432:
2382:
1885:
2952:
362:
376:
1527:
1486:(families) of the Lombard people. Not yet firmly associated with the cities, they simply acted independently, also because they were under pressure from the warriors nominally under their authority to allow them to loot. This unstable situation, which persisted over time, led to the final collapse of the Roman-Italic political-administrative structure, which was almost maintained up to the invasion, so that the same Roman-Italic aristocracy had retained responsibility for civil administration (as exemplified by the likes of
97:
2414:" wrote Paul the Deacon, although, once recovered, he accepted the choice). The new king, then, at least initially enjoyed the support of most of the aristocracy, if not that of the great monarch. Ratchis, the Duke of Friuli, came from a family with a long tradition of rebellion against the monarchy and rivalry with the royal family, but on the other hand, he owed his life and the ducal title to Liutprand, who had forgiven him after discovering a conspiracy headed by his father,
1381:
1191:
2650:
2256:. His reign, the longest of all Lombard monarchs, was characterized by the almost religious admiration that was accorded to the king by his people, who recognized in him boldness, courage and political vision. Thanks to these qualities Liutprand survived two attempts on his life (one organized by one of his relatives, Rotari), and he displayed no inferior qualities in the conduct of the many wars of his long reign.
2241:
5614:
2478:
1893:
2868:
295:
5603:
967:
348:
2016:
1662:
2378:
some Romans began to ascend the social ladder, becoming rich through commerce, crafts, the professions or the acquisition of lands that the
Lombards had not been able to manage profitably. Liutprand also intervened in this process by reforming the administrative structure of the kingdom and freeing the poorest Lombards from military obligations.
2136:
1934:, but could not limit the growing influence of the Franks in the kingdom. At his death, the legend says that, using the same procedure as that followed by his mother Theodelinda, Queen Gundeperga had the privilege to choose her new husband and king. The choice fell on Rothari, the duke of Brescia and an Arian.
1724:. Each duchy was led by a duke, not just the head of a fara but also a royal official, the depository of public powers. The locations of the duchies were established in strategically important centers, thus furthering the development of many urban centers placed along the main communication routes of the time
2493:, and coining money in Byzantine style, presented his program: to collect under Lombard power all the Romans until then subject to the emperor, without necessarily merging them with the Lombards. The Exarchate was not homologous to other Lombard possessions in Italy (that is it was not converted into a
2971:
tells the story of the last king of the
Lombards, Desiderius and his children Ermengarde (whose real name was Desiderata) and Adalgis: the first the divorced wife of Charlemagne, and the second the last defender of the Lombard kingdom against the Frankish invasion. Manzoni used the Lombard kingdom as
2369:
of the royal palace of Pavia and defined in an organic way the territorial competencies (legal and administrative) of sculdasci, gastalds and dukes. He was also very active in the legislative field: the twelve volumes of laws enacted by him introduced legal reforms inspired by Roman law, improved the
1540:
After ten years of interregnum, the need for a strong centralised monarchy was clear even to the most independent of the dukes; Franks and
Byzantines pressed and the Lombards could no longer afford so fluid a power structure, useful only to make forays in search of plunder. In 584 the dukes agreed to
2570:
Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to the
Byzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of
2364:
Liutprand was the last of the
Lombard kings to rule over a unified kingdom; later kings would face substantial internal opposition, which eventually contributed to the kingdom's downfall. The strength of his power was based not only on personal charisma, but also on the reorganization of the kingdom
2100:
assumed the throne, but
Perctarit returned from exile and swiftly deposed him. He immediately came to an agreement with Grimoald's other son, Romualdo I of Benevento, who pledged loyalty in exchange for recognition of the autonomy of his duchy. Perctarit developed a policy in line with the tradition
2054:
Grimoald was invested by the
Lombard nobles, but still had to deal with the legitimate faction, which tried international alliances to return the throne to Perctarit. Grimoald, however, persuaded the Avars to return the deposed ruler. Perctarit, as soon as he returned to Italy, had to make an act of
1773:
relations and more to land management, marked a milestone in the consolidation of the
Lombard kingdom in Italy, which gradually lost the character of a pure military occupation and approached a more proper state model. The inclusion of the losers (the Romans) was an inevitable step, and Agilulf made
2431:
king Pepin the Short, the adopted son of the king whose nephew he had dethroned. Not being able to trust the traditional structures of support for the
Lombard monarchy, he sought support among the gasindii, the gentry bound to the king by treaties of protection, and especially among the Romans, the
2348:
In the following years, Liutprand entered into an alliance with the Exarch against the pope, without giving up the old one with the Pope against the Exarch; he crowned this classic double play with an offensive that led to placing the duchies of
Spoleto and Benevento under his authority, eventually
2711:
Thus ended Lombard Italy, and nobody can say whether this was, for our country, a fortune or a misfortune. Alboin and his successors were awkward masters, more awkward than Theodoric, so long as they had been barbarians camped on a conquered territory. But now they were assimilating with Italy and
2624:
Despite the changing fortunes of central political power, the 8th century represented the apogee of the reign, also a period of economic prosperity. The ancient society of warriors and subjects had been transformed into a vivid articulation of classes with landowners, artisans, farmers, merchants,
2377:
The socio-economic structure of the kingdom had been progressively changing since the 7th century. Population growth led to fragmentation of funds, which increased the number of Lombards who fell below the poverty line, as evidenced by the laws aimed at alleviating their difficulties. By contrast,
1470:
and laying siege to Ravenna. Cleph tried to pursue the policy of Alboin consistently, which aimed to break the legal-administrative institutions firmly established during Ostrogoth and Byzantine rule. He achieved this by eliminating much of the Latin aristocracy, through occupying their lands and
2586:
Desiderius, with a clever and discreet policy, gradually reasserted Lombard control over the territory by gaining favor with the Romans again, creating a network of monasteries ruled by Lombard aristocrats (his daughter Anselperga was named abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia), dealing with Pope
1423:
were created in major cities of the kingdom. This was dictated primarily by immediate military needs as dukes were primarily military commanders, tasked to secure control of territory and guard it against possible counter-attacks. However, the resulting collection of duchies also contributed to
2853:
under Charlemagne, who inflicted decisive defeats on the last kings of the Lombards. The military defeat, however, did not correspond to a disappearance of the Lombard culture: Claudio Azzara states that "the same Carolingian Italy is configured, in fact, as a Lombard Italy, in the constituent
2162:
The dukes of Austria challenged the increasing "latinization" of customs, court practices, law and religion, which they believed accelerated the disintegration and loss of the Germanic identity of the Lombard people. The victory allowed Cuniperto, already long associated with the throne by his
2755:
The age of the Lombard kingdom was, especially in Italy, devalued as a long reign of barbarism in the midst of the "Dark Ages". A period of confusion and dispersion, marked by the abandoned ruins of a glorious past and still in search of new identity; see, for example, the verses of Manzoni's
2215:
Ansprand and Rotarit reacted immediately and imprisoned Aripert, returning the throne to Liutpert. Aripert, in turn, managed to escape and confront his rival's supporters. In 702, he defeated them in Pavia, imprisoned Liutpert and occupied the throne. Shortly after, he finally defeated the
2972:
the scene, adjusting its interpretation of the characters (the real centers of the work) and portrayed the Lombards as having a role in paving the way to Italian national unity and independence, while reproducing a then-dominant image of a barbaric period after the classical splendor.
2582:
by Aistulf and based in Lucca; he did not belong to the dynasty of Friuli, frowned upon by the pope and the Franks, and managed to get their support. The Lombards surrendered to him to avoid another Frankish invasion, and Rachis was persuaded by the Pope to return to Monte Cassino.
1904:, who gave command of the military to Duke Sundarit. Theodelinda continued Agilulf's pro-Catholic policy and maintained the peace with the Byzantines, which generated ever-stronger opposition from the warriors and Arians among the Lombards. A civil war broke out in 624, led by
2877:
The persistent injury historiography on the "Dark Ages" has long cast shadows on the Lombard kingdom, averting the interest of writers from that period. Few literary works have been set in Italy between the 6th and 8th centuries; between them, relevant exceptions are those of
2474:, all ethnic groups in the kingdom. All free men of the kingdom, both those of Roman and Lombard origin, were obliged to serve in the military. The military standards promulgated by Aistulf mention the merchants several times, a sign of how that class had now become relevant.
2085:, and assured the loyalty of the duchies of Spoleto and Friuli, by appointing their dukes. He favoured the integration of the different components of the kingdom, presenting an image modeled on that of his predecessor Rotari—wise legislator in adding new laws to the Edict,
2227:
In 712, Ansprand returned to Italy with an army raised in Bavaria, and clashed with Aripert; the battle was uncertain, but the king behaved cowardly and was abandoned by his supporters. He died while trying to escape to the realm of the Franks, and drowned in the
1575:
To ensure a stable peace with the Franks, Autari attempted to marry a Frankish princess, but the project failed. Then the king, in a move that would influence the fate of the kingdom for more than a century, turned to the traditional enemies of the Franks, the
2558:
Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy. In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of the
2047:. This method of succession was known from the Romans and Franks, but was a unique case among the Lombards. Perhaps because of this, a conflict broke out between Perctarit, who was based in Milan, and Godepert, who remained in Pavia. The Duke of Benevento,
1595:
The alliance with the Bavarii led to a rapprochement between Franks and Byzantines, but Autari managed (in 588 and again, despite some severe early setbacks, in the 590s) to repel the resulting Frankish attacks. The period of Autari marked, according to
1443:
and Lombard warriors. Helmichis and Rosamund's attempt to usurp power in place of the assassinated Alboin, however, gained little support from Lombard duchies, and they were forced to flee together to the Byzantine territory before getting married in
1616:
There was a miracle in the kingdom of the Lombards: there was no violence, no insidious plot; no others unjustly oppressed, no depredations; there were no thefts, there were no robberies, where everyone went where they wanted, safely and without
1559:
From the military point of view, Autari defeated both the Byzantines and Franks and broke the coalition, thereby fulfilling the mandate with which the dukes had entrusted him at the time of his election. In 585 he drove the Franks into modern
1708:
was attacked and invaded by the Lombards on several occasions, although the degree of their occupation of the peninsula and its subordination to the Lombard kings is unclear. Even when Istria was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, a Lombard,
2567:, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks.
2039:, Duke of Asti and grandson of Theodolinda, as the new king. The Bavarian dynasty returned to the throne, and the Catholic Aripert duly suppressed Arianism. At Aripert's death in 661, his will divided the kingdom between his two sons,
2469:
Aistulf expressed the more aggressive stance of the dukes, who refused an active role for the Roman population. For his expansionist policy, however, he had to reorganize the army to include, albeit in the subordinate position of
1122:, the king of the Franks, adopted the title "King of the Lombards", although he never managed to gain control of Benevento, the southernmost Lombard duchy. The Kingdom of the Lombards at the time of its demise was the last minor
1669:
After a rebellion among some dukes in 594 was preempted, Agilulf and Theodelinda developed a policy of strengthening their hold on Italian territory, while securing their borders through peace treaties with France and the
1805:
Moves in this direction also included strong pressure, particularly from Theodelinda, to convert the Lombards, who until then were still largely pagan or Arians, to Catholicism. The rulers also endeavored to heal the
2293:, and with the Avars, on the eastern borders, allowed him to keep his hand relatively free in the Italian theater, but he soon clashed with the Byzantines and with the Papacy. A first attempt to take advantage of an
2672:, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna.
2551:. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive, although negotiations were also underway between Aistulf and the pope (which soon failed), and an attempt was made to weaken Pepin by turning his brother
1641:
and, according to the legend recorded by Paul the Deacon, the succession to the throne was decided in a novel fashion. It was the young widow Theodelinda who chose the heir to the throne and her new husband: the
1607:
Erat hoc mirabile in regno Langobardorum: nulla erat violentia, nullae struebantur insidiae; nemo aliquem iniuste angariabat, nemo spoliabat; non erant furta, non latrocinia; unusquisque quo libebat securus sine
431:
7063:
1493:
In Italy, the Lombards then imposed themselves at first as the dominant caste in place of the former lineages, who were subsequently extinguished or exiled. The products of the land were allocated to his
2301:
in 717 achieved few results. Closer relations with the papacy therefore had to wait for the outbreak of tensions caused by the worsening of the Byzantine tax, and the expedition in 724 conducted by the
1937:
Rothari reigned from 636 to 652 and led numerous military campaigns, which brought almost all of northern Italy under the rule of the Lombard kingdom. He conquered Liguria (643), including the capital
2679:, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow. Between 773 and 774 he invaded Italy. Once again the defence of the
2819:
The historical bipartition of Italy that has, for centuries, directed the North towards Central-Western Europe and the South, instead, to the Mediterranean area dates back to the separation between
1674:. The truce with the Byzantines was systematically violated and the decade up to 603 was marked by a notable recovery of the Lombard advance. In northern Italy Agilulf occupied, among other cities,
5650:
2051:, intervened with a substantial military force to support Godepert, but, as soon as he arrived in Pavia, he killed Godepert and took his place. Perctarit, clearly in danger, fled to the Avars.
1556:, with which he intended to proclaim himself also protector of all Romans in Lombard territory: it was a clear call, with anti-Byzantine overtones, to the heritage of the Western Roman Empire.
2591:, and recognizing the nominal domain on many areas truly in his power, such as reclaimed southern duchies. He also implemented a casual marriage policy, marrying his daughter Liutperga to the
2421:
Ratchis was a weak ruler: on one side he had to concede greater freedom of action to the other dukes, on the other extreme he had to take care not to exacerbate the Franks and, above all, the
1048:, as several attempts to establish a hereditary dynasty failed. The kingdom was subdivided into a varying number of duchies, ruled by semi-autonomous dukes, which were in turn subdivided into
2349:
arriving to negotiate a peace between the pope and Exarch beneficial to the Lombards. No Lombard king had ever obtained similar results in wars with other powers in Italy. In 732 his nephew
2406:
Hildeprand's reign lasted only a few months, before he was overthrown by Duke Ratchis. The details of the episode are not clear, since the crucial testimony of Paul the Deacon ended with a
1900:
After the death of Agilulf in 616, the throne passed to his son Adaloald, a minor. The regency (which continued even after the king passed into majority) was exercised by the Queen Mother,
1923:
of Adaloald and Theodelinda intensified the rivalry between the Arian and Catholic factions. The conflict had political overtones, as the Arians also opposed peace with Byzantium and the
7058:
2668:, to accept his protection. The death of Carloman left Charlemagne, now firmly on the throne after repudiating the daughter of Desiderius, freehanded. The following year a new pope,
2527:
Just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the
1245:, where two private charters contain requests for the duke to confirm them with his seal. The existence of seal rings "testifies to the tenacity of Roman traditions of government".
1930:
Arioald (r. 626–636), who brought the capital back to Pavia, was troubled by these conflicts, as well as external threats; the King was able to withstand an attack of the Avars in
1720:
The strengthening of royal powers, started by Autari and continued by Agilulf, also marked the transition to a new concept based on stable territorial division of the kingdom into
3058:
2381:
1564:
and led the Byzantines to ask, for the first time since the Lombards had entered Italy, for a truce. At the end, he occupied the last Byzantine stronghold in northern Italy:
1961:
to submit to the Lombards. Internally, Rothari strengthened the central power at the expense of the duchies of Langobardia Maior, while in the south the Duke of Benevento,
1774:
some symbolic choices aimed at the same time at strengthening its power and gaining credit with people of Latin descent. The ceremony of ascension to the throne of his son
2641:, the kings of Pavia developed an independent gold and silver coinage. The Duchy of Benevento, the most independent of the duchies, also had its own independent currency.
2571:
substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.
5643:
7078:
1346:(between the 3rd and 2nd century BC). The peninsula was now torn between territories ruled by the Lombards and the Byzantines, with boundaries that changed over time.
4673:
765:
1412:
border. Justified by its exceptional military needs, the Duchy of Friuli thus had greater autonomy compared to other duchies of Langobardia Maior until the reign of
3895:
2410:
on the death of Liutprand. Hildeprand had been anointed king in 737, during a serious illness suffered by Liutprand (who did not like the choice of king at all: "
1174:, one of the oldest surviving royal insignias of Christendom, may have originated in Lombard Italy as early as the 7th century and continued to be used to crown
4705:
789:
2599:(763), historical adversary of the Franks and, at the death of Pepin the Short, by marrying the other daughter Desiderata (who was immortalised in the tragedy
2124:
was initially defeated and forced to take refuge on the Isola Comacina - only in 689 did he manage to quash the rebellion, defeating and killing Alahis in the
3990:
Mor, Carlo Guido (1930). "Contributi alla storia dei rapporti fra Stato e Chiesa al tempo dei Longobardi. La politica ecclesiastica di Autari e di Agigulfo".
2831:
influenced the Italian legal system for a long time, and was not completely abandoned even after the rediscovery of Roman law in the 11th and 12th centuries.
2732:
After the Frankish conquest of Langobardia Maior, only the Southern Lombard Kingdom was called Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards), as attested in the Norse
7073:
6918:
5636:
5336:
4688:
777:
314:
294:
1545:, and delivered to the new monarch half of their property (and then probably getting even with a new crackdown against the surviving Roman property land).
5300:
4230:
2155:, to the west, was loyal to the Bavarian rulers, pro-Catholic and supporters of the policy of reconciliation with Rome and Byzantium; on the other hand,
2120:
Alahis rebelled again later, joining with the political opponents of the pro-Catholic Bavarian policy at Perctarit's death in 688. His son and successor
995:
938:
2501:; in this way Aistulf proclaimed himself heir in the eyes of Italian Romans of both the Byzantine Emperor and the Exarch, the Emperor's representative.
2435:
The adoption of ancient customs, along with public pro-Latin attitudes—he married a Roman woman, Tassia, and with Roman rite, and adopted the title of
5434:
5341:
1884:
1471:
acquiring their assets. However, he too, fell victim to regicide in 574, slain by a man in his entourage who perhaps colluded with the Byzantines.
6001:
4906:
96:
2457:, who had already succeeded him as duke in Cividale and now, after a short struggle, forced him to flee to Rome and finally to become a monk in
2109:. He sought and achieved peace with the Byzantines, who acknowledged Lombard sovereignty over most of Italy, and repressed the rebellion of the
4118:
2489:
Initially, Aistulf achieved some notable successes, culminating in the conquest of Ravenna (751). Here the king, residing in the Palace of the
2232:, dragged to the bottom by the weight of the gold that he brought with him. With him ended the Bavarian dynasty's role in the Lombard kingdom.
2445:—increasingly alienated the Lombard base, which forced him to adopt a diametrically opposed policy, with a sudden attack on the cities of the
5584:
4747:
3268:
1987:, but also introduced significant innovations, a sign of the progress of Latin influence on the Lombards. The edict tried to discourage the
6303:
6021:
5381:
4656:
4464:
1162:
610:
595:
6816:
6559:
6507:
4573:
1838:
2935:("News of Cacasenno, son of simple Little Berthold"). Since then, the three works are usually published in one volume under the title of
1369:
and Benevento in southern Italy. The territories which remained under Byzantine control were called "Romania" (today's Italian region of
4710:
2980:
Three films were inspired by stories of Croce and Banchieri and set in the initial period of the Lombard kingdom (very freely played):
2842:
era, Pavia was about to take a guiding role for the West after determining, by tearing a large part of Italy from the dominance of the
6698:
6369:
5429:
5014:
4641:
4474:
4235:
2693:, the son of Desiderius, found refuge with the Byzantines. Desiderius and his wife were deported to Gaul. Charles then called himself
1327:, a Germanic people that had been previously allied with the Byzantine Empire, ensued. In the spring of 568 the Lombards, led by King
1114:
was all but complete. Nevertheless, their conflict with the Pope continued and was responsible for their gradual loss of power to the
943:
649:
2081:, exercised his sovereign powers with a fullness never attained by his predecessors. He entrusted the Duchy of Benevento to his son
6810:
6418:
4661:
4636:
4479:
4086:
4046:
4027:
4008:
3964:
3933:
3879:
3854:
3836:
3817:
653:
31:
3229:
3216:
1629:
2997:
2985:
1778:
in 604, followed a Byzantine rite. He chose not to continue to use Pavia as the capital, but the ancient Roman city of Milan with
7043:
6911:
5659:
5033:
4314:
4200:
3531:
3477:
3448:
3416:
3341:
3300:
3144:
3140:
3013:
2834:
Regarding the role played by the Lombards within the emerging Europe, Jarnut shows that, after the decline of the kingdom of the
908:
6828:
4610:
2015:
1818:(preserved in correspondence between him and Theodelinda) and promote the establishment of monasteries, like the one founded by
1427:
In 572, after the capitulation of Pavia and its elevation to the royal capital, King Alboin was assassinated in a conspiracy in
5157:
5069:
4916:
4911:
4742:
2386:
2329:; however, Liutprand gave the city not to the emperor, but to "the apostles Peter and Paul", as Paul the Deacon related in his
2253:
2245:
1413:
810:
6804:
6652:
5810:
2938:
2159:, to the east, identified with the traditional Lombard adherence to paganism and Arianism, and favored a more warlike policy.
1592:, king of the Lombards between 510 and 540, a figure surrounded by an aura of legend, and a member of a respected royal line.
390:
323:
309:
7053:
6708:
5105:
4693:
4170:
2574:
Aistulf's brother Ratchis left the monastery and attempted, initially with some success, to return to the throne. He opposed
2216:
opposition: he killed Rotarit, suppressed his duchy, and drowned Liutpert. Only Ansprand managed to escape, taking refuge in
2078:
988:
878:
533:
2259:
These values are typical of Liutprand: Germanic descent, king of a nation now overwhelmingly Catholic, joined by those of a
1844:
783:
3617:
6693:
6627:
6426:
6158:
6081:
5932:
5356:
5187:
5074:
4605:
4600:
3712:
2951:
2745:
2712:
could turn it into a Nation, as the Franks were doing in France. But in France there wasn't the Pope. In Italy, there was.
2683:
was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards. Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance,
2552:
725:
720:
704:
178:
4752:
2684:
2325:, posing as the protector of Catholics. In order not to antagonize the Pope, he gave up the occupation of the village of
2208:, and, at the beginning of 701, took the throne. However, he died after just eight months, leaving the throne to his son
1067:, which had control of the peninsula at the time of the invasion. For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled
5115:
5054:
5039:
4891:
4205:
913:
846:
1044:
in the latter part of the 6th century. The king was traditionally elected by the very highest-ranking aristocrats, the
248:
7068:
7048:
6904:
6822:
6774:
6465:
5952:
5459:
5177:
5023:
4805:
4715:
4615:
4501:
4469:
4154:
2633:, and expanded monetary economics, resulting in the creation of a banking class. After an initial period during which
1091:. Because of this division, the southern duchies were considerably more autonomous than the smaller northern duchies.
959:
800:
2394:
7083:
6952:
6768:
6762:
6713:
6703:
6133:
6118:
5981:
5514:
5142:
4962:
4869:
4842:
4777:
4651:
4185:
4111:
3761:
3170:
2610:
1518:
worked by peasants in semi-servile condition, was not revolutionized, but modified only to benefit the new rulers.
893:
852:
1296:
that resulted in mass dislocation of population and destruction of property. Problems were further exacerbated by
6880:
6163:
5544:
5310:
5233:
5197:
4215:
4180:
4175:
2106:
1432:
981:
923:
888:
883:
411:
361:
355:
149:
2516:, and all territories south of Ravenna up to Perugia, from 750 to 751. With the occupation of the stronghold of
1658:. The influence of the queen over Agilulf's policies was remarkable and major decisions are attributed to both.
1285:
6786:
6138:
5991:
5927:
5559:
5549:
5529:
5499:
5454:
5152:
4994:
4926:
4896:
4876:
4757:
4433:
4398:
4195:
1829:
Even art enjoyed, under Agilulf and Theodelinda, a flourishing season. In architecture Theodelinda founded the
1343:
1106:
Christians or pagans, which put them at odds with the Roman population as well as the Byzantine Empire and the
903:
638:
496:
1548:
Autari was then able to reorganise the Lombards and stabilise their settlement in Italy. He assumed, like the
6896:
6987:
6874:
6549:
6441:
6403:
5898:
5439:
5202:
5059:
5029:
5004:
4921:
4881:
4820:
4719:
4484:
2322:
2167:
convened in Pavia in 698 sanctioned the reintegration of the three anathematized chapters into Catholicism.
2048:
1850:
796:
668:
6780:
6728:
6718:
6554:
6497:
6168:
5137:
5125:
4901:
4886:
4578:
4220:
3777:
3260:
Pope Gregory's Letter-Bearers: A Study of the Men and Women who carried letters for Pope Gregory the Great
2596:
2453:. After this failure, the prestige of Ratchis collapsed and the dukes elected as the new king his brother
2338:
2090:
2082:
1962:
1857:
1638:
1624:
1526:
1297:
1171:
928:
2180:
Cunipert's death in 700 marked the opening of a dynastic crisis. The succession of Cunipert's minor son,
2059:, who attacked Grimoald in 663. The new king, hated by Neustria because he was allied with the Franks of
1502:) of crops. The proceeds were not given to individuals but to the family, which administered them in the
1166:, a heritage of the Lombards, continued to exist for centuries as one of the constituent kingdoms of the
6798:
6642:
6594:
6580:
6408:
6148:
6061:
6011:
5690:
5673:
5444:
5371:
5351:
5265:
5214:
4972:
4952:
4762:
4356:
4324:
4210:
4190:
4104:
3703:
3175:
2808:. The most recent historiographical guidelines, however, have largely reassessed the Lombard era of the
1997:(financial compensation) for injuries/murders and also contained drastic restrictions on the use of the
1811:
918:
898:
820:
457:
6570:
3025:
By far the most famous is the last of the three films, which boasted a cast composed of, among others,
2524:, while in Langobardia Minor he was able to impose his power on Spoleto and, indirectly, on Benevento.
2374:
and, above all, protected the weaker sectors of society, including minors, women, debtors, and slaves.
4065:
7012:
6846:
6723:
6662:
6647:
6534:
6490:
6480:
6258:
6230:
6036:
5880:
5778:
5722:
5295:
5110:
4999:
4977:
4631:
4529:
4413:
4281:
3110:
2353:, who succeeded him on the throne, briefly took possession of Ravenna, but he was driven away by the
2318:
1807:
1374:
1281:
1068:
736:
527:
451:
3921:
3863:
Declino ed eredità dai Longobardi ai Carolingi. Lettura e interpretazione dell'altare di S. Ambrogio
1503:
1483:
1342:
The Lombard arrival broke the political unity of the Italian Peninsula for the first time since the
6997:
6977:
6868:
6599:
6502:
6485:
6475:
6330:
6253:
6076:
6071:
6006:
5906:
5816:
5579:
5569:
5524:
5290:
5255:
5250:
4967:
4588:
4524:
4444:
3742:
3734:
3544:
2879:
2871:
2839:
2805:
2703:
2504:
His campaigns led the Lombards to a near-complete domination of Italy, with the occupation also of
2458:
2422:
2263:("loving king") (despite having tried several times to take control of Rome). On two occasions, in
2144:
2117:, although at the cost of hard territorial concessions to Alahis (including the Duchy of Brescia).
1424:
political fragmentation and sowed the seeds of the structural weakness of the Lombard royal power.
1405:
1301:
1289:
698:
686:
663:
565:
328:
7022:
6927:
6792:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6657:
6622:
6617:
6575:
6539:
6398:
6293:
6215:
6188:
6128:
6031:
6016:
5854:
5834:
5554:
5539:
5519:
5376:
5317:
5270:
5192:
5049:
5019:
5009:
4984:
4957:
4864:
4857:
4793:
4549:
4544:
4261:
3889:
2955:
2883:
2784:
2606:
2354:
2221:
2152:
2125:
1984:
1965:(who in turn was expanding Lombard domains), also recognized the authority of the King of Pavia.
1397:
1242:
1213:
1179:
1099:
1084:
659:
599:
128:
4070:
Storia d'Italia. Vol. I: Dal tramonto dell'Impero fino alle prime formazioni di Stati regionali
2902:, who lived during the reign of Alboin (568-572), inspired many oral traditions throughout the
2816:
pointed out all the elements that constitute the historical importance of the Lombard kingdom.
1927:
and integration with the Romans, opting instead for a more aggressive and expansionist policy.
1758:
1702:, but also to the south the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, extending the Lombards' domains.
1237:
that they became an integral part of royal administration, when the king required their use on
7007:
6637:
6632:
6565:
6524:
6518:
6359:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6066:
6046:
5996:
5986:
5967:
5504:
5494:
5366:
5280:
5245:
5172:
5162:
4940:
4810:
4724:
4554:
4534:
4508:
4496:
4291:
4286:
4271:
4266:
4251:
4082:
4042:
4023:
4004:
3960:
3929:
3875:
3850:
3832:
3813:
3264:
3030:
2990:
2967:
2926:
2800:
2798:
Sergio Rovagnati defines the continuing negative prejudice against the Lombards as "a sort of
2789:
2649:
2638:
2601:
2334:
2303:
2156:
1475:
1457:
1380:
1362:
1350:
1309:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1190:
1167:
1088:
1076:
1041:
1029:
804:
614:
446:
171:
163:
155:
3258:
2192:, the most prominent of the Bavarian dynasty. Raginpert defeated the supporters of Liutpert (
1833:(also known as the Duomo of Monza) and the Royal Palace of Monza, while some masterpieces in
6931:
6854:
6436:
6431:
6354:
6288:
6283:
6153:
6123:
6091:
5947:
5892:
5871:
5849:
5574:
5396:
5346:
5327:
5322:
5275:
5182:
5120:
5100:
5088:
5044:
4847:
4827:
4815:
4678:
4646:
4559:
4276:
4139:
4131:
3974:
3719:
3354:
3093:
3085:
3050:
2809:
2733:
2717:
2665:
2358:
2163:
father, to continue the work of pacifying the kingdom, always with a pro-Catholic accent. A
2010:
1981:
1950:
1920:
1819:
1721:
1366:
1293:
1209:
1123:
1080:
1064:
1052:
at the municipal level. The capital of the kingdom and the center of its political life was
420:
300:
80:
1094:
Over time, the Lombards gradually adopted Roman titles, names, and traditions. By the time
6962:
6377:
6345:
6340:
6320:
6183:
6143:
6113:
6096:
6056:
6041:
6026:
5957:
5942:
5859:
5839:
5712:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5361:
5285:
5147:
4666:
4564:
4449:
4349:
4256:
3978:
3750:
3621:
3018:
3006:
2959:
2721:
2634:
2592:
2579:
2521:
2494:
2415:
2307:
2290:
2102:
1879:
1862:
1830:
1671:
1597:
1479:
1305:
1304:(541–542). Although the Byzantine Empire eventually prevailed, the triumph proved to be a
1223:
1095:
1037:
840:
643:
383:
6235:
1908:, Duke of Turin and Adaloald's brother-in-law (through his marriage to Adaloald's sister
2846:, the final boundary line between the Latin-Germanic West and the Greek-Byzantine East.
1353:, which comprised northern Italy gravitating around the capital of the Lombard kingdom,
1170:, roughly corresponding to the territory of the former Langobardia Maior. The so-called
7017:
6860:
6756:
6750:
6350:
6325:
6198:
6193:
6178:
6173:
6108:
6103:
6086:
6051:
5844:
5822:
5766:
5705:
5617:
5564:
5534:
5479:
5386:
5260:
5207:
5167:
4837:
4832:
4683:
4583:
4539:
4491:
4393:
4361:
4319:
4296:
3952:
3077:
3002:
2887:
2813:
2698:
2471:
2298:
2272:
1954:
1815:
1565:
1511:
1420:
1401:
1045:
1021:
771:
575:
490:
66:
52:
2151:
The crisis resulted from the divergence between the two regions of Langobardia Maior:
1312:
to crash, leaving the conquered territories severely underpopulated and impoverished.
7037:
6544:
6382:
5886:
5760:
5732:
5489:
5130:
4700:
4388:
4366:
4225:
3797:
3772:
3034:
2922:("The pleasant and ridiculous simplicity of Little Berthold"), about Berthold's son.
2907:
2669:
2536:
2185:
2110:
1998:
1756:). In the management of public power dukes were joined by minor officials, these the
1643:
1466:. The new monarch extended the boundaries of the kingdom, completing the conquest of
1175:
1072:
933:
484:
463:
2849:
The rise of the Lombards in Europe was halted, however, by the growing power of the
2707:, but reorganized the kingdom on the Frankish model, with counts in place of dukes.
2477:
6834:
5917:
5772:
5752:
5628:
5607:
5414:
5219:
4989:
4593:
4459:
4408:
4383:
3355:"Lombard terms and Latin glosses from the Codex Eporedianus of the Edictum Rothari"
3026:
2342:
2240:
2129:
1924:
1834:
1823:
1783:
1691:
1495:
1393:
971:
692:
521:
477:
375:
369:
138:
124:
2252:
Ansprand died after only three months of his reign, leaving the throne to his son
1482:. At this stage, the occupation of the dukes was simply the heads of the various
1474:
Following Cleph's assassination another king was not appointed, and for a decade
6470:
6335:
5509:
5449:
5419:
4772:
4403:
3612:
3387:
3038:
2910:. In them the 17th-century scholar Giulio Cesare Croce found inspiration in his
2903:
2867:
2828:
2657:
2630:
2614:
2588:
2564:
2528:
1942:
1901:
1581:
1530:
1487:
1199:
1119:
1111:
833:
746:
501:
225:
1953:
of Ravenna, defeated and killed along with his eight thousand men at the River
1892:
17:
4767:
4376:
3872:
Il futuro dei Longobardi. L'Italia e la costruzione dell'Europa di Carlo Magno
3383:
2618:
2575:
2446:
2366:
2365:
which he had undertaken since the beginning of his reign. He strengthened the
2350:
2314:
2209:
2064:
1973:
1909:
1651:
1650:. The following year (591) Agilulf received the official investiture from the
1515:
1320:
826:
210:
2220:. Subsequently, Aripert crushed a new rebellion, that of the Duke of Friuli,
6947:
6942:
5737:
3379:
2899:
2835:
2513:
2313:
Later on he exploited the disputes between the pope and Constantinople over
2189:
2074:
Grimoald, who in 663 had also defeated an attempt to reconquer Italy by the
2060:
2040:
2036:
1958:
1687:
1569:
1549:
1534:
1507:
1436:
1404:
in 568. The duchy, established in the Roman town of Forum Iulii (modern-day
1277:
1230:
513:
507:
266:
168:
1968:
The memory of Rothari is linked to his famous edict, promulgated in 643 in
1665:
The Lombard Kingdom with its three main areas: Neustria, Austria and Tuscia
1349:
The newly arrived Lombards were divided into two main areas in Italy: the
7002:
6455:
5937:
5742:
5685:
5424:
5409:
5404:
5305:
4339:
4334:
3810:
Le leggi dei Longobardi: storia, memoria e diritto di un popolo germanico
3109:"The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700" by Paul Fouracre and
2965:
Set during the extreme end of the Lombard kingdom, the Manzonian tragedy
2916:("the smart craftiness of Berthold") (1606), to which, in 1608, he added
2697:("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a
2547:
2437:
2427:
2286:
2264:
2197:
2181:
2140:
2121:
2097:
2075:
2056:
2044:
2020:
1993:
1775:
1710:
1679:
1600:, the attainment of the first internal stability in the Lombard kingdom:
1585:
1561:
1358:
1332:
1324:
1238:
1195:
1142:
1134:
1103:
1057:
1033:
709:
143:
1102:, dress and hairstyles had all disappeared. Initially the Lombards were
6982:
6957:
5717:
5678:
4439:
4371:
3708:
Pseudo-Fredegarii scholastici Chronicarum libri IV cum continuationibus
3624:, an online article at Stockholm County Museum, retrieved July 1, 2007.
2850:
2690:
2653:
2541:
2517:
2509:
2482:
2454:
2450:
2371:
2276:
2217:
2201:
2032:
1905:
1814:
had broken communion with Rome), maintained a direct relationship with
1763:
1745:
1741:
1729:
1695:
1661:
1647:
1577:
1445:
1409:
1370:
1354:
1234:
1049:
555:
341:
102:
4058:
I Longobardi nella civiltà e nell'economia italiana del primo Medioevo
3914:
L'Editto di Rotari come espediente politico di una monarchia barbarica
3865:(in Italian). Morimondo: Fondazione Abbatia Sancte Marie de Morimundo.
2838:
and during the period of weakness of the kingdom of the Franks in the
2321:
of 726) to take possession of many cities of the Exarchate and of the
1323:, late in the war was successfully repelled, a large migration by the
6967:
6225:
5064:
3724:
Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Libri historiarum X (Historia Francorum)
2676:
2626:
2505:
2490:
2407:
2279:
2229:
2205:
2114:
2086:
1946:
1931:
1733:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1542:
1467:
1440:
1428:
1385:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1115:
1107:
197:
1588:
dynasty. This allowed the monarchy to trace a line of descent from
1462:
Later in 572, the thirty-five dukes assembled in Pavia to hail king
1241:. The only evidence for their use at the ducal level comes from the
2520:, he was putting further pressure on the territories controlled by
1292:, Byzantine hopes of an early and easy triumph evolved into a long
1280:
attempted to reassert imperial authority in the territories of the
6203:
5727:
5700:
4344:
4127:
3959:(in Italian). Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Torino: Einaudi.
2950:
2866:
2648:
2476:
2390:
2380:
2326:
2268:
2239:
2164:
2134:
2055:
submission to the usurper before he could escape to the Franks of
2024:
2014:
1977:
1969:
1938:
1891:
1883:
1779:
1753:
1749:
1737:
1675:
1660:
1655:
1589:
1525:
1463:
1379:
1189:
1053:
114:
4096:
2898:
The figure of Bertoldo/Berthold, a humble and clever farmer from
2617:, offering him a useful support in the fight against his brother
6972:
5695:
4852:
4329:
2532:
2294:
2135:
2068:
1988:
1770:
6900:
5632:
4100:
3802:
Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000
2675:
Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against the
1110:. However, by the end of the 7th century, their conversion to
1075:
separated the northern Lombard duchies, collectively known as
4079:
Egemonie sociali e strutture del potere nel medioevo italiano
2804:", common to that given often to all the protagonists of the
1129:
Some regions were never under Lombard domination, including
2449:. The pope, however, convinced him to abandon the siege of
1408:), constantly fought with the Slavic population across the
3907:(in Italian). Roma: Istituto di studi romani. BNI 7214344.
1637:
Autari died in 590, probably due to poisoning in a palace
1498:
subjects that worked it, giving to the Lombards a third (
1335:
and quickly overwhelmed the small Byzantine army left by
7064:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
4020:
Le radici degli italiani. Vol. II: Romania e Longobardia
2031:
After the short reign of the son of Rothari and his son
1912:). Adaloald was deposed in 625 and Arioald became king.
1794:, "By the grace of God king of all Italy", and not just
1300:, causing widespread famine (538–542) and a devastating
2932:
Novella di Cacasenno, figliuolo del semplice Bertoldino
2105:
against Arianism and the chapters anathematized in the
1769:
The new organisation of power, less linked to race and
1357:(the modern-day city of Pavia in the Italian region of
2890:
has devoted a fiction trilogy to the Lombard kingdom.
1373:) in northeastern Italy and had its stronghold in the
3378:
In this regard, it is worth mentioning the partition
2664:
In 771, Desiderius managed to convince the new pope,
2285:
His alliance with the Franks, crowned by a symbolic
1308:, as all these factors caused the population of the
6844:
6741:
6671:
6610:
6593:
6517:
6454:
6417:
6391:
6368:
6313:
6302:
6244:
6214:
5966:
5916:
5870:
5801:
5788:
5751:
5666:
5395:
5232:
5087:
4939:
4792:
4735:
4624:
4611:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
4517:
4426:
4307:
4244:
4163:
4147:
4138:
3059:
Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)
2929:, poet and composer, produced a further follow-up:
2919:
Le piacevoli et ridicolose simplicità di Bertoldino
1782:as a summer residence. He identified himself, in a
1604:
1392:Arriving in Italy, King Alboin gave control of the
262:
245:
235:
221:
204:
191:
177:
162:
134:
120:
110:
39:
2625:lawyers; the era saw great development, including
1713:, rose to power in the region, styling himself as
3992:Rivista di storia del diritto italiano (Estratto)
3808:Azzara, Claudio; Gasparri, Stefano, eds. (2005).
2762:from the woods, from the flaming strident forges,
1522:Final settlement: Autari, Agilulf and Theudelinda
1063:The Lombard invasion of Italy was opposed by the
3443:
3441:
2282:, enhancing his reputation as a Christian king.
4001:I Longobardi. Storia e archeologia di un popolo
2769:
2758:
2709:
1614:
1602:
7059:States and territories established in the 560s
2760:From the mossy atria, from the crumbling Fora,
2224:, and adopted a strongly pro-Catholic policy.
1896:The Lombard rule at the death of Rothari (652)
6912:
5644:
4112:
3870:Bertelli, Carlo; Gian Pietro Broglio (2000).
3596:
3594:
3427:
3425:
3263:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 65.
2936:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2337:, provided the legal basis for attributing a
1949:; however, not even a total victory over the
989:
72:
8:
6047:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
3240:
3238:
2096:With Grimoald's death in 671, his minor son
315:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
4060:(in Italian). Milano: Giuffrè. BNI 6513907.
2023:(688-700), king of the Lombards, minted in
1796:
1788:
1221:
58:
44:
6919:
6905:
6897:
6841:
6607:
6310:
5798:
5651:
5637:
5629:
5238:
5093:
4945:
4798:
4144:
4119:
4105:
4097:
3894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2341:to the papacy, which finally produced the
1976:, an assembly of the army, and written in
996:
982:
405:
95:
36:
3812:(in Italian) (2 ed.). Roma: Viella.
3646:
3382:divided his kingdom between his two sons
2695:Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum
2200:, Duke of Asti, and the Duke of Bergamo,
2089:(building a church in Pavia dedicated to
1098:was writing in the late 8th century, the
1079:, from the two large southern duchies of
1056:in the modern northern Italian region of
3849:in Storia d'Italia, Torino, UTET, 1980.
2481:Lombards domains after the conquests of
1396:to one of his most trusted lieutenants,
1365:, which included the Lombard duchies of
7079:8th-century disestablishments in Europe
6002:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3874:(in Italian) (Skira ed.). Milano.
3069:
2774:dai boschi, dall'arse fucine stridenti,
2701:of the two kingdoms. He maintained the
1874:Revival of the Arians: Arioald, Rothari
419:
408:
3887:
3785:, Lorenzo Valla/Mondadori, Milan 1992)
3682:
3670:
3658:
3634:
3600:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3514:
3489:
3460:
3399:
3324:
3312:
3283:
3244:
3199:
3187:
3156:
2764:from the furrows wet with slave sweat,
2370:efficiency of the courts, changed the
2271:(where he had been called by his ally
1980:. The Edict consolidated and codified
27:568–774 state in the Italian Peninsula
3124:Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568–744
2772:Dagli atri muscosi, dai Fori cadenti,
244:
234:
230:
203:
190:
186:
176:
7:
4657:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2886:. More recently the Friulian writer
2357:, who had allied with the new pope,
2184:, was immediately challenged by the
1991:(private revenge) by increasing the
1315:Although an invasion attempt by the
1118:, who conquered the kingdom in 774.
101:The Lombard Kingdom 751, under King
7074:6th-century establishments in Italy
3928:(in Italian). Firenze: Le Monnier.
3739:, ed. F. Beyerle, Witzenhausen 1962
3431:Franco Cardini e Marina Montesano,
2913:Le sottilissime astutie di Bertoldo
2778:un volgo disperso repente si desta.
2497:), but retained its specificity as
1233:, but it is not until the reign of
1219:The earliest Lombard law code, the
4022:(in Italian). Milano: Effedieffe.
3831:(in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino.
2854:elements of society and culture".
2776:dai solchi bagnati di servo sudor,
2236:Liutprand: the apogee of the reign
1506:(a term still used in the Italian
25:
6811:United Provinces of Central Italy
2101:of his dynasty and supported the
32:Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)
30:For other kingdoms of Italy, see
5660:List of historic states of Italy
5613:
5612:
5601:
3947:(in Italian). Roma: La Sapienza.
3014:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno
2998:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno
2986:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno
2939:Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno
965:
430:
388:
374:
360:
346:
321:
307:
293:
6793:Provisional Government of Milan
5342:Orders, decorations, and medals
4081:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
3730:SS rer. Mer. I 1, Hanover 1951
2766:a dispersed mob suddenly awoke.
2578:, who was put in charge of the
1452:Cleph and the Rule of the Dukes
5992:City of Fiume and its District
4072:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
3985:(in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli.
3916:(in Italian). Milano: Giuffre.
3716:SS rer. Mer. II, Hanover 1888
2333:. This donation, known as the
1478:as absolute monarchs in their
1206:(Neustria, Austria and Tuscia)
534:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
158:(rural nobles until about 760)
1:
6427:County of Apulia and Calabria
5933:Campagna e Marittima Province
4041:(in Italian). Milano: Xenia.
3912:Bognetti, Gian Piero (1957).
3767:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
3755:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
3728:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
3713:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
2746:List of kings of the Lombards
2317:(after the decree of Emperor
2035:(652-653), the dukes elected
1790:Gratia Dei rex totius Italiae
1384:Lombard rule at the death of
644:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
4056:Tagliaferri, Amelio (1965).
4003:(in Italian). Genova: ECIG.
3903:Bertolini, Ottorino (1972).
3791:Historiographical literature
1288:(535–554) waged against the
705:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
152:(common; official after 653)
6829:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
6823:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
6775:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5953:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5382:Water supply and sanitation
4806:Italian geographical region
4674:Monarchy and the World Wars
4616:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4502:War of the Sicilian Vespers
4155:Timeline of Italian history
3924:; Marina Montesano (2006).
3168:or twelve years, according
2441:instead of the traditional
1957:, succeeded in forcing the
1605:
1229:, may allude to the use of
1208:and the Lombard Duchies of
1182:in the early 19th century.
7100:
6769:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
6763:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
6164:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
6134:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
6119:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5301:Inventions and discoveries
4711:Fall of the Fascist regime
4694:Fourth War of Independence
4652:Expedition of the Thousand
4642:Second War of Independence
4077:Tabacco, Giovanni (1999).
4037:Rovagnati, Sergio (2003).
3943:Gasparri, Stefano (1978).
3861:Bandera, Sandrina (2004).
3762:Origo gentis Langobardorum
3257:Martyn, John R. C (2012).
3171:Origo gentis Langobardorum
2743:
2008:
1877:
1802:, "King of the Lombards".
1510:). The economic system of
1455:
1262:
29:
6938:
6881:Free Territory of Trieste
6399:Principality of Benevento
5597:
5241:
5096:
5075:Security and intelligence
4948:
4801:
4662:Third War of Independence
4637:First War of Independence
3747:Chronica a. CCCCLV-DLXXXI
2275:) he successfully fought
2107:Three-Chapter Controversy
1837:were created such as the
1514:, which focused on large
1435:and her lover, the noble
1032:state established by the
548:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
356:Principality of Benevento
272:
258:
237:• Lombard migration
231:
217:
187:
150:Chalcedonian Christianity
94:
89:
6787:Italian United Provinces
6139:Principality of Piombino
5928:Patrimony of Saint Peter
4753:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
4748:Institutional referendum
4018:Possenti, Paolo (2001).
3827:Azzara, Claudio (2002).
3614:2. Runriket - Täby Kyrka
2587:Stephen II's successor,
2395:San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro
2093:), and valiant warrior.
1652:Assembly of the Lombards
1541:crown King Cleph's son,
639:Italy in the Middle Ages
497:Roman expansion in Italy
7044:Kingdom of the Lombards
6930:established around the
6875:Italian Social Republic
6550:Principality of Taranto
6442:Principality of Taranto
6404:Principality of Salerno
6159:Bishopric of Tarantasia
5982:Bishopric of Bressanone
5899:Duchy of the Pentapolis
5276:Emigration and diaspora
4485:Guelphs and Ghibellines
4470:the Sardinian Judicates
3999:Neil, Christie (1997).
3983:L'Italia dei secoli bui
3847:Longobardi e Bizantini
3097:
2812:. The German historian
2751:Historiographical views
2726:L'Italia dei secoli bui
2687:of the kingdom, Pavia.
2412:Non aequo animo accepit
1863:Duomo of Monza treasury
1580:, to marry a princess,
1400:, who became the first
1259:Founding of the kingdom
1010:Kingdom of the Lombards
847:European migrant crisis
797:Italian Social Republic
712:Italy (1801–1814)
669:Guelphs and Ghibellines
41:Kingdom of the Lombards
6781:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
6555:Terra Sancti Benedicti
6459:(from the 9th century)
6169:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5158:Science and technology
5106:Italian regions by GDP
4907:Marine protected areas
4579:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3778:Historia Langobardorum
3528:Historia Langobardorum
3474:Historia Langobardorum
3413:Historia Langobardorum
3338:Historia Langobardorum
3297:Historia Langobardorum
3213:Historia Langobardorum
3137:Historia Langobardorum
3089:
3081:
2962:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2912:
2874:
2796:
2768:
2730:
2661:
2486:
2432:non-Lombard subjects.
2398:
2331:Historia Langobardorum
2249:
2148:
2028:
1897:
1889:
1888:Map of Italy in 603 AD
1797:
1789:
1666:
1635:
1625:Historia Langobardorum
1613:
1537:
1439:, in league with some
1389:
1222:
1216:
1172:Iron Crown of Lombardy
1025:
530:(286 AD–476 AD)
460:(12th–6th c. BC)
454:(18th–3rd c. BC)
73:
59:
45:
7054:774 disestablishments
6799:Republic of San Marco
6581:Crown Colony of Malta
6409:Principality of Capua
6149:Marquisate of Saluzzo
6012:County of Santa Fiora
5674:Etruscan civilization
5357:Public administration
4465:the Holy Roman Empire
3957:Storia dei Longobardi
3783:Storia dei Longobardi
3704:Chronicle of Fredegar
3176:Chronicle of Fredegar
2954:
2870:
2652:
2480:
2384:
2267:and in the region of
2244:Lombards' Domains at
2243:
2138:
2018:
1895:
1887:
1861:(all resident in the
1846:Hen with seven chicks
1812:Patriarch of Aquileia
1664:
1529:
1383:
1319:, then allies of the
1298:volcanic winter (536)
1193:
1026:Regnum totius Italiae
790:Italy in World War II
493:(509 BC–27 BC)
487:(753 BC–509 BC)
466:(8th–3rd c. BC)
458:Etruscan civilization
121:Common languages
60:Regnum totius Italiae
6988:Kingdom of the Aurès
6948:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
6595:French Revolutionary
6535:State of the Presidi
6259:Republic of Florence
6231:Domini di Terraferma
5881:Exarchate of Ravenna
5779:Western Roman Empire
5723:Nuragic civilization
5585:World Heritage Sites
5040:Council of Ministers
4778:Coronavirus pandemic
4176:Currency and coinage
3829:L'Italia dei barbari
3111:Rosamond McKitterick
3090:Regno dei Longobardi
3082:Regnum Langobardorum
3017:(1984), directed by
3001:(1954), directed by
2989:(1936), directed by
2685:captured the capital
2319:Leo III the Isaurian
1831:Basilica of St. John
1808:Three Chapter schism
1726:(Cividale del Friuli
1431:plotted by his wife
1375:Exarchate of Ravenna
1282:Western Roman Empire
1204:The Lombard Kingdom
1087:, which constituted
1069:Exarchate of Ravenna
1018:Kingdom of all Italy
1012:, also known as the
884:Currency and coinage
823:(1970s–1980s)
778:Italy in World War I
689:(14th–16th c.)
524:(27 BC–286 AD)
452:Nuragic civilization
146:(official until 653)
74:Regno dei Longobardi
46:Regnum Langobardorum
6998:Ostrogothic kingdom
6869:Free State of Fiume
6817:Kingdom of Sardinia
6560:Neapolitan Republic
6508:Kingdom of Sardinia
6503:Republic of Sassari
6331:Catepanate of Italy
6254:Republic of Cospaia
6077:Duchy of Montferrat
6072:March of Montferrat
6007:County of Guastalla
5907:Exarchate of Africa
5116:Automotive industry
5055:Metropolitan cities
4601:Early Modern period
4574:Kingdom of Sardinia
4525:Italian city-states
3905:Roma e i Longobardi
3757:AA, XI, Berlin 1894
3743:Marius Aventicensis
3735:Leges Langobardorum
3673:, pp. 136–137.
3661:, pp. 135–136.
3545:Leges Langobardorum
3135:cf. Paolo Diacono,
3122:N. Everett (2003),
3033:(Little Berthold),
2925:In 1620, the abbot
2880:Giulio Cesare Croce
2872:Giulio Cesare Croce
2806:barbarian invasions
2704:Leges Langobardorum
2645:Fall of the kingdom
2423:mayor of the palace
2145:Pavia Civic Museums
2063:, repulsed them at
1852:Theodelinda Gospels
1406:Cividale del Friuli
1290:Ostrogothic Kingdom
1284:. In the resulting
1273:In the 6th century
687:Italian Renaissance
664:Italian city-states
329:Ostrogothic Kingdom
7069:Barbarian kingdoms
7049:568 establishments
7023:Visigothic kingdom
6983:Kingdom of Odoacer
6953:Burgundian kingdom
6943:Alamannian kingdom
6928:Barbarian kingdoms
6699:Lucca and Piombino
6576:Malta Protectorate
6540:Duke of San Donato
6294:Republic of Ancona
6216:Republic of Venice
6129:Duchy of Mirandola
6017:Duchy of Guastalla
5855:Duchy of Tridentum
5835:Duchy of Benevento
5802:Barbarian kingdoms
5178:Telecommunications
4545:Maritime republics
3945:I duchi longobardi
3804:. MacMillan Press.
3765:, ed. G. Waitz in
3620:2008-06-04 at the
3517:, pp. 98–101.
3501:Sergio Rovagnati,
3037:(fra Cipolla) and
2963:
2956:Alessandro Manzoni
2884:Alessandro Manzoni
2875:
2793:, Choir Third Act.
2785:Alessandro Manzoni
2662:
2607:Alessandro Manzoni
2539:and becoming king
2487:
2399:
2297:offensive against
2250:
2149:
2126:Battle of Coronate
2029:
1898:
1890:
1667:
1538:
1390:
1243:Duchy of Benevento
1217:
1180:Napoleon Bonaparte
1100:Lombardic language
660:Maritime republics
646:(6th–8th c.)
600:Carolingian Empire
7084:Former monarchies
7031:
7030:
7008:Sub-Roman Britain
6978:Kingdom of Altava
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6737:
6736:
6704:Massa and Carrara
6589:
6588:
6566:Hospitaller Malta
6525:Kingdom of Naples
6519:Kingdom of Sicily
6450:
6449:
6360:Duchy of Sorrento
6279:Republic of Genoa
6274:Republic of Siena
6269:Republic of Massa
6264:Republic of Lucca
5997:County of Gorizia
5987:Corsican Republic
5968:Holy Roman Empire
5626:
5625:
5593:
5592:
5228:
5227:
5163:Southern question
5083:
5082:
5015:Political parties
4963:Foreign relations
4935:
4934:
4788:
4787:
4509:Kingdom of Naples
4497:Kingdom of Sicily
4066:Tabacco, Giovanni
3975:Montanelli, Indro
3380:Pepin the Younger
3270:978-1-443-83918-1
3190:, pp. 46–48.
3159:, pp. 48–50.
3126:(Cambridge), 170.
3031:Maurizio Nichetti
2991:Giorgio Simonelli
2958:in a portrait by
2927:Adriano Banchieri
2825:Langobardia Minor
2821:Langobardia Major
2801:damnatio memoriae
2660:, opts for exile.
2443:rex Langobardorum
2335:Donation of Sutri
2304:Exarch of Ravenna
2076:Byzantine Emperor
1985:rules and customs
1816:Gregory the Great
1798:Langobardorum rex
1458:Rule of the Dukes
1419:Over time, other
1363:Langobardia Minor
1351:Langobardia Maior
1310:Italian Peninsula
1275:Byzantine Emperor
1269:Langobardia Minor
1265:Langobardia major
1168:Holy Roman Empire
1089:Langobardia Minor
1077:Langobardia Maior
1042:Italian Peninsula
1016:and later as the
1006:
1005:
853:COVID-19 pandemic
849:(2014–2016)
843:(2007–2009)
837:(1992–2001)
829:(1986–1992)
807:(1943–1945)
805:Italian Civil War
792:(1940–1945)
786:(1922–1943)
780:(1914–1918)
774:(1882–1960)
768:(1861–1946)
740:(1815–1871)
701:(1545–1648)
695:(1494–1559)
656:in southern Italy
624:
623:
615:Holy Roman Empire
447:Prehistoric Italy
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
334:
333:
249:Frankish invasion
172:elective monarchy
156:Germanic paganism
16:(Redirected from
7091:
6958:Frankish kingdom
6932:Migration Period
6921:
6914:
6907:
6898:
6855:Kingdom of Italy
6842:
6608:
6437:County of Sicily
6432:County of Aversa
6355:Byzantine Sicily
6341:Theme of Lucania
6311:
6289:Republic of Pisa
6284:Republic of Noli
6154:Duchy of Spoleto
6124:Duchy of Merania
6022:Kingdom of Italy
5948:Duchy of Ferrara
5893:Duchy of Perugia
5872:Byzantine Empire
5850:Duchy of Spoleto
5817:Ostrogothic rule
5799:
5667:Pre-Roman period
5653:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5616:
5615:
5608:Italy portal
5605:
5604:
5545:National symbols
5239:
5094:
4946:
4799:
4679:Kingdom of Italy
4606:Napoleonic Italy
4145:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4073:
4061:
4052:
4033:
4014:
3995:
3986:
3970:
3948:
3939:
3926:Storia medievale
3917:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3866:
3842:
3823:
3720:Gregory of Tours
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3647:Rovagnati (2003)
3644:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3541:
3535:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3433:Storia medievale
3429:
3420:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3074:
2942:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2851:Frankish kingdom
2810:history of Italy
2794:
2740:List of monarchs
2728:
2718:Indro Montanelli
2613:) to the future
2011:Bavarian Dynasty
2005:Bavarian dynasty
1951:Byzantine Exarch
1921:Bavarian dynasty
1820:Saint Columbanus
1800:
1792:
1633:
1611:
1339:to guard Italy.
1294:war of attrition
1227:
1124:Germanic kingdom
1065:Byzantine Empire
998:
991:
984:
972:Italy portal
970:
969:
968:
699:Catholic revival
552:
551:
434:
424:
406:
392:
391:
378:
364:
350:
349:
338:
337:
325:
324:
311:
310:
301:Byzantine Empire
297:
290:
289:
274:
273:
99:
84:
76:
70:
62:
56:
48:
37:
21:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7013:Suebian kingdom
6993:Lombard kingdom
6963:Frisian kingdom
6934:
6925:
6895:
6886:
6840:
6743:
6742:Post-Napoleonic
6733:
6667:
6603:
6597:
6585:
6527:
6523:
6522:(1130–1816) and
6521:
6513:
6458:
6446:
6413:
6387:
6378:Emirate of Bari
6364:
6351:Theme of Sicily
6346:Duchy of Naples
6321:Duchy of Amalfi
6306:
6298:
6246:
6245:Other Republics
6240:
6218:
6210:
6204:County of Tenda
6184:County of Savoy
6144:Duchy of Reggio
6114:Duchy of Mantua
6042:March of Friuli
5974:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5958:Duchy of Urbino
5943:Duchy of Castro
5920:
5912:
5866:
5860:Duchy of Tuscia
5840:Duchy of Friuli
5803:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5763:(753 BC–509 BC)
5747:
5662:
5657:
5627:
5622:
5602:
5589:
5560:Public holidays
5391:
5337:Life expectancy
5224:
5079:
4995:Law enforcement
4931:
4784:
4731:
4720:Social Republic
4684:Colonial Empire
4667:Capture of Rome
4620:
4513:
4422:
4315:Ancient peoples
4303:
4240:
4201:Historic states
4159:
4134:
4125:
4095:
4089:
4076:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4017:
4011:
3998:
3989:
3979:Roberto Gervaso
3973:
3967:
3951:
3942:
3936:
3922:Cardini, Franco
3920:
3911:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3869:
3860:
3839:
3826:
3820:
3807:
3793:
3788:
3751:Theodor Mommsen
3699:
3697:Primary sources
3694:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3622:Wayback Machine
3611:
3607:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3538:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3472:Paolo Diacono,
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3447:Paolo Diacono,
3446:
3439:
3430:
3423:
3411:Paolo Diacono,
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3336:Paolo Diacono,
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3295:Paolo Diacono,
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3228:Paolo Diacono,
3227:
3223:
3211:Paolo Diacono,
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3098:Regn di Lombard
3075:
3071:
3067:
3047:
3041:(king Alboin).
3019:Mario Monicelli
3007:Ruggero Maccari
2978:
2960:Francesco Hayez
2949:
2896:
2865:
2860:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2729:
2722:Roberto Gervaso
2716:
2647:
2639:Byzantine coins
2635:Lombard coinage
2593:Duke of Bavaria
2580:Duchy of Tuscia
2522:Pope Stephen II
2467:
2416:Pemmo of Friuli
2404:
2308:Pope Gregory II
2291:Pepin the Short
2248:'s death (744).
2238:
2178:
2176:Dynastic crisis
2173:
2103:Catholic Church
2013:
2007:
1882:
1880:Edictum Rothari
1876:
1871:
1855:and the famous
1634:
1622:Paolo Diacono,
1621:
1598:Paul the Deacon
1552:, the title of
1550:Ostrogoth Kings
1533:in a fresco by
1524:
1460:
1454:
1421:Lombard duchies
1306:pyrrhic victory
1302:plague pandemic
1271:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1224:Edictum Rothari
1203:
1198:possessions in
1188:
1096:Paul the Deacon
1038:Germanic people
1014:Lombard Kingdom
1002:
966:
964:
962:
953:
952:
951:
949:
909:Historic states
873:
865:
864:
841:Great Recession
772:Colonial Empire
761:
753:
752:
751:
732:
682:
674:
673:
634:
626:
625:
549:
541:
540:
480:
470:
469:
442:
422:
415:
389:
384:Pannonian Avars
347:
322:
308:
251:
238:
207:
206:• 756–774
194:
193:• 565–572
127:
106:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Lombard kingdom
15:
12:
11:
5:
7097:
7095:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7018:Vandal kingdom
7015:
7010:
7005:
7003:Rugian kingdom
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6861:Italian Empire
6851:
6849:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6808:
6805:Roman Republic
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6757:Duchy of Lucca
6754:
6751:Duchy of Genoa
6747:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6462:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6326:Duchy of Gaeta
6323:
6317:
6315:
6308:
6304:Southern Italy
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6247:(c. 1000–1797)
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6199:County of Nice
6196:
6194:Duchy of Aosta
6191:
6186:
6181:
6174:Savoyard state
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6109:Duchy of Milan
6106:
6104:Duchy of Ivrea
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5845:Duchy of Ivrea
5842:
5837:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5811:Odoacer's rule
5807:
5805:
5796:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5775:(27 BC–395 AD)
5770:
5769:(509 BC–27 BC)
5767:Roman Republic
5764:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5706:Cisalpine Gaul
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5168:Stock exchange
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5070:Municipalities
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5030:Prime Minister
5027:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Regional parks
4914:
4912:National parks
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4821:Climate change
4813:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4584:Duchy of Savoy
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4492:Lombard League
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:Western Empire
4406:
4401:
4399:Roman conquest
4396:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:Italic peoples
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4074:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4034:
4028:
4015:
4009:
3996:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3940:
3934:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3880:
3867:
3858:
3845:Paolo Delogu.
3843:
3837:
3824:
3818:
3805:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3770:
3758:
3740:
3731:
3717:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3626:
3605:
3603:, p. 125.
3590:
3588:, p. 102.
3578:
3576:, p. 112.
3566:
3564:, p. 101.
3554:
3536:
3519:
3507:
3494:
3482:
3465:
3453:
3437:
3421:
3404:
3392:
3371:
3346:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3288:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3234:
3221:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3161:
3149:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3043:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3003:Mario Amendola
2994:
2977:
2974:
2948:
2945:
2895:
2892:
2888:Marco Salvador
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2781:
2752:
2749:
2744:Main article:
2741:
2738:
2714:
2699:personal union
2656:, defeated by
2646:
2643:
2637:only imitated
2472:light infantry
2466:
2463:
2403:
2400:
2385:Gravestone of
2339:temporal power
2299:Constantinople
2273:Charles Martel
2237:
2234:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2139:Gravestone of
2006:
2003:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1619:
1566:Isola Comacina
1523:
1520:
1512:late antiquity
1453:
1450:
1402:Duke of Friuli
1344:Roman conquest
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1187:
1186:Administration
1184:
1176:kings of Italy
1163:Regnum Italiae
1030:early medieval
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
975:
974:
955:
954:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
850:
844:
838:
830:
818:
808:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
743:
742:
741:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
715:
714:
713:
707:
702:
696:
690:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
657:
647:
641:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
621:
620:962–1801
618:
607:
606:
603:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
528:Western Empire
525:
519:
518:
517:
504:
499:
488:
481:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
427:
426:
417:
416:
409:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
386:
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
358:
352:
351:
344:
335:
332:
331:
326:
318:
317:
312:
304:
303:
298:
286:
285:
280:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
222:Historical era
219:
218:
215:
214:
208:
205:
202:
201:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
166:
160:
159:
154:
153:
147:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
100:
92:
91:
87:
86:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7096:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Hunnic empire
6971:
6969:
6968:Gepid kingdom
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6910:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6843:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:Duchy of Sora
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6383:Muslim Sicily
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5887:Duchy of Rome
5885:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5761:Roman Kingdom
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Magna Graecia
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5619:
5611:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Years of Lead
4761:
4759:
4758:Economic Boom
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Fascist Italy
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Niçard exodus
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Magna Graecia
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4090:
4088:88-06-49460-0
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4048:88-7273-484-3
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4029:88-85223-27-3
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4010:88-7545-735-2
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:88-06-13658-5
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3935:88-00-20474-0
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3881:88-8118-798-1
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3855:88-02-03510-5
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:88-15-08812-1
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3819:88-8334-099-X
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3798:Chris Wickham
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3773:Paolo Diacono
3771:
3769:SS rer. Lang.
3768:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:, p. 138
3684:
3683:Azzara (2002)
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:Jarnut (1995)
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:Jarnut (1995)
3655:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3637:, p. 135
3636:
3635:Azzara (2002)
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3601:Jarnut (1995)
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:Jarnut (1995)
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:Jarnut (1995)
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:Jarnut (1995)
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:Ratchis Leges
3547:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:Paul Deacon,
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:Jarnut (1995)
3511:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3492:, p. 82.
3491:
3490:Jarnut (1995)
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3463:, p. 97.
3462:
3461:Jarnut (1995)
3457:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3402:, p. 59.
3401:
3400:Jarnut (1995)
3396:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3327:, p. 56.
3326:
3325:Jarnut (1995)
3321:
3318:
3315:, p. 61.
3314:
3313:Jarnut (1995)
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3286:, p. 43.
3285:
3284:Jarnut (1995)
3280:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3247:, p. 44.
3246:
3245:Jarnut (1995)
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3202:, p. 37.
3201:
3200:Jarnut (1995)
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:Jarnut (1995)
3184:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:Jarnut (1995)
3153:
3150:
3147:, 24-26 e 52.
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:Alberto Sordi
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2908:modern period
2905:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2555:against him.
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:Childeric III
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:sedes imperii
2496:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:Monte Cassino
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:of the young
2288:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:piissimus rex
2257:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Duke of Turin
2183:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:Duke of Trent
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:Saint Ambrose
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1999:death penalty
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:Agilulf Cross
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Duke of Turin
1640:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:, moved from
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1153:and southern
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Duchy of Rome
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
979:
977:
976:
973:
963:
961:
957:
956:
950:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
869:
868:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
822:
821:Years of Lead
819:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
748:
745:
744:
739:
738:
734:
733:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
661:
658:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
619:
616:
612:
609:
608:
605:774–962
604:
601:
597:
594:
593:
590:568–774
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:435–534
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:493–553
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:476–493
559:
557:
554:
553:
545:
544:
535:
532:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
474:
473:
465:
464:Magna Graecia
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
438:
437:
433:
429:
428:
425:
418:
413:
407:
387:
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382:
381:
377:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
359:
357:
354:
353:
345:
343:
340:
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336:
330:
327:
320:
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316:
313:
306:
305:
302:
299:
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288:
287:
284:
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279:
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271:
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261:
257:
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227:
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199:
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182:
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133:
130:
126:
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119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
98:
93:
88:
82:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
38:
33:
19:
6992:
6857:(1861–1946)
6835:Papal States
6663:Transpadania
6236:Stato da Màr
5918:Papal States
5829:Lombard rule
5828:
5793:Early Modern
5781:(395–476 AD)
5773:Roman Empire
5753:Ancient Rome
5445:Architecture
5415:Quattrocento
5372:Social class
5352:Prostitution
5266:Demographics
5188:Trade unions
5131:Central Bank
4973:Human rights
4953:Constitution
4736:Contemporary
4706:World War II
4594:Italian Wars
4518:Early modern
4460:Papal States
4454:
4438:Italy under
4384:Ancient Rome
4078:
4069:
4057:
4039:I Longobardi
4038:
4019:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3956:
3953:Jarnut, Jörg
3944:
3925:
3913:
3904:
3871:
3862:
3846:
3828:
3809:
3801:
3782:
3776:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3692:Bibliography
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3629:
3613:
3608:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3527:
3522:
3510:
3505:, pp. 75-76.
3503:I Longobardi
3502:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3468:
3456:
3432:
3412:
3407:
3395:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3291:
3279:
3259:
3252:
3224:
3212:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3169:
3164:
3152:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3105:
3072:
3052:
3029:(Berthold),
3027:Ugo Tognazzi
3024:
3012:
2996:
2984:
2979:
2966:
2964:
2924:
2897:
2876:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2754:
2731:
2725:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2663:
2623:
2600:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2526:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2468:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2376:
2363:
2347:
2343:Papal States
2330:
2312:
2284:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2226:
2214:
2196:, his tutor
2193:
2179:
2161:
2150:
2119:
2095:
2073:
2053:
2030:
1992:
1967:
1936:
1929:
1919:against the
1916:
1914:
1899:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1828:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1784:votive crown
1768:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1668:
1636:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1594:
1574:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1499:
1492:
1473:
1461:
1426:
1418:
1394:Eastern Alps
1391:
1348:
1341:
1314:
1272:
1220:
1218:
1205:
1161:
1159:
1128:
1093:
1062:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
958:
948:
856:
855:(2020–
832:
814:
813:(1946–
737:Risorgimento
735:
693:Italian Wars
681:Early modern
585:
512:
506:
478:Ancient Rome
370:Papal States
283:Succeeded by
282:
277:
139:Christianity
125:Vulgar Latin
6883:(1947–1954)
6877:(1943–1945)
6871:(1920–1924)
6863:(1882–1960)
6847:unification
6837:(1814–1870)
6831:(1815–1866)
6825:(1816–1861)
6819:(1814–1860)
6813:(1859–1860)
6807:(1849–1850)
6801:(1848–1849)
6783:(1815–1859)
6777:(1814–1859)
6771:(1814–1859)
6765:(1814–1829)
6759:(1815–1847)
6753:(1815–1848)
6643:Parthenopea
6604:(1792–1815)
6562:(1647–1648)
6528:(1282–1816)
6510:(1324–1861)
6471:Agugliastra
6336:Longobardia
5973:independent
5823:Vandal rule
5510:Italophilia
5470:Coat of arm
5420:Cinquecento
5296:Immigration
5246:Aristocracy
5111:Agriculture
5005:Nationality
4978:LGBT rights
4892:Earthquakes
4773:Mani pulite
4689:World War I
4632:Unification
4625:Late modern
4589:Renaissance
4434:Middle Ages
4427:Middle Ages
4404:Roman Italy
4171:Citizenship
3649:, p. 1
3388:Charlemagne
3039:Lello Arena
2904:Middle Ages
2858:In the arts
2840:Merovingian
2829:Lombard law
2814:Jörg Jarnut
2666:Stephen III
2658:Charlemagne
2631:Benedictine
2615:Charlemagne
2589:Pope Paul I
2565:Val di Susa
2545:as well as
2535:, deposing
2531:dynasty in
2529:Merovingian
2367:chancellery
2359:Gregory III
2171:8th century
2079:Constans II
1917:coup d'état
1902:Theodelinda
1869:7th century
1810:(where the
1715:dux Istriae
1584:, from the
1582:Theodelinda
1531:Theudelinda
1488:Cassiodorus
1476:dukes ruled
1416:(712–744).
1254:6th century
1126:in Europe.
1120:Charlemagne
1112:Catholicism
1050:gastaldates
879:Citizenship
834:Mani pulite
747:Young Italy
566:Ostrogothic
502:Roman Italy
421:History of
278:Preceded by
226:Middle Ages
7038:Categories
6714:Pontecorvo
6672:Monarchies
6658:Subalpinia
6623:Cispadania
6618:Cisalpinia
6600:Napoleonic
6307:(774–1139)
6219:(697–1797)
5921:(754–1870)
5883:(584–751)
5831:(568–774)
5580:Traditions
5570:Television
5555:Philosophy
5520:Literature
5460:Cathedrals
5430:Settecento
5291:Healthcare
5256:Corruption
5251:Censorship
5010:Parliament
4968:Government
4768:Maxi Trial
4716:Resistance
4445:Ostrogoths
4377:Messapians
4262:Villanovan
4252:Prehistory
4245:Prehistory
3552:, 14, 1-3.
3435:, pag. 86.
3065:References
2906:and early
2863:Literature
2734:Runestones
2629:, notably
2611:Ermengarde
2576:Desiderius
2447:Pentapolis
2402:Last kings
2351:Hildeprand
2323:Pentapolis
2315:iconoclasm
2210:Aripert II
2065:Refrancore
2019:A coin of
2009:See also:
1974:gairethinx
1910:Gundeperga
1878:See also:
1858:Iron Crown
1740:, Verona,
1654:, held in
1456:See also:
1321:Ostrogoths
1286:Gothic War
1263:See also:
1231:seal rings
1160:A reduced
1028:), was an
827:Maxi Trial
710:Napoleonic
211:Desiderius
164:Government
6689:Guastalla
6679:Benevento
6611:Republics
6466:Judicates
6314:Byzantine
5971:and other
5909:(585–698)
5901:(554–752)
5895:(554–752)
5889:(533–751)
5874:(584–751)
5825:(435–534)
5819:(493–553)
5813:(476–493)
5804:(476–774)
5738:Iapygians
5540:Mythology
5515:Libraries
5435:Ottocento
5377:Terrorism
5318:Languages
5271:Education
5193:Transport
5143:Companies
5050:Provinces
5020:President
4985:Judiciary
4958:Elections
4870:Volcanoes
4865:Volcanism
4858:Apennines
4843:Mountains
4811:Peninsula
4794:Geography
4725:Civil War
4450:Byzantium
4357:Etruscans
4292:Canegrate
4287:Golasecca
4272:Rinaldone
4267:Terramare
4257:Neolithic
3955:(1995) .
3890:cite book
3749:. edited
3737:(643-866)
2900:Retorbido
2836:Visigoths
2756:Adelchi:
2514:Comacchio
2387:Liutprand
2355:Venetians
2254:Liutprand
2246:Liutprand
2190:Raginpert
2061:Austrasia
2041:Perctarit
2037:Aripert I
1959:Exarchate
1759:sculdahis
1688:Monselice
1570:Lake Como
1535:Zavattari
1437:Helmichis
1414:Liutprand
1278:Justinian
1239:passports
1214:Benevento
1085:Benevento
1040:, on the
801:Partisans
556:Odoacer's
514:Optimates
508:Populares
267:Tremissis
135:Religion
129:Lombardic
6648:Piedmont
6498:Oristano
6491:Logudoro
6481:Cagliari
6456:Sardinia
6189:Piedmont
5938:Holy See
5789:Medieval
5743:Picentes
5686:Samnites
5618:Category
5505:Internet
5495:Folklore
5425:Seicento
5410:Trecento
5405:Duecento
5367:Religion
5328:Regional
5306:Italians
5281:Gambling
5173:Taxation
5000:Military
4941:Politics
4743:Republic
4530:Florence
4455:Lombards
4394:Republic
4340:Samnites
4335:Picentes
4277:Apennine
4236:Railways
4216:Military
4164:By topic
4148:Overview
4132:articles
4068:(1974).
3981:(1965).
3800:(1981).
3618:Archived
3384:Carloman
3364:4 August
3113:(page 8)
3053:syllogae
3051:Lombard
3045:See also
2894:Berthold
2844:Basileus
2827:, while
2782:—
2715:—
2670:Adrian I
2619:Carloman
2553:Carloman
2548:de facto
2438:princeps
2428:de facto
2306:against
2287:adoption
2265:Sardinia
2222:Corvulus
2198:Ansprand
2182:Liutpert
2153:Neustria
2141:Cunipert
2122:Cunipert
2098:Garibald
2057:Neustria
2049:Grimoald
2045:Godepert
2021:Cunipert
1994:weregild
1982:Germanic
1963:Arechi I
1776:Adaloald
1762:and the
1711:Gulfaris
1680:Piacenza
1620:—
1586:Lethings
1562:Piedmont
1508:toponymy
1433:Rosamund
1359:Lombardy
1333:Pannonia
1325:Lombards
1143:Calabria
1135:Sardinia
1058:Lombardy
1034:Lombards
960:Timeline
924:Military
872:By topic
811:Republic
795:Fascist
766:Monarchy
721:Republic
633:Medieval
611:Germanic
596:Frankish
491:Republic
412:a series
410:Part of
263:Currency
144:Arianism
6729:Corsica
6719:Tuscany
6684:Etruria
6633:Liguria
6486:Gallura
6476:Arborea
6392:Lombard
6092:Tuscany
6082:Trieste
5718:Ligures
5679:Etruria
5575:Theatre
5550:Palaces
5530:Museums
5500:Gardens
5485:Fashion
5475:Cuisine
5455:Castles
5397:Culture
5347:Poverty
5323:Italian
5234:Society
5215:Welfare
5183:Tourism
5153:Exports
5121:Banking
5101:Economy
5089:Economy
5045:Regions
4927:Valleys
4897:Islands
4877:Beaches
4848:Prealps
4828:Geology
4816:Climate
4480:Normans
4440:Odoacer
4389:Kingdom
4372:Ligures
4308:Ancient
4282:Nuragic
4231:Postage
4206:Judaism
4196:Genetic
4186:Fashion
4181:Economy
4140:History
3094:Lombard
3086:Italian
2968:Adelchi
2947:Adelchi
2790:Adelchi
2691:Adalgis
2654:Adalgis
2602:Adelchi
2597:Tassilo
2542:de jure
2518:Ceccano
2510:Ferrara
2483:Aistulf
2465:Aistulf
2455:Aistulf
2451:Perugia
2372:wergild
2280:pirates
2277:Saracen
2218:Bavaria
2202:Rotarit
2157:Austria
2128:at the
2083:Romuald
2067:, near
2033:Rodoald
1906:Arioald
1764:gastald
1746:Brescia
1742:Bergamo
1730:Treviso
1722:duchies
1696:Cremona
1648:Agilulf
1578:Bavarii
1516:estates
1480:duchies
1446:Ravenna
1410:Gorizia
1371:Romagna
1367:Spoleto
1361:); and
1355:Ticinum
1249:History
1235:Ratchis
1210:Spoleto
1196:Lombard
1081:Spoleto
944:Railway
939:Postage
914:Judaism
904:Genetic
894:Fashion
889:Economy
857:present
815:present
784:Fascism
726:Kingdom
654:Normans
586:Lombard
485:Kingdom
342:Francia
247:•
200:(first)
111:Capital
103:Aistulf
90:568–774
81:Italian
6795:(1848)
6789:(1831)
6744:states
6709:Naples
6419:Norman
6226:Dogado
6097:Verona
6062:Mantua
6057:Istria
6037:Finale
6027:Ancona
5975:states
5795:states
5713:Veneti
5691:Latins
5606:
5480:Design
5465:Cinema
5440:Anthem
5362:Racism
5311:People
5286:Health
5148:Energy
5138:Brands
5065:Comune
5060:Cities
4922:Rivers
4882:Canals
4565:Amalfi
4550:Venice
4409:Empire
4350:Veneti
4325:Latins
4297:Latial
4130:
4085:
4045:
4026:
4007:
3963:
3932:
3878:
3853:
3835:
3816:
3267:
3143:, 37;
2976:Cinema
2677:Saxons
2627:abbeys
2506:Istria
2491:Exarch
2408:eulogy
2230:Ticino
2206:Novara
2115:Alahis
2087:patron
1955:Panaro
1947:Oderzo
1945:, and
1932:Friuli
1925:Papacy
1849:, the
1843:, the
1824:Bobbio
1734:Trento
1706:Istria
1700:Mantua
1684:Padova
1608:timore
1554:Flavio
1543:Autari
1500:tertia
1468:Tuscia
1429:Verona
1398:Gisulf
1386:Alboin
1337:Narses
1329:Alboin
1317:Franks
1178:until
1155:Apulia
1151:Venice
1147:Naples
1139:Sicily
1131:Latium
1116:Franks
760:Modern
576:Vandal
522:Empire
414:on the
213:(last)
198:Alboin
183:
169:Feudal
77:
63:
49:
6845:Post-
6694:Italy
6638:Lucca
6628:Italy
6179:Savoy
6087:Turin
6067:Milan
6052:Ivrea
5728:Umbri
5701:Celts
5565:Sport
5535:Music
5525:Media
5387:Women
5261:Crime
5126:Banks
4902:Lakes
4887:Caves
4838:Flora
4833:Fauna
4555:Genoa
4540:Milan
4535:Siena
4475:Arabs
4362:Celts
4345:Umbri
4221:Music
4191:Flags
4128:Italy
3534:, 55.
3480:, 49.
3451:, 35.
3419:, 46.
3344:, 45.
3303:, 41.
3232:, 35.
3219:, 16.
3078:Latin
2681:Locks
2561:Locks
2495:duchy
2485:(751)
2391:Pavia
2327:Sutri
2269:Arles
2204:) in
2165:synod
2025:Milan
1978:Latin
1972:by a
1970:Pavia
1939:Genoa
1915:This
1780:Monza
1754:Lucca
1750:Ivrea
1738:Turin
1676:Parma
1672:Avars
1656:Milan
1590:Wacho
1504:halls
1496:Roman
1464:Cleph
1441:Gepid
1388:(572)
1200:Italy
1104:Arian
1054:Pavia
1046:dukes
1022:Latin
929:Music
899:Flags
650:Islam
441:Early
423:Italy
115:Pavia
67:Latin
53:Latin
6724:Elba
6653:Rome
6602:eras
6598:and
6571:Gozo
6370:Arab
6353:and
6032:Ceva
5696:Osci
5490:Flag
5220:Wine
5208:road
5203:rail
5034:List
5024:List
4853:Alps
4718:and
4560:Pisa
4330:Osci
4226:Name
4211:LGBT
4083:ISBN
4043:ISBN
4024:ISBN
4005:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3896:link
3876:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3726:in
3633:cf.
3386:and
3366:2022
3359:Arca
3265:ISBN
3174:and
3005:and
2882:and
2823:and
2533:Gaul
2425:and
2295:Arab
2194:viz.
2130:Adda
2069:Asti
2043:and
1989:feud
1943:Luni
1835:gold
1771:clan
1698:and
1692:Este
1639:plot
1632:, 16
1617:fear
1484:fara
1267:and
1212:and
1194:The
1108:Pope
1083:and
1071:and
1036:, a
1008:The
934:Name
919:LGBT
803:and
662:and
652:and
511:and
179:King
5791:and
5450:Art
5198:air
4990:Law
3753:in
3710:in
3230:III
3217:III
2609:as
2605:by
2563:in
1865:).
1822:in
1630:III
1568:in
1490:).
1157:.
254:774
241:568
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3892:}}
3888:{{
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3440:^
3424:^
3417:IV
3415:,
3357:.
3342:IV
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3301:IV
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3145:VI
3141:IV
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990:t
983:v
859:)
817:)
617:)
613:(
602:)
598:(
105:.
83:)
79:(
69:)
65:(
55:)
51:(
34:.
20:)
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