28:
167:
practice for a high grade brick to be broken in half so that it could be used twice, each end appearing as a header in the wall. The result of this parsimony was that the wall was deficient in bonding bricks, i.e. bricks tying the outer skin of brickwork back to the inner part of the wall, often resulting in the outer skin peeling away from the inner and bulging out. This issue, known as snapped or snap headers, leads to walls which need to be repaired either by rebuilding or by fitting various types of proprietary tie.
183:, which is much softer and weaker than modern cement based mortar and can be cleaned off second-hand bricks easily leaving them ready for re-use. Nevertheless, the supply of second-hand stocks cannot always meet the demand, and 'new' second-hand stocks can be obtained from builders' merchants. Unfortunately, some of the new products are painted white or black to simulate the whitewashed or soot blackened surfaces often encountered in the real second hand bricks – making them unsuitable for face-work.
39:
93:
75:
108:
During the 19th century, the fields around London were built up with new housing. Commonly, a field would be excavated to expose the brickearth (which was found overlying the London clay subsoil), which was then turned into bricks on the site by moulding and firing them. The bricks would then be used
166:
In the 19th century, London stock bricks were available in a variety of grades priced according to their consistency and their regularity of shape and colour. High-grade bricks were used for face work and lower grades were bought for use as internal bricks. Unfortunately it seems to have been common
175:
The term 'stock brick' can either indicate the common type of brick stocked in a locality, or a handmade brick made using a stock. A stock or stock board is an iron-faced block of wood fixed to the surface of the moulder's bench. The brick mould fits over the stock; the brick maker fills the mould
199:
Lime mortar tends to weaken in London's acidic rainwater and needs repointing several times a century. It has been common since the widespread availability of
Portland cement to see London stock brickwork repointed using much stronger cement mortar. As repointing consists of replacing the outer
70:
waste and rubbish. The spanish ignites on firing and reduces fuel costs at the firing stage. London Stocks are still made in comparatively small quantities in traditional brickworks, mainly in Kent and Sussex, for heritage work, and machine-made versions are available for use where a cheaper
195:
should be flush pointing so that rain water can run down off the surface and not be encouraged to soak into the wall as is the case with recessed or struck pointing. When used in this way the brickwork does not get wet all the way through and is thus effectively waterproof.
158:
in London during the 19th century and early 20th century commonly caused the bricks to receive a sooty deposition over time, turning the bricks greyish or even black, but the removal of contaminants from the air following the passing of the
255:
Alan Cox 1997. A vital component: Stock bricks in
Georgian London. Construction History 13, 57-66. Ian Smalley 2021. London Stock bricks: from Great Fire to Great Exhibition. British Brick Society Information 147, 26-34.
109:
to build houses adjacent to the brick field – transport was expensive. Once the building work was nearing completion the brick field would be levelled and built upon while a new brick field further out would supply the bricks.
65:
and other machine-made bricks in the early 20th century. Its distinctive yellow colour is due to the addition of chalk. Another important admixture is 'spanish', which is made up of ash and cinders from
144:
of the canal opened enabling the transportation of bricks made in
Buckinghamshire. Bricks were also made in Kent, Essex and other areas where they could be imported to London by rail. In
176:
with prepared clay and cuts it off with a wire level with the top of the mould, before turning out the 'green' brick onto a wooden board called a pallet for drying and firing.
71:
approximation to the traditional product is acceptable. Red stock bricks are also fairly common, but only the yellow or brown bricks are usually known as London stocks.
27:
179:
Reclaimed London stock bricks are sought after for decorative and conservation use. The mortar usually used with them in original construction was
148:, Essex, there is a common belief that 'stock bricks' originated there; bricks were certainly made there, but the name is a coincidence,
288:
393:
306:
Hounsell, Peter (February 2004). "Up the Cut to
Paddington: The West Middlesex brick industry and the Grand Junction Canal".
191:
Most London stock bricks are more or less porous, as is the lime mortar in which they have traditionally been laid. The
124:
in 1801, enabled the bulk transportation of stock bricks into London from west
Middlesex, particularly from the
351:
236:
163:
in 1956, has enabled older buildings to be cleaned and new buildings to retain their natural colour.
113:
376:
Bidwell, T. G., "The
Conservation of Brick Buildings". Brick Development Association, Windsor, 1977
248:
160:
58:
315:
96:
292:
136:
areas. By the 1890s it is estimated 100 million bricks per year were being produced in west
398:
212:
of the brick surface, and can also encourage the bulging associated with snapped headers.
208:
mm of the brickwork harder and stronger than the interior of the wall. This can lead to
125:
121:
82:
387:
155:
152:
being a common
English word with many meanings and also a common place-name element.
133:
86:
145:
140:, supplying Victorian London's demand for building materials. In December 1882 the
78:
67:
38:
333:
180:
92:
192:
141:
74:
319:
226:
137:
117:
32:
17:
112:
Bricks were also made in clay areas surrounding London. The opening of the
129:
230:
62:
85:, London, built from London stock bricks showing discoloration due to
54:
363:
221:
209:
91:
73:
50:
37:
26:
204:
mm of mortar, the effect of this is to make the outer 20–40
278:. Victor Gollancz in association with Peter Crawley, 1997.
99:, a Victorian warehouse, showing yellow London stock brick
348:
53:
which was used for the majority of building work in
8:
270:
268:
350:. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 7 Nov. 2010 <
264:
42:London stock bricks, rather dimly lit
7:
289:"Brickfields - georgian landscape"
25:
61:until the increase in the use of
249:www.archaeologyinmarlow.org.uk
1:
346:James Stevens Curl. "brick."
415:
308:The British Brick Society
276:Brick Building in Britain
49:is the type of handmade
364:"handmade-bricks.co.uk"
251:Retrieved February 2012
116:to the River Thames at
394:Architecture of London
100:
89:
43:
35:
95:
87:atmospheric pollution
77:
41:
30:
237:London Brick Company
114:Grand Junction Canal
295:on 8 October 2006.
101:
90:
59:South East England
47:London stock brick
44:
36:
274:Brunskill, R. W.
16:(Redirected from
406:
377:
374:
368:
367:
360:
354:
344:
338:
337:
330:
324:
323:
303:
297:
296:
291:. Archived from
285:
279:
272:
207:
203:
120:in 1794 and its
21:
414:
413:
409:
408:
407:
405:
404:
403:
384:
383:
380:
375:
371:
362:
361:
357:
345:
341:
334:"Stock Village"
332:
331:
327:
305:
304:
300:
287:
286:
282:
273:
266:
262:
245:
218:
205:
201:
189:
173:
106:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
412:
410:
402:
401:
396:
386:
385:
379:
378:
369:
355:
339:
325:
298:
280:
263:
261:
258:
253:
252:
244:
241:
240:
239:
234:
224:
217:
214:
188:
185:
172:
169:
122:Paddington Arm
105:
102:
97:Oliver's Wharf
83:Bedford Square
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
411:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
382:
373:
370:
365:
359:
356:
352:
349:
343:
340:
335:
329:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
302:
299:
294:
290:
284:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
259:
257:
250:
247:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
213:
211:
197:
194:
186:
184:
182:
177:
170:
168:
164:
162:
161:Clean Air Act
157:
156:Air pollution
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
103:
98:
94:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
34:
29:
19:
381:
372:
358:
347:
342:
328:
311:
307:
301:
293:the original
283:
275:
254:
233:is specified
198:
190:
178:
174:
171:Stock bricks
165:
154:
149:
111:
107:
46:
45:
18:London stock
181:lime mortar
68:incinerated
388:Categories
243:References
231:plastering
227:Face brick
142:Slough Arm
81:houses in
320:0960-7870
314:: 11–16.
229:where no
138:Middlesex
134:Starveall
118:Brentford
33:Islington
216:See also
210:spalling
193:pointing
130:Yiewsley
79:Georgian
63:Flettons
31:Wall in
104:History
399:Bricks
318:
206:
202:
187:Mortar
126:Cowley
55:London
260:Notes
222:Brick
200:20–40
150:stock
146:Stock
51:brick
316:ISSN
132:and
57:and
390::
312:93
310:.
267:^
128:,
366:.
353:.
336:.
322:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
