brahma-loka
479:Bhuvar-loka
467:Patala-loka
454:Sutala-loka
451:Vitala-loka
442:Bhuvar-loka
351:above and
307:Atharvaveda
305:and in the
104:Three lokas
2344:Categories
2269:Upanishads
2188:Gandharvas
1912:Dattatreya
1803:Philosophy
1791:Sampradaya
1504:Literature
1472:Treta Yuga
1467:Satya Yuga
1448:Manvantara
1369:Brahmaloka
1228:2021-10-09
1193:2022-10-24
1138:2021-10-09
1091:2022-10-24
1066:2022-10-24
1041:2022-10-24
935:2022-10-24
883:2022-10-24
806:References
796:Leadbeater
786:(world of
756:). In the
702:Jain texts
636:Pali Canon
506:Indra-loka
500:Pitri-loka
494:Satya-loka
491:Tapar-loka
488:Janar-loka
485:Mahar-loka
482:Suvar-loka
448:Atala-loka
433:Mahar-loka
422:Satya-loka
185:Jambudvipa
131:underworld
119:Vishvarupa
79:and other
2208:Rakshasas
2078:Mahavidya
2021:Saraswati
2008:Goddesses
1937:Kartikeya
1796:Parampara
1755:Vaitarani
1659:rituals:
1630:Shmashana
1482:Kali Yuga
1384:Manidvipa
1374:Vaikuntha
1247:The Jains
1219:"triloka"
780:Blavatsky
776:Theosophy
764:Theosophy
730:Adho Loka
673:lokuttara
669:lokottara
644:Kama Loka
628:Trailokya
598:Nyingmapa
588:Six Lokas
582:Six lokas
535:Brahmanda
503:Soma-loka
476:Bhur-loka
437:Svar-loka
430:Jana-loka
427:Tapa-loka
319:), viz.
139:Trailokya
110:Trailokya
89:existence
59:romanized
2324:Hinduism
2280:Ramayana
2222:Yakshini
2128:Shashthi
2088:Matrikas
2073:Mahadevi
1875:Trimurti
1774:See also
1750:Samskara
1682:Terahvin
1657:Antyesti
1624:Antyesti
1589:Hinduism
1379:Kailasha
784:kamaloka
695:Kevalins
660:Arahants
571:Buddhism
539:Universe
445:Bhu-loka
373:mahātala
369:talātala
365:rasātala
311:Vyahrtis
213:and the
99:Hinduism
77:Hinduism
50:Sanskrit
2274:Puranas
2262:Atharva
2231:Texts (
2218:Yakshas
2213:Vahanas
2183:Dikpāla
2156:Apsaras
2108:Rukmini
2083:Matangi
2031:Parvati
2026:Lakshmi
2016:Tridevi
1942:Krishna
1922:Hanuman
1917:Ganesha
1907:Chandra
1902:Ashvins
1781:History
1712:Samadhi
1702:Śrāddha
1668:Tarpana
1617:Rituals
1536:Related
1489:Pralaya
800:Steiner
788:desires
679:Jainism
664:Nirvana
602:chakras
520:Gallery
417:Lokas:
316:Pātālas
303:Puranas
301:In the
175:In the
171:Bhuloka
73:
61::
2178:Devata
2171:Danava
2166:Daitya
2161:Asuras
2123:Shakti
2113:Sanjna
2103:Rohini
2063:Shachi
2048:Chhaya
1967:Varuna
1957:Shasta
1947:Kubera
1885:Vishnu
1880:Brahma
1644:Ngaben
1608:Svarga
1603:Moksha
1443:Brahma
1404:Naraka
1399:Patala
1394:Svarga
1389:Goloka
1253:
1116:p. 51
1112:
1013:
986:
959:
907:
798:, and
750:aloka)
640:Agamas
384:naraka
378:pātāla
361:sutala
357:vitala
345:, and
325:bhuvas
297:Patala
295:, and
249:vipāka
233:Naraka
227:amrita
205:Svarga
199:Svarga
165:Patala
161:Naraka
157:Svarga
2257:Yajur
2242:Vedas
2093:Radha
2058:Ganga
2053:Durga
2043:Bhumi
2038:Aditi
1962:Surya
1927:Indra
1890:Shiva
1859:texts
1808:Texts
1735:Karma
1730:Bhuta
1655:Post-
1649:Pinda
1585:Death
1462:Cycle
1439:Kalpa
1356:Space
1133:Quora
758:aloka
754:ākāśa
742:aloka
713:deity
648:devas
630:. In
594:Bönpo
353:atala
348:satya
343:tapas
339:janas
335:mahas
219:Vedas
215:devas
211:Indra
181:Earth
127:earth
123:Satya
93:karma
85:plane
18:Lokas
2310:more
2252:Sama
2233:list
2193:Gana
2139:more
2133:Sita
2118:Sati
2098:Rati
2068:Kali
1988:more
1982:Yama
1972:Vayu
1952:Rama
1932:Kama
1897:Agni
1867:Gods
1857:and
1760:Yama
1740:Loka
1692:Pitr
1632:and
1596:Goal
1458:Yuga
1452:Manu
1426:Time
1411:Aṇḍa
1364:Loka
1251:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1011:ISBN
984:ISBN
957:ISBN
905:ISBN
746:loka
740:and
738:loka
610:Kama
596:and
381:and
330:svar
274:loka
261:The
245:Yama
71:lit.
65:Loka
46:Loka
2247:Rig
1680:or
1587:in
1450:of
1441:of
706:lok
700:In
375:,
321:bhu
151:In
54:लोक
2346::
2220:/
1684:*
1626::
1460:/
1237:^
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1186:.
1131:.
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1034:.
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876:.
836:^
814:^
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1231:.
1196:.
1141:.
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1069:.
1044:.
1019:.
992:.
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938:.
913:.
886:.
671:/
667:(
541:)
48:(
34:.
20:)
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