351:
541:, which is sometimes observed when firing under rare conditions due to changes in air pressure around the bullet. While the bullet trace is usually only observable directly from behind the shooter, a vapor trail from a bullet is observable from any direction. Some believe you really get "the feel" of long range shooting when you have time to see the bullet fly towards the target, and then dive below or swing past, just when you were sure you would hit it. Weather conditions may also affect what is considered long range for a given firearm configuration. For instance a professional shooter may be able to repeatably hit a given size target, i.e. a 100 mm ring, at 1000 meters (0.1
339:
439:
73:
649:
32:
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394:
the results as pure shooting skills - meaning that even if one conducts a technically perfect shot, the shooter will miss the target because of incorrect calculations, neglecting to take some elements into consideration, or merely due to unpredictable downrange conditions. It is widely accepted within interdisciplinary circles that for a standard rifle firing
175:
933:
The scoring is calculated by adding results from all the module's stages. The competitor with highest summarized result is awarded with 100 percent. The scoring for the other competitors is made proportionally in relation to the highest summarized score, with calculation up to two decimal places. The
848:
Competitions consist of several stages, and the competitors have to move between different parts of the stage under a time limitation, quickly assume stable or unstable shooting positions, and use theoretical background to successfully make precise long range shots. The main idea behind T-Class is to
393:
at most, but when the range is extended, wind drift will be the first factor affecting precision to the extent that it must be taken into serious account. Some would argue that long range shooting starts where assessment of wind, distance and various atmospheric conditions are equally important for
971:
of his firearm very well. A competition usually consists of several courses of fire, and requires some physical activity since the shooter has a time limit to move between the various courses of fire. Each course usually has a set maximum time (par time), and the shooter is awarded points according
1062:
magnification for different types of long range shooting depends on application, scope quality and user preference. Different applications may have different shooting distances, light conditions, target sizes and target contrast against the background. Ideally scope magnification should be high
1112:
Mirage is a light distortion caused by temperature differences between the air and ground making it difficult to get a clear sight picture of the target. Mirage becomes more apparent the higher the magnification, but at what magnification mirage starts to become an issue depends on weather
844:
systems for various short, medium and long range distances, which may either be known or unknown. Headquarters reside in
Bulgaria, and for the purpose of promotion of the sport internationally the organization offers a ruleset which regulates the design and management of competitions.
552:
is often used to observe hits and provide ballistic corrections, and can aid in seeing bullet trace. Bullet trace can often easily be seen in humid weather, but also on cool and sunny days. There are several possible explanations of the phenomenon. The main cause is probably
814:
There are many different long range disciplines, competing both at known (KD) and unknown distances (UKD), individually or in teams (shooter and spotter). In UKD competitions the marksman must also judge the distances, for example by comparing a known size target with
639:
All these parameters can also be used at shorter distances, but the effect they pose is so small that they generally can be disregarded. At short distances the accuracy of the shooter, rifle and ammunition will often mask the very small effect these factors will have.
672:(m/s), this wind value can be transferred to a sight correction in number of clicks. This rule of thumb applies to winds that come 90 degree from the side (full value), however winds coming from an angle must be taken into account by applying less sight adjustment.
413:
is typically the same with 300 to 900 meters (≈ 300 to ≈ 1000 yards). A growing form of interdisciplinary shooting, becoming known as
Practical Precision, places targets at virtually any distance from 100 to 1800 meters and the scoring is hit/ miss on
930:, etc. Scoring is made with points attributed to the angular measurements of the target according to pre-defined tables. For some stages of Module 2 and 3, the so-called hit factor is applied (the score on the targets divided by the time used on that stage).
561:
of the air. In order for the shooter to see their own bullet trace, the bullet trajectory must be within the field of view of their scope sight. In practice this often means the shooter has to dial down the magnification somewhat (i.e. to 10× magnification).
402:), "long range" means the target is more than 600 m (660 yd) away,, while "extreme long range" is generally accepted as when the target distance is more than 1,000 m (1,100 yd) away from the shooter.
514:
rifle calibers, some might say that everything over 300 to 400 metres (330 to 440 yd) is considered long range, while some may claim that long range "starts" at 500 metres (550 yd).
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To succeed at long range shooting, one must have good shooting skill fundamentals, a rifle with good precision and as consistent ammunition as possible (mainly to achieve a consistent
545:
target difficulty) in low and predictable wind, while the same 100 mm target may be near impossible to hit in heavy and varying wind at 200 meters (0.5 mil target difficulty).
503:-dependent, and long range may be defined as stretching the distance at which the firearm and ammunition is capable of making consistent hits. Generally some may claim that for the
914:(mrad) which takes into account its size and distance. There are also no-shoot targets which if struck incur penalties. The mrad system allows the usage of virtually all kinds of
350:
1006:, except that it is only fired at distances between 300 and 1200 yards (or meters), and the targets are half the size of regular targets. They compete in two categories:
425:
Few complete resources exist for teaching the art of shooting long ranges, but there are some dedicated resources and organizations with education as primary goal.
1025:
F-TR ("Target", Standard Class): A restricted class permitting a scope, bipod/ backpack and rear bag (no front rest), but the rifle has to be of either caliber
660:
For long range shooting it is important to compensate for the wind by observing the wind's strength and direction, and then adjust the sights accordingly by
517:
At the longer ranges the bullets will have a longer flight time, and on days with good lighting and weather conditions one can even see a brief trail of
849:
create realistic long range shooting competitions which are open to civilian sport shooters, police and military forces. A large emphasis is placed on
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can be estimated by feeling the wind at the shooting position and seeing signs of it in the terrain. For instance, after guessing the wind strength in
1347:
1101:
gives a darker image in the scope when compared to a scope with larger tube and objective diameter or inside the same scope at a lower magnification.
362:, looking for the bullet impact and suggesting adjustments. Teams of spotters and shooters are often used in both civilian and military shooting.
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are used, and the targets presented are usually relatively small. In the PRS-series for instance, the targets are usually between 0.3-0.9
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which appear around the bullet due to pressure changes as the bullet travels through the air, thereby causing a short change in the
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Precision Rifle
Competitions is a relatively new long range competition format which seeks to find a balance between speed and
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863:. Precision rifle systems (sniper rifles) are used for reproduced but realistic stages with distances from 10 to 1000 meters.
464:
94:
871:. Each of the stages may combine multiple firearms, such as precision rifles, medium range semi-auto rifles and/or pistols.
574:). In addition, a variety of external factors must be taken into account with regard to ballistics calculation, including:
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952:, often involving movement and shooting from unusual positions with a time limit, at both known and unknown distances.
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calculated sum in percentage from all the three
Modules assembles the Match ranking and demonstrates the winner.
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where the distance to the target is significant enough that the shooter has to put effort into calculating
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20:
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1443:
Video: Teamwork: Spotter & Shooter - Long Range Rifle Tip (by
National Shooting Sports Foundation)
507:
1010:
F-Open (Open Class): All rifle calibers up to 8.89 mm (0.35 in) may be used, along with a
1242:
1127:
656:, seen as "waves" above this hot road, is often used to estimate wind speed in long range shooting.
374:
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makes it more difficult to initially find the target, and to see the surroundings of the target.
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820:
803:
Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty.
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405:
There are several competitive match circuits that typically consist of targets at long range.
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Easier to spot whether the round was a hit or miss, and easier to estimate sight corrections.
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F-Class is a rapidly growing long range shooting discipline internationally governed by the
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hashmarks inside their scope (called "milling") to calculate the distance. Sometimes a
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any distances over 100 metres (110 yd) is considered long range. For centerfire
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853:. Competitions can be held as either individual or two-person teamwork challenges.
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diameter makes it more difficult to get in the correct position behind the scope.
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1033:. In addition, the weight limit including optics is 8.25 kg (18.2 lb).
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625:, which causes the shooter to hit high and to the side if there is a little wind
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Long Range
Shooting: External Ballistics - The Coriolis Effect | The Arms Guide
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events are often between 100 and 900 meters (≈ 100 to ≈ 1000 yards),
385:. While shooting at shorter ranges, a shooter only has to slightly adjust the
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at long range shooting. Shooting distances can vary from between 10 and 1,000
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This article is about the weapons firing skill. For the basketball skill, see
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Wind
Reading Tips for F-Class and Long Range Shooting « Daily Bulletin
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to how many targets he manages to hit during that time. Both cardboard and
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Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters.
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359:
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Ultra-High
Magnification 8-80x56mm March Riflescope « Daily Bulletin
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883:. Precision rifle shooting at very long distances of 1600 meters or more.
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Wind (both by the shooter and along the whole flight path to the target).
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Long Range
Shooting: External Ballistics - Spin Drift | The Arms Guide
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disturbances in the air. A bullet trace should not be confused with a
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The sight picture appears to shake easier by movement of the shooter.
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The distances normally considered to be "long range" is weather- and
422:). This type of match is quickly becoming more popular than F-Class.
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A Better Ballistic Coefficient | By Bryan Litz | Berger Bullets Blog
358:
are often skilled at long range shooting. Behind the shooter lies a
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840:, founded in 2014, is a sport mainly focused on competitions with
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1014:, and one can choose between using front rest and rear bag, or a
877:. Precision rifle shooting at distances from 1000 to 1600 meters.
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Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; light flags extended.
418:
of various sizes and from various positions (standing, kneeling,
1232:
Ballistics: Altitude and Air Pressure within AccurateShooter.com
382:
1312:
First T-Class competition | International T-Class Confederation
1022:. The weight limit including optics is 10 kg (22 lb).
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66:
25:
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8541 Tactical - Scope Magnification, How much or how little?
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Best Scope Magnification: How Much is Too Much? | Gun Digest
1348:"NRA High Power Rifle Rules, Revised January 2014, p. 67-70"
1411:
Magnification Level & Target Transitions - AccuracyTech
186:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1000:
International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations
994:
International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations
955:
The competition seeks to find a balance between speed and
899:. Shooting with pistols and medium range semi-auto rifles.
258:
International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations
1448:
Video: T-Class - The ultimate tactical sniper competition
584:
shape and weight, trying to achieve the highest possible
1197:"Long Range Hunting Online Magazine - Reading The Wind"
192:
1422:
Snipers and Mirage: Tip of the Week | The Loadout Room
1063:
enough while still being comfortable and safe to use.
729:
Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes.
1288:"Long Range Hunting Online Magazine - Angle Shooting"
856:
Competitions are divided into six major disciplines:
377:, especially in regards to the deviating effects of
775:Raises dust and loose paper; small branches moved.
607:(including air, ammunition and barrel temperature)
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97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1002:. F-Class carry many similarities to traditional
1437:Video: 2012 European F-Class Rifle Championships
613:, an effect caused by the rotation of the bullet
1243:Long Range Shooter| Temperature Effects on Zero
342:BCM Europearms F Class is a rifle designed for
676:Long range wind estimation table based on the
1152:Vapor trail and Bullet trace | Sniper Country
967:, and therefore the competitor must know the
910:Each target in every exercise is measured in
8:
245:
1174:Language Lessons: TRACE | Breach Bang Clear
467:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
244:
980:(3–9 cm at 100 m, approximately 1-3
487:Learn how and when to remove this message
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
684:
1144:
1321:
1319:
1077:Cons of high scope magnification are:
1066:Pros of high scope magnification are:
1163:Vapor Trail vs Bullet Trace - YouTube
1070:Easier to see the target at distance.
7:
1439:at Bisley Shooting Ground in the UK.
465:adding citations to reliable sources
95:adding citations to reliable sources
833:International T-Class Confederation
743:Wind felt on face; leaves rustle;
14:
41:This article has multiple issues.
823:may also be used, if permitted.
619:, caused by the Earth's rotation
437:
173:
71:
30:
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1133:Longest recorded sniper kills
889:. Target rifle shooting with
628:Angle to the target (called "
1326:Precision Rifle Series - FAQ
938:Precision Rifle Competition
897:Support and Backup firearms
1484:
1276:Long Range BPCR and Mirage
1054:at 300 yards (274 meters).
991:
941:
830:
598:and (to a certain degree)
389:to compensate for limited
18:
1046:View through a 20x power
632:"), either up or downhill
566:Calculation of trajectory
375:various ballistic factors
369:is a collective term for
715:Smoke rises vertically.
346:long range competitions.
396:full-powered cartridges
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944:Precision Rifle Series
657:
363:
347:
195:by rewriting it in an
21:three-point field goal
1468:Rifle shooting sports
1087:becomes more visible.
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851:safe firearm handling
651:
586:ballistic coefficient
429:Defining "long range"
353:
341:
106:"Long range shooting"
461:improve this section
371:shooting disciplines
91:improve this article
1128:External ballistics
1038:Sight magnification
798:10.8–13.8 m/s
367:Long range shooting
318:World Championships
253:governing body
247:
246:Long range shooting
16:Shooting discipline
1123:Benchrest shooting
1099:light transmission
1056:
875:Extreme Long Range
658:
525:bullet known as a
407:Benchrest shooting
364:
348:
197:encyclopedic style
184:is written like a
922:or clay targets,
821:laser rangefinder
807:
806:
770:5.5–7.9 m/s
756:3.4–5.5 m/s
738:1.6–3.3 m/s
724:0.3-1.5 m/s
710:<0.3 m/s
670:meters per second
533:creating visible
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1353:. Archived from
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1290:. Archived from
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1199:. Archived from
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1004:high power rifle
916:shooting targets
881:Ultra Long Range
838:T-Class shooting
784:8-10.7 m/s
701:Land conditions
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559:light refraction
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893:caliber rifles.
861:Tactical Sniper
842:precision rifle
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800:25–31 mph
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786:19–24 mph
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772:13–18 mph
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767:Moderate breeze
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747:moved by wind.
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712:<1 mph
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644:Wind estimation
617:Coriolis effect
572:muzzle velocity
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400:.308 Winchester
273:Characteristics
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1360:on 2014-02-22
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205:February 2015
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182:This article
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147:February 2015
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108: –
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1362:. Retrieved
1355:the original
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1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
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1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
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1113:conditions.
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810:Competitions
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781:Fresh breeze
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735:Light Breeze
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630:cosine angle
592:Air pressure
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527:bullet trace
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512:intermediate
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477:October 2017
474:
459:Please help
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89:Please help
84:verification
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43:Please help
40:
1060:scope sight
1048:scope sight
817:angular mil
688:Wind speed
605:Temperature
539:vapor trail
531:turbulences
391:bullet drop
1457:Categories
1364:2015-01-30
1298:2015-01-30
1207:2015-01-30
1139:References
1106:exit pupil
1058:The ideal
969:ballistics
924:golf balls
666:Wind force
652:Observing
535:refractive
523:supersonic
328:Paralympic
294:or in the
268:Long range
117:newspapers
46:improve it
957:precision
950:precision
928:soda cans
745:wind vane
721:Light Air
611:Spindrift
555:contrails
529:, due to
521:behind a
508:cartridge
448:does not
278:Equipment
265:Nicknames
52:talk page
1329:Archived
1117:See also
1104:Smaller
1052:mil-dots
1020:backpack
868:Multigun
600:humidity
596:altitude
302:Presence
251:Highest
988:F-Class
887:Rimfire
827:T-Class
501:caliber
469:removed
454:sources
411:F-Class
379:gravity
360:spotter
356:snipers
344:F-Class
308:Olympic
296:terrain
260:(ICFRA)
191:Please
131:scholar
1085:Mirage
961:meters
654:mirage
623:Mirage
588:("BC")
582:Bullet
505:.22 LR
398:(e.g.
387:sights
133:
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1358:(PDF)
1351:(PDF)
1097:Less
1090:Less
1050:with
1016:bipod
1012:scope
965:yards
920:steel
891:.22LR
636:etc.
420:prone
288:Venue
282:Rifle
138:JSTOR
124:books
707:Calm
694:and
519:wake
452:any
450:cite
383:wind
381:and
110:news
1029:or
984:).
982:MOA
978:MIL
696:mph
692:m/s
543:mil
463:by
322:Yes
93:by
1459::
1339:^
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332:No
312:No
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