70:
25:
272:
A speaker can regulate their vocalizations at higher cognitive level in terms of observing its consequences on their audience's ability to hear it. In this auditory self-monitoring adjusts vocalizations in terms of learnt associations of what features of their vocalization, when made in noise, create
259:
A speaker can regulate their vocalizations, particularly their amplitude relative to background noise, with reflexive auditory feedback. Such auditory feedback is known to maintain the production of vocalization since deafness affects the vocal acoustics of both humans and songbirds
Changing the
250:
The intelligibility of an individual's own vocalization can be adjusted with audio-vocal reflexes using their own hearing (private loop), or it can be adjusted indirectly in terms of how well listeners can hear the vocalization (public loop). Both processes are involved in the
Lombard effect.
88:. Although great tits achieve a change in song frequency by switching song types, in other urban birds the change in frequency might be related to the Lombard effect. For instance, in humans, the Lombard effect results in speakers adjusting frequency
273:
effective and efficient communication. The
Lombard effect has been found to be greatest upon those words that are important to the listener to understand a speaker suggesting such cognitive effects are important.
2046:
Pedersen MB, Egenhardt M, Beedholm K, Skalshøi MR, Uebel AS, Hubancheva A, Koseva K, Moss CF, Luo J, Stidsholt L, Madsen PT (June 2024). "Superfast
Lombard response in free-flying, echolocating bats".
285:
shift however from the
Lombard effect being linked to acoustic self-monitoring in young children to the adjustment of vocalizations to aid its intelligibility for others in adults.
320:. Trained soloists can control this effect but it has been suggested that after a concert they might speak more loudly in noisy surroundings, such as after-concert parties.
316:
due to the sound of other singers upon their own voice. This results in a tendency for people in choruses to sing at a louder level if it is not controlled by a
1921:
Scheifele P, Andrew S, Cooper RA, Darre M, Musiek FE, Max L (November 2004). "Indication of a
Lombard vocal response in the St. Lawrence River beluga".
1377:
Hage SR, Jürgens U, Ehret G (June 2006). "Audio-vocal interaction in the pontine brainstem during self-initiated vocalization in the squirrel monkey".
34:
1600:
227:
These changes cannot be controlled by instructing a person to speak as they would in silence, though people can learn control with feedback.
1675:
Nonaka S, Takahashi R, Enomoto K, Katada A, Unno T (December 1997). "Lombard reflex during PAG-induced vocalization in decerebrate cats".
1004:
301:. It has been suggested that the Lombard effect might also involve the higher cortical areas that control these lower brainstem areas.
1279:
135:
The effect links to the needs of effective communication, as there is a reduced effect when words are repeated or lists are read where
1208:
Waldstein RS (November 1990). "Effects of postlingual deafness on speech production: implications for the role of auditory feedback".
56:
41:
If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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440:
136:
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Listeners hear a speech recorded with background noise better than they hear a speech which has been recorded in quiet with
2096:
2101:
614:
Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Phillips, Jennifer N.; Derryberry, Graham E.; Blum, Michael J.; Luther, David (2020-10-30).
536:
Halfwerk, W; Slabbekoorn (2009). "A behavioural mechanism explaining noise-dependent pitch shift in urban birdsong".
1251:
Konishi M (August 1965). "Effects of deafening on song development in
American robins and black-headed grosbeaks".
260:
auditory feedback also changes vocalization in human speech or bird song. Neural circuits have been found in the
1082:
2106:
1321:
Leonardo A, Konishi M (June 1999). "Decrystallization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback".
616:"Singing in a silent spring: Birds respond to a half-century soundscape reversion during the COVID-19 shutdown"
294:
1874:
Cynx J, Lewis R, Tavel B, Tse H (July 1998). "Amplitude regulation of vocalizations in noise by a songbird,
888:"Causes and consequences of song amplitude adjustment in a territorial bird: a case study in nightingales"
335:
Noise has been found to affect the vocalizations of animals that vocalize against a background of human
175:
125:
101:
69:
2091:
1969:
1958:"Linking the sender to the receiver: vocal adjustments by bats to maintain signal detection in noise"
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147:. Research on birds and monkeys find that the effect also occurs in the vocalizations of animals.
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Egnor SE, Hauser MD (December 2006). "Noise-induced vocal modulation in cotton-top tamarins (
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1985:
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1854:
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Brumm H, Schmidt R, Schrader L (2009). "Noise-dependent vocal plasticity in domestic fowl".
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1755:"Acoustic communication in noise: regulation of call characteristics in a New World monkey"
967:
813:
749:
571:
Nemeth E., E; Brumm H. (2010). "Birds and
Anthropogenic Noise: Are Urban Songs Adaptive?".
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363:
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Involuntary tendency of speakers to increase their vocal effort when in loud environments
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applied afterwards. This is because changes between normal and
Lombard speech include:
1688:
1592:
1510:
1020:
2080:
1459:
Jürgens U (January 2009). "The neural control of vocalization in mammals: a review".
1390:
1186:
714:"The Lombard reflex and its role on human listeners and automatic speech recognizers"
657:
293:
The
Lombard effect depends upon audio-vocal neurons in the periolivary region of the
211:
117:
1956:
Luo, Jinhong; Goerlit, Holger R.; Brumm, Henrik; Wiegrebe, Lutz (22 December 2015).
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1704:
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904:
887:
600:
557:
1827:
1358:
1046:
Winkworth AL, Davis PJ (February 1997). "Speech breathing and the Lombard effect".
522:
398:
231:
207:
144:
105:
1754:
1731:
1616:
Hardman SI, Zollinger SA, Koselj K, Leitner S, Marshall RC, Brumm H (March 2017).
1406:
549:
139:
is not important. Since the effect is involuntary it is used as a means to detect
116:. This change includes not only loudness but also other acoustic features such as
1907:
1472:
339:. Experimentally, the Lombard effect has also been found in the vocalization of:
1173:
Zeine L, Brandt JF (September 1988). "The Lombard effect on alaryngeal speech".
435:
393:
378:
140:
113:
1618:"Lombard effect onset times reveal the speed of vocal plasticity in a songbird"
682:
Lane H, Tranel B (1971). "The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech".
2059:
2015:"Vocal responses to noise reveal the presence of the Lombard effect in a frog"
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343:
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2014:
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Summers WV, Pisoni DB, Bernacki RH, Pedlow RI, Stokes MA (September 1988).
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Vatikiotis-Bateson E, Chung V, Lutz K, Mirante N, Otten J, Tan J (2006).
963:
768:"Effects of noise on speech production: acoustic and perceptual analyses"
313:
121:
109:
836:): differential reinforcement of vocal intensity and the Lombard effect"
323:
The Lombard effect also occurs to those playing instruments such as the
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1981:
1934:
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2013:
W, Halfwerk; A.M., Lea; M.A., Guerra; R.A., Page (March–April 2016).
1587:. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 35. pp. 151–209.
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Both private and public loop processes exist in children. There is a
129:
505:
480:
1617:
1124:
Pick HL, Siegel GM, Fox PW, Garber SR, Kearney JK (February 1989).
584:
1497:
Tonkinson S (March 1994). "The Lombard effect in choral singing".
1342:
309:
190:
37:
contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
1534:"Intensity of guitar playing as a function of auditory feedback"
1083:"Auditory, but perhaps not visual, processing of Lombard speech"
180:
shift in energy from low frequency bands to middle or high bands
413:
353:
18:
1278:
Siegel GM, Schork EJ, Pick HL, Garber SR (September 1982).
1005:"The influence of linguistic content on the Lombard effect"
80:
urban surroundings than quieter ones to help overcome the
981:
Lombard É (1911). "Le signe de l'élévation de la voix".
1532:
Johnson CI, Pick HL, Garber SR, Siegel GM (June 1978).
1843:"Noise-induced changes in calls of the Japanese quail"
481:"Ecology: Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise"
84:
that would otherwise impair other birds hearing their
1753:Brumm H, Voss K, Köllmer I, Todt D (January 2004).
223:, though these do not aid as much as sound changes
124:. This compensation effect maintains the auditory
930:Sinnott JM, Stebbins WC, Moody DB (August 1975).
1422:"The Lombard sign as a function of age and task"
210:are prolonged to a greater degree in noise than
830:Manabe K, Sadr EI, Dooling RJ (February 1998).
983:Annales des Maladies de l'Oreille et du Larynx
932:"Regulation of voice amplitude by the monkey"
8:
1923:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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832:"Control of vocal intensity in budgerigars (
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230:The Lombard effect also occurs following
203:center frequencies for F1 (mainly) and F2
112:noise to enhance the audibility of their
57:Learn how and when to remove this message
998:
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104:tendency of speakers to increase their
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1420:Amazi DK, Garber SR (December 1982).
150:The effect was discovered in 1909 by
7:
1583:Brumm H., H; Slabbekoorn H. (2005).
1003:Patel R, Schell KW (February 2008).
264:that enable such reflex adjustment.
479:Slabbekoorn H, Peet M (July 2003).
14:
1280:"Parameters of auditory feedback"
1391:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04835.x
23:
1585:Acoustic communication in noise
1126:"Inhibiting the Lombard effect"
905:10.1590/s0001-37652004000200017
441:Intelligibility (communication)
216:greater lung volumes are used,
76:sing at a higher frequency in
1:
1732:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.004
1689:10.1016/S0168-0102(97)00097-7
1593:10.1016/S0065-3454(05)35004-2
1511:10.1016/S0892-1997(05)80316-9
550:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.015
137:communication intelligibility
1473:10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.07.005
1187:10.1016/0021-9924(88)90022-6
219:it is accompanied by larger
1021:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/016)
2123:
712:Junqua JC (January 1993).
2060:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.048
1048:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
1009:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
297:and the adjacent pontine
295:superior olivary complex
120:, rate, and duration of
834:Melopsittacus undulatus
633:10.1126/science.abd5777
176:fundamental frequencies
1892:10.1006/anbe.1998.0746
1060:10.1044/jslhr.4001.159
234:when people following
89:
2032:10.1093/beheco/arv204
1438:10.1044/jshr.2504.581
1296:10.1044/jshr.2503.473
892:An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc
886:Brumm H (June 2004).
696:10.1044/jshr.1404.677
404:Pale spear-nosed bats
174:increase in phonetic
126:signal-to-noise ratio
72:
2097:Animal communication
446:Noise health effects
312:experience reduced
143:in those simulating
2102:Human communication
1974:2015NatSR...518556L
1876:Taeniopygia guttata
1847:Psychonomic Science
1550:1978ASAJ...63.1930J
1335:1999Natur.399..466L
1222:1990ASAJ...88.2099W
1142:1989ASAJ...85..894P
1099:2006ASAJ..119.3444V
948:1975ASAJ...58..412S
852:1998ASAJ..103.1190M
784:1988ASAJ...84..917S
730:1993ASAJ...93..510J
573:American Naturalist
497:2003Natur.424..267S
331:Animal vocalization
299:reticular formation
2019:Behavioral Ecology
1962:Scientific Reports
1860:10.3758/bf03328608
1841:Potash LM (1972).
1635:10.1242/jeb.148734
1538:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1210:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1130:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1087:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
936:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
840:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
772:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
718:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
369:Cottontop tamarins
90:
1982:10.1038/srep18556
1935:10.1121/1.1835508
1812:10.1002/ajp.20317
1772:10.1242/jeb.00768
1602:978-0-12-004535-8
1426:J Speech Hear Res
1284:J Speech Hear Res
1107:10.1121/1.4786950
684:J Speech Hear Res
626:(6516): 575–579.
431:Bird vocalization
240:esophageal speech
128:of the speaker's
108:when speaking in
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1929:(3): 1486–1492.
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1568:. Archived from
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1529:
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1522:
1494:
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1385:(12): 3297–308.
1379:Eur. J. Neurosci
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1329:(6735): 466–70.
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1306:. Archived from
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1109:. Archived from
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538:Animal Behaviour
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456:Occlusion effect
426:Acoustic ecology
364:Common marmosets
221:facial movements
206:the duration of
196:spectral tilting
156:otolaryngologist
82:auditory masking
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1800:Am. J. Primatol
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389:Squirrel monkey
384:Rhesus macaques
337:noise pollution
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185:sound intensity
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152:Étienne Lombard
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1136:(2): 894–900.
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970:on 2013-02-23.
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816:on 2013-02-23.
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752:on 2013-02-23.
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690:(4): 677–709.
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1886:(1): 107–13.
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1528:
1525:
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1516:
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1508:
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1493:
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1470:
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1455:
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1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
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1348:
1344:
1343:10.1038/20933
1340:
1336:
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1324:
1317:
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1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1259:(5): 584–99.
1258:
1254:
1253:Z Tierpsychol
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:(5): 373–83.
1180:
1176:
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1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
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1061:
1057:
1054:(1): 159–69.
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:(1): 209–20.
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
901:
898:(2): 289–95.
897:
893:
889:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
846:(2): 1190–8.
845:
841:
837:
835:
826:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:(3): 917–28.
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:(1): 510–24.
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
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629:
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551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
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491:(6946): 267.
490:
486:
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472:
466:
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459:
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454:
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449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
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432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:
409:Túngara frogs
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Beluga whales
397:
395:
394:Zebra finches
392:
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382:
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209:
208:content words
205:
202:
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188:
186:
182:
179:
177:
173:
172:
171:
169:
168:masking noise
161:
159:
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153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
61:
58:
50:
38:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1853:(5): 252–4.
1850:
1846:
1836:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1762:
1759:J. Exp. Biol
1758:
1748:
1726:(3): 741–6.
1723:
1719:
1713:
1683:(4): 283–9.
1680:
1676:
1670:
1625:
1622:J. Exp. Biol
1621:
1611:
1584:
1578:
1570:the original
1541:
1537:
1527:
1502:
1498:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1432:(4): 581–5.
1429:
1425:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:the original
1290:(3): 473–5.
1287:
1283:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1111:the original
1090:
1086:
1076:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1033:the original
1012:
1008:
986:
982:
976:
968:the original
942:(2): 412–4.
939:
935:
895:
891:
843:
839:
833:
814:the original
775:
771:
750:the original
721:
717:
687:
683:
623:
619:
609:
576:
572:
566:
541:
537:
531:
488:
484:
474:
379:Nightingales
334:
322:
308:
292:
280:
271:
258:
255:Private loop
249:
232:laryngectomy
229:
226:
189:increase in
183:increase in
165:
149:
145:hearing loss
134:
130:spoken words
106:vocal effort
97:
93:
91:
53:
44:
35:lead section
33:
2092:Human voice
1505:(1): 24–9.
1467:(1): 1–10.
1093:(5): 3444.
989:(2): 101–9.
436:Human voice
344:Budgerigars
283:development
277:Development
268:Public loop
154:, a French
141:malingering
102:involuntary
47:August 2020
2081:Categories
1880:Anim Behav
1645:2160/45185
467:References
461:Whale song
246:Mechanisms
238:talk with
74:Great tits
2087:Phonetics
1968:: 18556.
658:221914406
642:0036-8075
318:conductor
289:Neurology
262:brainstem
199:shift in
122:syllables
2068:38744283
2000:26692325
1943:15807036
1820:17096420
1781:14691092
1740:53191613
1705:25811647
1662:20836471
1654:28096429
1481:18207362
1399:16820019
1351:10365958
1029:18230867
914:15258642
650:32972991
601:39427649
593:20712517
558:53191082
515:12867967
420:See also
359:Chickens
349:Canaries
314:feedback
193:duration
2054:: 1–8.
1991:4686984
1970:Bibcode
1900:9710467
1828:7828340
1697:9527619
1546:Bibcode
1519:8167784
1499:J Voice
1461:J Voice
1446:7162159
1359:4403659
1331:Bibcode
1304:7176623
1265:5879978
1238:2269726
1218:Bibcode
1195:3183082
1160:2926004
1138:Bibcode
1095:Bibcode
1068:9113867
944:Bibcode
870:9479771
848:Bibcode
810:3183209
801:3507387
780:Bibcode
746:8423266
726:Bibcode
620:Science
523:4348883
493:Bibcode
201:formant
100:is the
2066:
1998:
1988:
1941:
1906:
1898:
1826:
1818:
1779:
1738:
1703:
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1660:
1652:
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1566:681625
1564:
1517:
1479:
1444:
1407:268479
1405:
1397:
1357:
1349:
1323:Nature
1302:
1263:
1236:
1193:
1158:
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987:XXXVII
964:810506
962:
912:
868:
808:
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744:
656:
648:
640:
599:
591:
556:
521:
513:
485:Nature
325:guitar
1908:63818
1904:S2CID
1824:S2CID
1736:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1355:S2CID
654:S2CID
597:S2CID
554:S2CID
519:S2CID
191:vowel
118:pitch
114:voice
2064:PMID
1996:PMID
1939:PMID
1896:PMID
1816:PMID
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1777:PMID
1693:PMID
1650:PMID
1597:ISBN
1562:PMID
1515:PMID
1477:PMID
1442:PMID
1395:PMID
1347:PMID
1300:PMID
1261:PMID
1234:PMID
1191:PMID
1156:PMID
1064:PMID
1025:PMID
960:PMID
910:PMID
866:PMID
806:PMID
742:PMID
646:PMID
638:ISSN
589:PMID
511:PMID
414:Bats
354:Cats
110:loud
92:The
86:song
2056:doi
2027:doi
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1931:doi
1927:117
1888:doi
1878:".
1855:doi
1808:doi
1767:doi
1763:207
1728:doi
1685:doi
1640:hdl
1630:doi
1626:220
1589:doi
1554:doi
1507:doi
1469:doi
1434:doi
1387:doi
1339:doi
1327:399
1292:doi
1226:doi
1183:doi
1146:doi
1103:doi
1091:119
1056:doi
1017:doi
952:doi
900:doi
856:doi
844:103
796:PMC
788:doi
734:doi
692:doi
628:doi
624:370
581:doi
577:176
546:doi
501:doi
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