North American river otter - Knowledge (XXG)

1665:, as it is not currently declining at a rate sufficient for a threat category. By the early 1900s, North American river otter populations had declined throughout large portions of their historic range in North America. However, improvements in water quality (through enactment of clean water regulations) and furbearer management techniques have permitted river otters to regain portions of their range in many areas. Reintroduction projects have been particularly valuable in restoring populations in many areas of the United States. However, North American river otters remain rare or absent in the southwestern United States. Water quality and development inhibit recovery of populations in some areas. The species is widely distributed throughout its range. In many places, the populations have re-established themselves because of conservation initiatives. Reintroduction of river otters may present a problem in that it may contaminate the genetic structure of the native population. 1640: 1065: 1041: 878: 681: 634: 1572: 42: 869:

relocated. Even in larger bodies of water, river otters may take disproportional advantage of any seasonal concentrations of fish when and where only very limited areas of suitable spawning, low-flow, or over-wintering habitat may exist. Even fast-swimming fish like trout slow down in extremely cold water, leaving them vulnerable. As such, careful consideration of any threatened, endangered, or fish species of special interest is warranted prior to reintroduction of otters to a watershed.

970:. Since their reintroduction to Kentucky in the early 1990s, the otters have recovered to the point that a trapping season was implemented in 2006, and the species is now found in all of the state's major waterways. In 2010, the Colorado Department of Wildlife reported the river otter, reintroduced to the state in the 1980s, was "thriving" and recommended its protection status be reconsidered. In late 2012, a river otter nicknamed Sutro Sam took up residence around the former site of the 775: 669: 112: 886: 626: 931: 282: 1081: 70: 3662: 1612:

including the use of reintroduction projects. Since 1976, over 4,000 otters have been reintroduced in 21 U.S. states. All Canadian provinces except Prince Edward Island and 29 U.S. states have viable populations that sustain annual harvests. While current harvest strategies do not pose a threat to maintaining otter populations, harvest may limit expansion of otter populations in some areas.

1563:) vary; it has been reported in the southern boreal forest of Manitoba. Trappers in Alberta, Canada commonly assert North American river otters are major predators of North American beavers. A 1994 river otter study reported findings of beaver remains in 27 of 1,191 scats analyzed. However, many other studies did not report any findings of North American beaver remains in the scat sampled. 3648: 922:

American river otters may leave the den by eight weeks and are capable of sustaining themselves upon the arrival of fall, but they usually stay with their families, which sometimes include the father, until the following spring. Prior to the arrival of the next litter, the North American river otter yearlings venture out in search of their own home ranges.

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otter populations has been discussed. Similarly, many perceived threats to North American river otters, such as pollution and habitat alterations, have not been rigorously evaluated. Little effort has gone into assessing the threat of disease to wild North American river otter populations, so it is poorly understood and documented.

1654:(CITES). They have been virtually eliminated through many parts of their range, especially around heavily populated areas in the midwestern and eastern United States. Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction currently, but may become so unless trade is closely controlled. 1273:

Adult North American river otters are capable of consuming 1 to 1.5 kilograms (2.2 to 3.3 lb) of fish per day. A study conducted on captive otters revealed they preferred larger fish, ranging from 15 to 17 centimeters (5.9 to 6.7 in), more than smaller fish, ranging from 8 to 10 centimeters

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North American river otters consume an extensive assortment of fish species ranging in size from 2 to 50 centimeters (0.79 to 19.69 in) that impart sufficient caloric intake for a minute amount of energy expenditure. North American river otters generally feed on prey that is in larger supply and

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However, urbanization and pollution has resulted in a reduction in the otters's range in the United States. River otters are now absent or rare in Arizona, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee. Reintroduction projects have expanded their distribution in

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The mothers raise their young without aid from adult males. When the pups are about two months old and their coats grow in, their mother introduces them to the water. North American river otters are natural swimmers and, with parental supervision, they acquire the skills necessary to swim. The North

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Like other otters, the North American river otter lives in a holt, or den, constructed in the burrows of other animals, or in natural hollows, such as under a log or in river banks. An entrance, which may be under water or above ground, leads to a nest chamber lined with leaves, grass, moss, bark,

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Historical records indicate North American river otters were once populous throughout most major drainages in the continental United States and Canada prior to European settlement. North America's largest North American river otter populations were found in areas with an abundance and diversity of

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A highly active predator, the North American river otter has adapted to hunting in water, and eats aquatic and semiaquatic animals. The vulnerability and seasonal availability of prey animals mainly governs its food habits and prey choices. This availability is influenced by the following factors:

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is a persistent water quality issue in some areas, as it eliminates otter prey. This dilemma prevents, and consequently inhibits, recolonization or growth of North American river otter populations. Recently, long-term genetic consequences of reintroduction projects on remnant North American river

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have been recognized as an integral part of the North American river otter's diet. Otters consume more aquatic insects in the summer as the populations increase and specific life stages heighten their susceptibility. Most aquatic invertebrates preyed upon by the otters are from the orders Odonata

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In early spring, expectant mothers begin to look for a den where they can give birth. The female otters do not dig their own dens; instead, they rely on other animals, such as beavers, to provide suitable environments to raise their offspring. When the mothers have established their domains, they

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close to the water's edge in river, lake, swamp, coastal shoreline, tidal flat, or estuary ecosystems. The den typically has many tunnel openings, one of which generally allows the otter to enter and exit the body of water. Female North American river otters give birth in these burrows, producing

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that are used to detect prey in dark waters. An average adult male weighs about 11.3 kilograms (25 lb) against the female's average of 8.3 kg (18 lb). Its body length ranges from 66 to 107 cm (26 to 42 in). About one-third of the animal's total length consists of a long,

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and has a variety of common names, including North American river otter, northern river otter, common otter and, simply, river otter. Other documented common names are American otter, Canada otter, Canadian otter, fish otter, land otter, nearctic river otter, and Prince of Wales otter. The North

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or population declines in North American river otter populations in many areas. In 1980, an examination conducted on U.S. river otter populations determined they were locally extinct in 11 states, and lost significant population in 9 other states. The most severe population declines occurred in

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Although North American river otters are known to be social animals, they can also survive by themselves. Their bodies allow them to avoid predators quite effectively since they can dive, burrow, twist, and turn their bodies for evasive techniques, enabling them to survive independently. North

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Threats to North American river otter populations in North America vary regionally. North American river otter inhabitation is affected by type, distribution, and density of aquatic habitats and characteristics of human activities. Preceding the settlement of North America by Europeans, North

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The diet of the North American river otter can be deduced by analyzing either stool obtained in the field, or gut contents removed from trapped otters. Fish are the primary component of the North American river otter's diet throughout the year. Every study done on the food habits of the North

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During the 1970s, improvements in natural resource management techniques emerged, along with increased concerns about North American river otter population declines in North America. Consequently, many wildlife management agencies developed strategies to restore or enhance otter populations,

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or other fish culture facilities). Likewise, the potential predatory impact of otters may be considerable whenever fish are physically confined (most commonly in smaller ponds offering sparse cover or other escape options). To protect fish in these cases, the otters may need to be removed or

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Although commonly called a "river otter", the North American river otter is found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, both freshwater and coastal marine, including lakes, rivers, inland wetlands, coastal shorelines, marshes, and estuaries. It can tolerate a great range of temperature and

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During the winter and spring, when the water levels were higher, North American river otters had a greater tendency to prey upon crayfish (73% of scats had crayfish remains) rather than fish. However, when water levels are lower, crayfish will seek out shelter while fish become more highly

1425:, and some colonial nesting birds are preyed upon by North American river otters in various areas. Susceptibility of these species is greatest during the summer (when waterfowl broods are vulnerable) and autumn. The North American river otters have also been known to catch and consume 906:

American River Otters famously love to play together, which creates strong social bonds, improves hunting skills, and marks territory. North American River Otters are not aggressively territorial, but frequently scent-mark certain spots to make their presence known.

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elevations. Aquatic life ties North American river otters almost exclusively to permanent watersheds. Their main requirements are a steady food supply and easy access to a body of water. However, it is sensitive to pollution, and will disappear from tainted areas.

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A North American River Otter can have a territory as large as 78 square kilometres (30 sq mi). However, their usual territory is about 3 to 15 square miles (7.8 to 38.8 km). This can change during mating seasons, but that topic is up for debate.

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The diet of the North American River otters is extensive and mostly consists of fish, frogs, crayfish, turtles, insects and some small mammals. They are known to hunt in pairs or alone and can hunt on both land and in the water. “The North American river otter

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American river otters were prevalent among aquatic habitats throughout most of the continent. Trapping, loss or degradation of aquatic habitats through filling of wetlands, and development of coal, oil, gas, tanning, timber, and other industries, resulted in

1310:. In the winter, crayfish made up one-third of the North American river otter's diet. A study conducted on North American river otters in a southwestern Arkansas swamp identified a correlation between crayfish consumption, fish consumption, and water levels. 803:

formed nearly 100% of the river otter's diet at certain times of the year. However, North American river otters, as foragers, will immediately take advantage of other prey when readily obtainable. Other prey consumed by North American river otters includes

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North American river otters are renowned for their sense of play. Otter play mostly consists of wrestling with conspecifics. Chasing is also a common game. North American river otters rely upon play to learn survival skills such as fighting and hunting.

1274:(3.1 to 3.9 in), and they had difficulty catching fish species less than 10 centimeters (3.9 in) or larger than 17 centimeters (6.7 in). Otters are known to take larger fish on land to eat, whereas smaller fish are consumed in the water. 783:

detectability and mobility of the prey, habitat availability for the various prey species, environmental factors, such as water depth and temperature, and seasonal changes in prey supply and distribution in correspondence with otter foraging habitat.

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habitats in interior regions supported smaller otter populations. The North American river otter existed on all parts of the Pacific Coast, including the seashore and inland streams and lakes. However, river otters were scarce or absent in areas of

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Amphibians, where regionally accessible, have been found in the North American river otter's diet during the spring and summer months, as indicated in many of the food habit studies. The most common amphibians and reptiles recognized were

1250:(Esocidae), are not a significant component of their diets. They are less likely to be prey for the North American river otters since they are fast-swimming and can find good escape cover. However, river otters will prey on trout, pike, 1093:) is a predator adapted to hunting in water, feeding on aquatic and semi-aquatic animals. The vulnerability and seasonal availability of prey animals primarily determines the food habits and prey preference of the river otter.” 787:

American river otter has identified varying fish species as being the primary component of its diet. For instance, an Alberta, Canada study involved the collection and analysis of 1,191 samples of North American river otter

1138:) is a preferred fish species for the North American river otter in other regions of Colorado. Fish species frequently found in the diets of the North American river otters include: Catostomidae, which consists of suckers ( 1519:

Mammals are rarely consumed by North American river otters, and are not a major dietary component. Mammals preyed upon by North American river otters are characteristically small or are a type species found in

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and its inland waterways . An adult North American river otter can weigh between 5.0 and 14 kg (11.0 and 30.9 lb). The river otter is protected and insulated by a thick, water-repellent coat of fur.

1511:). Invertebrates discovered within scats or digestive tracts could most likely be a secondary food item, first being consumed by the fish that are subsequently preyed upon by the North American river otters. 3108: 2408: 1604:

interior regions where fewer aquatic habitats supported fewer otter populations. Although the distribution became reduced in some regions of southern Canada, the only province-wide extinction occurred on

799:), where regionally available, are the second-most important prey for otters. Crustaceans may even be consumed more than fish. For example, a study conducted in a central California marshland indicated 791:(feces) collected during each season. Fish remnants were found in 91.9% of the samples. Moreover, a western Oregon study revealed fish remains were present in 80% of the 103 digestive tracts examined. 1410:

Amphibians and reptiles are more obtainable by the North American river otter during the spring and summer as a result of breeding activity, appropriate temperatures, and water supply for the prey.

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more than fish where they are locally and seasonally plentiful. In Georgia, crayfish accounted for two-thirds of the prey in the summer diet, and their remnants were present in 98% of the summer

844:(dead animals). North American river otters do not generally handle prey of a large size relative to themselves but there are occasions where they have been observed ambushing and killing adult 9591: 646:

tapered tail. Tail lengths range from 30 to 50 centimetres (12 to 20 in). Large male North American river otters can exceed a weight of 15 kilograms (33 lb). It differs from the

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They may look playful, but don't be fooled – otters can be aggressive. As we previously reported, a St. Petersburg couple's dog died last weekend after an otter attack behind their home.

438:, which is a likely factor in the continued decline of their numbers. A number of reintroduction projects have been initiated to help halt the reduction in the overall population. 856:

do not show them to be regular predators of beavers (despite the claims of fur-trappers that otters frequently hunt beavers) and perhaps only young beaver kits may be attacked.

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Lemelin, R. H.; Dowsley, M.; Walmark, B.; Siebel, F.; Bird, L.; Hunter, G.; Myles, T.; Mack, M.; Gull, M.; Kakekaspan, M. (2010). "Wabusk of the Omushkegouk: Cree-Polar Bear (

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Brooks, Ronald J.; Brown, Gregory P.; Galbraith, David A. (1991). "Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (

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concentrated and susceptible to predation. Therefore, fish are more vulnerable to being preyed upon by otters because the crayfish have become more difficult to obtain.

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spp.). Bottom-dwelling species, which have the tendency to remain immobile until a predator is very close, are susceptible to North American river otters. These include

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and other diminution of aquatic and wetland habitats may limit distribution and pose long-term threats if the enforcement of water quality standards is not upheld.

2416: 978:, the first river otter sighting in that city since the 1950s. North American river otters occupy all Canadian provinces and territories, except, until recently, 3116: 9566: 9410: 3460: 9561: 9516: 3225:"Final report of the North American river otter research project on the Upper Colorado River Basin in and adjacent to Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado" 2313: 419:. Occasional reports also show the river otter eating other small animals, such as mice, squirrels, birds, and even dogs that they've attacked and drowned. 1064: 1040: 1643:

Improvements in water quality and reintroduction projects have been particularly valuable in restoring otter populations in many areas of North America

1130:). For instance, Catostomidae are the primary dietary component of North American river otters in Colorado's Upper Colorado River Basin. Likewise, the 1204:

spp.). Other fish an integral part of the North American river otters' diets are those that are often plentiful and found in large schools: sunfish (

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while the large turtles (which are roughly equal in average body weight to a North American river otter) are hibernating. Remains of the much larger

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Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Kerry Deere; Graham Slater; Colleen Begg; Keith Begg; Lon Grassman; Mauro Lucherini; Geraldine Veron; Robert Wayne (2008).

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A Victoria veterinarian issued a warning to dog owners after her golden retriever was said to have been pulled under water and bitten by otters.

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give birth to several kits. Litter size can reach five, but usually ranges from one to three. Each otter pup weighs approximately five ounces.

537:, which existed off and on between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago. The otters migrated to North America and southwards again across the 525:) have been found in the US Midwest; however, fossils of the modern river otter did not appear in North America until about 1.9 Mya. The 9551: 9541: 9526: 9436: 3530: 2260: 427: 454: 223: 3329:

Tumlison, R.; M. Karnes (1987). "Seasonal changes in food habits of North American river otters in southwestern Arkansas beaver swamps".

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have been found in North American river otter scat in some regions, although most otter dietary studies in areas where otters and beaver

3696: 2630:(M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Malloch ed.). Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. pp. 626–641. 9576: 1839: 1008: 9531: 5066: 3629: 3056: 1975: 1756: 877: 3567: 2026:"Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation" 1900: 2075:

Koepfli, K.P.; R.K. Wayne (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome

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The North American river otter is found throughout North America, inhabiting inland waterways and coastal areas in Canada, the

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Reid, D. G.; Code, T. E.; Reid, A. C. H.; Herrero, S. M. (1994). "Food habits of the river otter in a boreal ecosystem".

2387: 521:), which is "much earlier" than indicated in the fossil record. Fossils of a giant otter dating back 3.5 Mya (during the 9581: 3174: 3161: 2284: 1016: 9384: 9244: 4822: 3591: 2193: 1384: 688:

North American river otters characteristically approach within a few feet of a boat or a person on shore due to their

7619: 3385:"Observations on the occurrence of otter in the Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, in relation to beaver life" 2246: 9546: 9536: 9084: 7106: 3452: 430:. In some regions, though, their population is controlled to allow the trapping and harvesting of otters for their 9415: 2317: 754:

North American river otters only settle in areas that consist of vegetation, rock piles, and sufficient coverage.

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Reid, D.G.; T.E. Code; A.C.H. Reid; S.M. Herrero (1994). "Food habits of the river otter in a boreal ecosystem".

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North American river otters swimming in San Francisco Bay stop to sun themselves on rocks at Richmond, CA Marina

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She was actually drug under the water and there were like three-four and they were swarming all over her.

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Reports on the geology, botany, and zoology of northern California and Oregon made to the war Department

3109:"Art Lander's Outdoors: Once endangered river otters now likely to be found in Kentucky for generations" 1019:

regions in New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, and Colorado. In Mexico, North American river otters lived in the

849: 206: 7088: 6984: 5894: 5469: 2003: 1571: 1524:. The few occurrences of mammals found in the North American river otter's diet include remains of the 864:

When left unchecked, though, otters can be significant predators under certain circumstances (e.g. in

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North American river otters, like most predators, prey upon the most readily accessible species.

289: 106: 4949: 3010: 2714:(J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1746: 914:

Delayed implantation distinguishes the species from the Eurasian otter, which does not do this.

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Hansen, Heidi (2003). ""Food habits of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis)."".

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by its longer neck, narrower visage, the smaller space between the ears and its shorter tail.

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North American river otters can live 21–25 years in captivity, or 8–13 years in the wild.

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Melquist, W.E.; M.G. Hornocker (1983). "Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho".

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The North American river otter's streamlined shape allows it to glide through the water.

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Larsen, D.N. (1984). "Feeding habits of river otters in coastal southeastern Alaska".

1700: 625: 9510: 9358: 9075: 8971: 8944: 8570: 8268: 8213: 7735: 7679: 7420: 7061: 6516: 6078: 5243: 5210: 5012: 5003: 4940: 4840: 4798: 4650: 4243: 3499: 2875: 2601: 2338: 2242: 2134: 1709: 1662: 1658: 1623: 1549: 1477: 1344: 1211: 1184: 1178: 1119: 1012: 975: 951: 865: 809: 712: 563: 360: 348: 79: 74: 3350: 3303:) in Clarke County (Georgia, USA): survey, food habits, and environmental factors". 3285: 2837: 1080: 9262: 9102: 9048: 8749: 8517: 8463: 8240: 8139: 7694: 7670: 7489: 7480: 7300: 7267: 7190: 7151: 6561: 6543: 6405: 6277: 5736: 5137: 5100: 4985: 4967: 4380: 4326: 4252: 3930: 1580: 1487:

Although they consume birds, North American river otters do not feed on bird eggs.

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which render the birds flightless and thus makes them easier to capture), aquatic

1965: 982:. Otters have recently began re-establishing themselves on Prince Edward Island. 17: 9480: 9397: 9376: 9319: 9216: 8716: 7907: 7824: 7797: 7546: 7460: 7392: 7318: 7309: 7276: 7234: 7199: 6916: 6809: 6641: 6181: 6093: 5646: 5219: 5039: 4704: 4618: 4601: 4578: 4541: 4425: 4389: 4234: 4023: 3878: 3269: 3224: 2604:(Report). Omaha, Nebraska: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1600: 1533: 1247: 1189: 1166: 1131: 1115: 995: 987: 971: 750:

Sliding across ice is an efficient means of travel. Note the long, tapered tail.

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that inflict lethal bites to prey. Also, North American river otters have large

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Recent monograph on otters in general, with many references to the river otter.

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Distribution and abundance of river otter in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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in North America. The species is also present throughout Alaska, including the

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Toweill, D.E. (1974). "Winter food habits of river otters in western Oregon".

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present a localized threat to otter populations, especially in coastal areas.

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easier to catch. As a result, slow-swimming fish are consumed more often than

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The range of the North American river otter has been significantly reduced by

380: 363:(Mustelidae), is equally versatile in the water and on land. It establishes a 173: 9207: 703:

Most mustelids, including otters, have 36 specialized teeth, including sharp

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Feltrop, Preston D.; Nielsen, Clayton K.; Schauber, Eric M. (2016-10-01).

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Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce Carlyle; Chapman, Joseph A. (2003).

733: 730: 9428: 9201: 8553: 8016: 7833: 7809: 7170: 7020: 6966: 6902: 6897: 6850: 6782: 6700: 6570: 6319: 6310: 6208: 6163: 6043: 5876: 5700: 5613: 5522: 5512: 5491: 5451: 5338: 5270: 5178: 5169: 4489: 4285: 4038: 3921: 3888: 3737: 3725: 1814: 1575:

North American river otters are hunted and trapped for their valuable fur

1504: 1426: 1422: 1292: 1287: 1172: 1145: 1127: 999: 800: 796: 720: 673: 642: 522: 513:) of South America diverged. These analyses suggest they diverged in the 404: 356: 336: 143: 3277: 3253: 696:. North American river otters have a transparent inner eyelid (called a 9311: 8935: 8782: 8656: 8371: 7883: 7213: 6679: 6235: 6199: 6066: 6034: 6018: 5531: 5234: 4813: 4294: 4201: 4119: 4047: 3989: 3966: 3859: 2765: 2677: 2579: 2500: 2222: 1872: 1843: 1525: 1508: 1453: 1307: 1251: 1235: 1206: 1197: 1111: 841: 840:. North American river otters are not scavengers; they avoid consuming 837: 813: 716: 584:(J. A. Allen, 1898) – (Alaska, Canada, northern U.S., south to central 514: 416: 1559:

Records of North American otters preying upon North American beavers (

1106:

when both are equally available. Slow-moving species include suckers (

9324: 9039: 8986: 8731: 8419: 8153: 6873: 6534: 6369: 6126: 5563: 4335: 4261: 4210: 4192: 4165: 4086: 3948: 3731: 3719: 3401: 3384: 1259: 833: 829: 613: 589: 491: 434:. North American river otters are very susceptible to the effects of 400: 392: 364: 344: 332: 183: 153: 133: 9178: 3437: 2993: 2966: 2876:"Feeding relationships of river otters in northeastern Pennsylvania" 2827:"Food habits of the river otter in Suisun Marsh, Central California" 2811: 2757: 2669: 2571: 2213: 1967:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

9288: 9475: 9021: 8880: 8823: 8696: 8499: 8356: 7983: 7965: 7588: 7258: 6507: 6492: 5153: 4444: 3939: 1638: 1570: 1303: 1243: 1219: 1079: 1063: 1039: 929: 884: 805: 788: 773: 745: 679: 667: 632: 624: 467: 463: 458: 408: 375:

is a favored food among the otters, but they also consume various

96: 90: 9275: 2248:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

9441: 8395: 7291: 6616: 6552: 4225: 3957: 3234:. National Park Service: Rocky Mountain National Park, West Unit 3162:

How river otters are making a comeback on P.E.I. after 100 years

1324: 1123: 825: 821: 593: 384: 372: 9182: 8087: 7544: 6848: 6000: 5135: 4576: 3756: 3678: 6525: 6134: 4462: 3416:

Gilbert, F.F.; E.G. Nancekivell (1982). "Food habits of mink (

1840:"Expert says otter attacks are rare after St. Pete dog killed" 1595:) have also been reportedly witnessed near the Arctic region. 431: 2880:

Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society

1335:). Specific species of reptiles and amphibians prey include: 2706:

Toweill, D.E.; J.E. Tabor (1982). "The Northern River Otter

1444:). Other species of birds found within their diets include: 2628:

Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America

2285:"North American River Otter – National Wildlife Federation" 1811:"'Angry' otters attempted to drown B.C. dog, witness says" 1657:

The North American river otter is considered a species of

355:

The North American river otter, a member of the subfamily

1270:. Otters have been found to consume invasive Asian carp. 505:

have been used to determine when the river otter and the

1084:

Raft of North American river otter surfacing to eat fish

3364:

Field, R.J. (1970). "Winter habits of the river otter (

3095:"DNR hopes West Virginia public can help locate otters" 2127:

10.1644/1545-1410(2002)712<0001:LM>2.0.CO;2

556:(Schreber, 1777) – (eastern Canada, U.S., Newfoundland) 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 1579:

Cases where otters have been ambushed and consumed by

1076:) at the Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge (Wyoming) 966:

recent years, in West Virginia, and especially in the

715:

used for crushing hard objects, such as the shells of

3049:

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

2626:

Melquist, W.E.; A.E. Dronkert (1987). "River otter".

2546:

Erlinge, Sam (1968). "Food studies on captive otters

934:

The species inhabits coastal areas, such as marshland

3254:"Asian Carp in the Diet of River Otters in Illinois" 1970:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 348–733. 1869:"Dog attacked by otters in Lakewood, homeowners say" 9191: 8984: 8933: 8924: 8878: 8854: 8821: 8780: 8729: 8695: 8654: 8613: 8596: 8551: 8525: 8516: 8417: 8393: 8369: 8343: 8266: 8211: 8169: 8152: 8128: 8100: 8055: 8014: 7981: 7964: 7905: 7855: 7822: 7796: 7733: 7692: 7659: 7600: 7579: 7557: 7459: 7418: 7390: 7356: 7339: 7289: 7256: 7212: 7169: 7150: 7059: 7018: 6964: 6938: 6914: 6886: 6864: 6808: 6781: 6772: 6713: 6678: 6654: 6630: 6615: 6604: 6505: 6446: 6431: 6358: 6308: 6276: 6261: 6124: 6091: 6065: 6032: 6016: 5916: 5874: 5734: 5699: 5644: 5611: 5561: 5520: 5511: 5490: 5449: 5399: 5373: 5336: 5301: 5284: 5268: 5232: 5191: 5167: 5152: 5099: 4914: 4875: 4866: 4811: 4770: 4752: 4702: 4649: 4600: 4589: 4540: 4442: 4378: 4352: 4324: 4283: 4274: 4223: 4136: 4099: 4073: 4036: 4012: 4003: 3987: 3919: 3886: 3877: 3857: 3815: 3804: 3772: 3005: 3003: 457:in 1777. The mammal was identified as a species of 9592:Taxa named by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber 1282:North American river otters may prefer to feed on 475:was the early European name (from Latin), and the 3453:Assessment and status report on the Grizzly Bear 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1959: 1957: 1955: 889:A pair of captive North American river otters at 641:The North American river otter has long and thin 462:American river otter was first classified in the 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2348:. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management 1897:"7 Surprising Facts About the Giant River Otter" 950:. They also inhabit the forested regions of the 2933:Food habits of the North American river otter ( 2874:Serfass, T.L.; L.M. Rymon; R.P. Brooks (1990). 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2515:"Basic Facts About North American River Otters" 1724:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T12302A164577078.en 986:aquatic habitats, such as coastal marshes, the 485:In a new classification, the species is called 3037:. Conservenature.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-09. 2651: 2649: 2647: 1748:The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 533:river otters following a migration across the 3690: 3137:Colorado Otters May No Longer Need Protection 2891: 2889: 2836:. California State University. Archived from 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2316:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 655:different non-sexual physical characteristics 8: 3515:A Field Guide to the Carnivores of the World 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 2911:. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2002:. University of Guelph. 2002. Archived from 1751:. the Smithsonian Institution. p. 179. 578:(Goldman, 1935) – (Alaska, British Columbia) 517:epoch 23.03 to 5.33 million years ago ( 3622:Otters: ecology, behaviour and conservation 672:The North American river otter's sensitive 9557:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States) 9179: 8930: 8709: 8610: 8531: 8522: 8349: 8166: 8108: 8097: 8084: 7978: 7802: 7597: 7554: 7541: 7473: 7370: 7353: 7218: 7183: 7166: 6944: 6911: 6861: 6845: 6778: 6684: 6627: 6612: 6443: 6288: 6273: 6071: 6029: 6013: 5997: 5705: 5517: 5508: 5379: 5307: 5298: 5281: 5203: 5164: 5149: 5145: 5132: 5096: 4872: 4782: 4767: 4749: 4655: 4597: 4586: 4573: 4358: 4280: 4079: 4009: 4000: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3854: 3812: 3801: 3780: 3769: 3753: 3697: 3683: 3675: 3564:Management Authority of the United Kingdom 684:North American river otter have small ears 280: 68: 40: 31: 3400: 2927: 2925: 2212: 2192:Larivière, Serge; Lyle R. Walton (1998). 2051: 2041: 1722: 446:The North American river otter was first 9572:Least concern biota of the United States 3299:Noordhuis, R. (2002). "The river otter ( 876: 700:) to protect their eyes while swimming. 2902:): a technical conservation assessment" 1674: 3150:S.F.'s only river otter at Sutro Baths 1921: 1919: 1917: 692:, a consequence of vision adapted for 676:allow it to detect prey in murky water 3478:) interactions in Northern Ontario". 1015:seasonal waterway regions, or in the 657:, with males typically being larger. 629:Skull of a North American river otter 428:European colonization of the Americas 7: 9567:Least concern biota of North America 3305:IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 2600:Route, W.T.; Peterson, R.O. (1988). 2447:Fur Hunting and Trapping in Illinois 1152:spp.); Cyprinidae, made up of carp ( 1068:North American river otter eating a 455:Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber 407:. The most common fish consumed are 9562:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area 9517:IUCN Red List least concern species 5067:South African small-spotted genet ( 3624:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2157:. National Park Service. 2006-07-26 1710:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 653:Males and female river otters show 2093:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x 1939:National Museum of Natural History 1775:". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1266:spp.), and other game fish during 860:Ecological impacts on prey species 25: 5411:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 2825:Grenfell, William E. Jr. (1974). 2449:. dnr.state.il.us. Archived from 529:river otters originated from the 3660: 3646: 3513:Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). 3463:from the original on 2016-12-20. 3179:. Harvard University. p. 43 1650:is listed in Appendix II of the 1044:A North American river otter in 110: 3555:Duplaix, Nicole; Joseph Davis. 3258:The American Midland Naturalist 2439:"River Otter – Scientific name 2386:Dewey, Tanya; E. Ellis (2003). 503:Molecular biological techniques 2746:Journal of Wildlife Management 2658:Journal of Wildlife Management 2253:Johns Hopkins University Press 2245:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 27:Species of semi-aquatic mammal 1: 4823:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 3139:. CBS4denver.com (2010-07-17) 3076:. Chattooga River Conservancy 2898:"North American River Otter ( 2712:Wild mammals of North America 2413:Mammals of Wisconsin Database 2357:Godman, John Davidson (1836) 2000:Canada's Aquatic Environments 1745:Wilson, D.; Ruff, S. (1999). 958:, and the north slope of the 368:litters of one to six young. 343:continent throughout most of 9552:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 9542:Mammals of the United States 9527:Carnivorans of North America 9085:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 8741:North American river otter ( 7629:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 4683:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 3424:) in northeastern Alberta". 3148:Fimrite, Peter (2013-01-04) 3074:"North American River Otter" 3011:"North American river otter" 2314:"North American River Otter" 1899:. 2016-10-25. Archived from 5946:Somalian slender mongoose ( 3426:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3270:10.1674/0003-0031-176.2.298 2982:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2955:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2800:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1786:"What Do River Otters Eat?" 1385:California giant salamander 1009:chaparral and oak woodlands 910:Reproduction and life cycle 541:, which formed 3 Mya. 35:North American river otter 9608: 8899:Asian small-clawed otter ( 7638:American hog-nosed skunk ( 7620:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 5928:Angolan slender mongoose ( 5623:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 4672:Small-toothed palm civet ( 3343:10.1515/mamm.1987.51.2.225 3173:Newberry, John S. (1857). 3035:north american river otter 3015:Smithsonian's National Zoo 2415:. uwsp.edu. Archived from 1242:spp.). Game fish, such as 824:(most especially moulting 347:, along the coasts of the 312:North American river otter 9577:Mammals described in 1777 8804: 8712: 8666:Saharan striped polecat ( 8637: 8534: 8352: 8111: 8096: 8083: 7805: 7647:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 7553: 7540: 7476: 7378:Mediterranean monk seal ( 7373: 7221: 7186: 7107:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 7071:South American fur seal ( 7042: 7006:South American sea lion ( 7001: 6947: 6860: 6844: 6687: 6479: 6388:South American gray fox ( 6332: 6291: 6074: 6012: 5996: 5964:Common slender mongoose ( 5830: 5708: 5594: 5544: 5437:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 5432: 5382: 5310: 5206: 5148: 5144: 5131: 5095: 4959:Crested servaline genet ( 4785: 4748: 4658: 4585: 4572: 4361: 4307: 4082: 3873: 3853: 3800: 3783: 3768: 3752: 3714: 3492:10.1007/s10745-010-9355-x 3389:Canadian Field-Naturalist 2106:Larivière, Serge (2002). 1941:. Smithsonian Institution 1927:"North American Mammals: 295: 288: 279: 236: 231: 212: 205: 107:Scientific classification 105: 88: 66: 57: 48: 39: 34: 9532:Mammals of North America 9022:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 8890:African clawless otter ( 8642:African striped weasel ( 8455:Yellow-throated marten ( 8331:Formosan ferret-badger ( 8035:Western mountain coati ( 8026:Eastern mountain coati ( 7943:Western lowland olingo ( 7925:Eastern lowland olingo ( 7753:Southern spotted skunk ( 7447:Southern elephant seal ( 7438:Northern elephant seal ( 7228:Pagophilus groenlandicus 6005:("dog-like" carnivorans) 5818:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 5439:Mungotictis decemlineata 4314:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 3761:("cat-like" carnivorans) 3047:Ware, George W. (2001). 2939:. University of Wyoming. 2359:American Natural History 1377:northwestern salamanders 1182:spp.), and squawfishes ( 968:Midwestern United States 612:(Rhoads, 1898) – (U.S., 9067:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 8322:Burmese ferret-badger ( 8304:Chinese ferret-badger ( 8295:Bornean ferret badger ( 8286:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 7771:Eastern spotted skunk ( 7762:Western spotted skunk ( 7492:Leptonychotes weddellii 7134:Subantarctic fur seal ( 7080:Australasian fur seal ( 5904:Black-footed mongoose ( 5886:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 5835:White-tailed mongoose ( 5773:Indian brown mongoose ( 5755:Short-tailed mongoose ( 5746:Small Indian mongoose ( 5683:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 5656:Alexander's kusimanse ( 5632:Common dwarf mongoose ( 5599:Pousargues's mongoose ( 5461:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 5420:Grandidier's mongoose ( 4674:Arctogalidia trivirgata 3898:Sunda clouded leopard ( 2361:, Hogan & Thompson. 1809:Lagerquist, J. (2018). 1585:Ursus arctos horribilis 1538:Microtus pennsylvanicus 1318:Reptiles and amphibians 846:common snapping turtles 604:Queen Charlotte Islands 572:(Cuvier, 1823) – (U.S.) 549:Listed alphabetically: 436:environmental pollution 8908:Congo clawless otter ( 8811:Hydrictis maculicollis 8809:Spotted-necked otter ( 8768:Southern river otter ( 8719:Pteronura brasiliensis 8482:European pine marten ( 7993:South American coati ( 7721:Palawan stink badger ( 7047:New Zealand sea lion ( 6112:Japanese raccoon dog ( 5809:Crab-eating mongoose ( 5764:Indian grey mongoose ( 5387:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 5198:(bone-crushing hyenas) 4893:Central African oyan ( 4454:Chinese mountain cat ( 3592:"The CITES Appendices" 3199:River Otter Journal 12 2390:. Animal Diversity Web 2043:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10 1717:: e.T12302A164577078. 1644: 1576: 1256:Sander vitreus vitreus 1085: 1077: 1074:Catostomus commersonii 1048: 935: 898: 882: 779: 751: 685: 677: 638: 630: 539:Panamanian Land Bridge 511:Pteronura brasiliensis 442:Taxonomy and evolution 9463:Paleobiology Database 9148:Back-striped weasel ( 9094:Black-footed ferret ( 8866:Smooth-coated otter ( 8644:Poecilogale albinucha 8313:Javan ferret-badger ( 8199:Sumatran hog badger ( 8181:Northern hog badger ( 7875:Crab-eating raccoon ( 7780:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 7501:Lobodon carcinophagus 7237:Histriophoca fasciata 7030:Australian sea lion ( 6976:California sea lion ( 6725:American black bear ( 6467:Black-backed jackal ( 6458:Side-striped jackal ( 6298:Chrysocyon brachyurus 5722:Long-nosed mongoose ( 4995:Rusty-spotted genet ( 4832:Large-spotted civet ( 4681:Sulawesi palm civet ( 4610:Owston's palm civet ( 4184:Andean mountain cat ( 3523:Bloomsbury Publishing 3519:Princeton, New Jersey 3223:Berg, Judith (1999). 2519:Defenders of Wildlife 1642: 1574: 1546:Sylvilagus floridanus 1496:Aquatic invertebrates 1083: 1067: 1043: 1025:Colorado River Deltas 933: 888: 880: 850:North American beaver 777: 749: 683: 671: 636: 628: 426:, beginning with the 320:), also known as the 8963:Long-tailed weasel ( 8541:Lyncodon patagonicus 8190:Greater hog badger ( 7712:Sunda stink badger ( 7402:Hawaiian monk seal ( 7125:Guadalupe fur seal ( 7098:Antarctic fur seal ( 7089:Galápagos fur seal ( 6985:Galápagos sea lion ( 6103:Common raccoon dog ( 5955:Cape gray mongoose ( 5895:Jackson's mongoose ( 5855:Paracynictis selousi 5846:Cynictis penicillata 5470:Durrell's vontsira ( 5058:Giant forest genet ( 4850:Large Indian civet ( 4790:Small Indian civet ( 4399:Sunda leopard cat ( 4175:Southern tiger cat ( 4111:African golden cat ( 3788:African palm civet ( 3657:at Wikimedia Commons 3383:Green, H.U. (1932). 3370:Michigan Academician 1838:Bernard, P. (2018). 1699:Serfass, T. (2021). 1606:Prince Edward Island 1192:, which consists of 980:Prince Edward Island 854:live near each other 723:may be present. The 698:nictitating membrane 482:means "of Canada". 322:northern river otter 9582:Semiaquatic animals 9006:M. aistoodonnivalis 8842:Hairy-nosed otter ( 8759:Neotropical otter ( 8539:Patagonian weasel ( 8002:White-nosed coati ( 7202:Cystophora cristata 7193:Erignathus barbatus 6926:Northern fur seal ( 6703:Helarctos malayanus 6339:Atelocynus microtis 6046:U. cinereoargenteus 5937:Egyptian mongoose ( 5864:Rhynchogale melleri 5862:Meller's mongoose ( 5853:Selous's mongoose ( 5837:Ichneumia albicauda 5791:Collared mongoose ( 5665:Angolan kusimanse ( 5549:Liberian mongoose ( 4902:West African oyan ( 4801:Civettictis civetta 4732:Golden palm civet ( 4690:Masked palm civet ( 4665:Arctictis binturong 4639:Hemigalus derbyanus 4637:Banded palm civet ( 4628:Hose's palm civet ( 4417:Rusty-spotted cat ( 3517:(Second ed.). 2951:Chelydra serpentina 2931:Hansen, H. (2003). 2564:1968Oikos..19..259E 2489:Wildlife Monographs 2409:"Lontra canadensis" 2388:"Lontra canadensis" 1903:on October 24, 2013 1635:Conservation status 1507:), and Coleoptera ( 1389:Dicamptodon ensatus 1341:Pseudacris maculata 1337:boreal chorus frogs 1005:Southern California 606:, British Columbia) 592:, and northeastern 562:(Goldman, 1935) – ( 60:Conservation status 9121:European polecat ( 8954:Colombian weasel ( 8604:(African polecats) 8232:Caucasian badger ( 8160:(Eurasian badgers) 7610:(hog-nosed skunks) 7347:("southern seals") 7246:Halichoerus grypus 7177:("northern seals") 7049:Phocarctos hookeri 6954:Eumetopias jubatus 6952:Steller sea lion ( 6734:Asian black bear ( 6484:African wild dog ( 6438:(wolf-like canids) 5715:Atilax paludinosus 5674:Common kusimanse ( 5601:Dologale dybowskii 5573:Gambian mongoose ( 5357:Western falanouc ( 5348:Eastern falanouc ( 5317:Cryptoprocta ferox 5222:Parahyaena brunnea 4977:Johnston's genet ( 4932:Abyssinian genet ( 4884:(African linsangs) 4792:Viverricula indica 4723:Brown palm civet ( 4714:Asian palm civet ( 4621:Cynogale bennettii 4612:Chrotogale owstoni 4508:European wildcat ( 4499:Black-footed cat ( 4089:Leptailurus serval 4057:Asian golden cat ( 3823:(Asiatic linsangs) 3620:Kruuk, H. (2006). 3557:"Lutra canadensis" 3072:Orr, Eric (2007). 2896:Boyle, S. (2006). 2453:on 3 December 2013 2344:2015-12-24 at the 2110:Lutra maculicollis 2081:Journal of Zoology 1867:Munoz, R. (2017). 1645: 1577: 1542:eastern cottontail 1530:Ondatra zibethicus 1474:Oxyura jamaicensis 1466:Aythya valisineria 1458:Anas platyrhynchos 1393:rough-skinned newt 1361:American bullfrogs 1302:, and others) and 1228:Central mudminnows 1086: 1078: 1049: 936: 899: 883: 780: 778:Tracks in the snow 752: 686: 678: 639: 631: 602:(Elliot, 1905) – ( 600:L. c. periclyzomae 535:Bering Land Bridge 489:, where the genus 266:L. c. periclyzomae 198:L. canadensis 9547:Mammals of Mexico 9537:Mammals of Canada 9504: 9503: 9450:Open Tree of Life 9237:Lontra_canadensis 9223:Lontra canadensis 9193:Lontra canadensis 9185:Taxon identifiers 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9139:Siberian weasel ( 9130:American ermine ( 9058:Japanese weasel ( 9013:Mountain weasel ( 8997: 8920: 8919: 8706: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8675:Striped polecat ( 8625:Marbled polecat ( 8607: 8592: 8591: 8564: 8512: 8511: 8491:Japanese marten ( 8437:American marten ( 8430: 8288:M. cucphuongensis 8279: 8262: 8261: 8250:European badger ( 8223:Japanese badger ( 8163: 8116:American badger ( 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8046: 7975: 7934:Northern olingo ( 7918: 7893:Cozumel raccoon ( 7868: 7792: 7791: 7746: 7705: 7613: 7594: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7510:Ommatophoca rossi 7483:Hydrurga leptonyx 7470: 7467:(Antarctic seals) 7440:M. angustirostris 7431: 7414: 7413: 7380:Monachus monachus 7367: 7350: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7180: 7163: 7146: 7145: 7008:Otaria flavescens 6997: 6996: 6908: 6876:Odobenus rosmarus 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6791: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6666:Spectacled bear ( 6624: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6440: 6427: 6426: 6346:Crab-eating fox ( 6337:Short-eared dog ( 6285: 6270: 6257: 6256: 6139: 6081:Otocyon megalotis 6025: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5844:Yellow mongoose ( 5695: 5694: 5582:Banded mongoose ( 5551:Liberiictus kuhni 5505: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5369: 5368: 5295: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5200: 5161: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5031:Servaline genet ( 4950:Bourlon's genet ( 4925: 4886: 4862: 4861: 4744: 4743: 4716:P. hermaphroditus 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4481:African wildcat ( 4438: 4437: 4408:Flat-headed cat ( 4348: 4347: 4132: 4131: 4069: 4068: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3907:Clouded leopard ( 3866: 3841:Spotted linsang ( 3825: 3790:Nandinia binotata 3668:Lontra canadensis 3654:Lontra canadensis 3651:Media related to 3573:on March 26, 2009 3532:978-0-691-18295-7 3301:Lontra canadensis 2935:Lontra canadensis 2900:Lontra canadensis 2441:Lontra canadensis 2419:on 24 August 2012 2262:978-0-8018-8221-0 2205:Mammalian Species 2196:Lontra canadensis 2119:Mammalian Species 1929:Lontra canadensis 1703:Lontra canadensis 1661:according to the 1648:Lontra canadensis 1601:local extinctions 1561:Castor canadensis 1450:Anas carolinensis 1438:green-winged teal 1397:Taricha granulosa 1381:Ambystoma gracile 1246:(Salmonidae) and 1091:Lontra canadensis 1046:San Anselmo Creek 940:Pacific Northwest 891:Phillips Park Zoo 664:Form and function 560:L. c. kodiacensis 495:includes all the 487:Lontra canadensis 317:Lontra canadensis 308: 307: 246:L. c. kodiacensis 216:Lontra canadensis 100: 83: 51:San Francisco Zoo 18:Lontra canadensis 16:(Redirected from 9599: 9497: 9496: 9484: 9483: 9471: 9470: 9458: 9457: 9445: 9444: 9432: 9431: 9419: 9418: 9406: 9405: 9393: 9392: 9380: 9379: 9367: 9366: 9354: 9353: 9341: 9340: 9328: 9327: 9315: 9314: 9302: 9301: 9292: 9291: 9279: 9278: 9266: 9265: 9253: 9252: 9240: 9239: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9180: 9112:Malayan weasel ( 9031:Steppe polecat ( 9004:Sichuan weasel ( 8996: 8995: 8991: 8931: 8868:L. perspicillata 8833:Eurasian otter ( 8710: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8580:Greater grison ( 8563: 8562: 8558: 8532: 8523: 8473:Nilgiri marten ( 8446:Pacific marten ( 8429: 8428: 8424: 8350: 8333:M. subaurantiaca 8278: 8277: 8276:(ferret-badgers) 8273: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8109: 8098: 8085: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7803: 7745: 7744: 7743:(spotted skunks) 7740: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7584: 7555: 7542: 7499:Crabeater seal ( 7474: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7430: 7429: 7428:(elephant seals) 7425: 7404:N. schauinslandi 7371: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7219: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7116:Brown fur seal ( 7091:A. galapagoensis 6978:Z. californianus 6945: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6892: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6694:Melursus ursinus 6685: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6613: 6580:Ethiopian wolf ( 6444: 6439: 6436: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6155:Blanford's fox ( 6138: 6131: 6072: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5800:Ruddy mongoose ( 5782:Javan mongoose ( 5713:Marsh mongoose ( 5706: 5685:C. platycephalus 5518: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5380: 5324:Malagasy civet ( 5308: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5150: 5146: 5133: 5097: 4924: 4921: 4885: 4882: 4873: 4783: 4779: 4768: 4763: 4750: 4656: 4598: 4587: 4574: 4368:Otocolobus manul 4359: 4281: 4157:Geoffroy's cat ( 4080: 4010: 4001: 3996: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3855: 3832:Banded linsang ( 3824: 3821: 3813: 3802: 3781: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3676: 3665:Data related to 3664: 3650: 3635: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3451:COSEWIC (2012). 3448: 3442: 3441: 3432:(6): 1282–1288. 3422:Lutra canadensis 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402:10.5962/p.339423 3380: 3374: 3373: 3368:) in Michigan". 3366:Lutra canadensis 3361: 3355: 3354: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3220: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3115:. Archived from 3105: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2946: 2940: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2806:(7): 1306–1313. 2795: 2770: 2769: 2741: 2716: 2715: 2708:Lutra canadensis 2703: 2682: 2681: 2664:(4): 1446–1452. 2653: 2642: 2641: 2623: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2543: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2383: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2337:Hill, Edward P. 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2251:(3rd ed.). 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2216: 2202: 2189: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2116: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2055: 2045: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 1994:Lutra canadensis 1988: 1982: 1981: 1961: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1933:Lutra canadensis 1923: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1696: 1554:Lepus americanus 1501:dragonfly nymphs 1482:Fulica americana 1446:northern pintail 1434:Mareca americana 1365:Rana catesbeiana 1170:spp.), shiners ( 956:Aleutian Islands 926:Geographic range 737: 736: 735: 732: 694:underwater sight 690:near-sightedness 554:L. c. canadensis 477:specific epithet 389:freshwater clams 300:Lutra canadensis 284: 241:L. c. canadensis 218: 115: 114: 94: 77: 72: 71: 44: 32: 21: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9492: 9487: 9479: 9474: 9466: 9461: 9453: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9427: 9424:Observation.org 9422: 9414: 9409: 9401: 9396: 9388: 9383: 9375: 9370: 9362: 9357: 9349: 9344: 9336: 9331: 9323: 9318: 9310: 9305: 9297: 9295: 9287: 9282: 9274: 9269: 9261: 9256: 9248: 9243: 9235: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9187: 9177: 9156: 9132:M. richardsonii 9076:European mink ( 8993: 8992: 8990: 8980: 8972:American mink ( 8945:Amazon weasel ( 8916: 8874: 8850: 8817: 8800: 8776: 8725: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8683: 8650: 8633: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8588: 8571:Lesser grison ( 8560: 8559: 8557: 8547: 8508: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8413: 8389: 8365: 8339: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8258: 8207: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8148: 8124: 8105: 8092: 8071: 8043: 8010: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7960: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7901: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7851: 7818: 7788: 7755:S. angustifrons 7742: 7741: 7739: 7729: 7702:(stink badgers) 7701: 7700: 7698: 7688: 7680:Striped skunk ( 7655: 7649:C. semistriatus 7609: 7608: 7606: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7569:Ailurus fulgens 7549: 7516: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7455: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7410: 7386: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7327: 7285: 7252: 7208: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7142: 7055: 7038: 7014: 6993: 6960: 6934: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6856: 6852: 6824: 6804: 6787: 6786: 6760: 6709: 6674: 6650: 6621: 6619: 6609: 6588: 6517:Golden jackal ( 6501: 6475: 6437: 6435: 6423: 6354: 6348:Cerdocyon thous 6328: 6304: 6282: 6280: 6267: 6265: 6253: 6218:Rüppell's fox ( 6132: 6130: 6120: 6105:N. procyonoides 6087: 6079:Bat-eared fox ( 6061: 6026: 6022: 6008: 6004: 5972: 5957:H. pulverulenta 5912: 5870: 5826: 5793:U. semitorquata 5748:U. auropunctata 5730: 5691: 5640: 5607: 5590: 5557: 5540: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5478: 5445: 5428: 5395: 5389:Galidia elegans 5365: 5332: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5252: 5244:Spotted hyena ( 5228: 5211:Striped hyena ( 5197: 5195: 5187: 5158: 5156: 5140: 5115: 5075: 5013:Aquatic genet ( 5004:Pardine genet ( 4941:Angolan genet ( 4922: 4920: 4910: 4895:P. richardsonii 4883: 4881: 4858: 4841:Malayan civet ( 4807: 4799:African civet ( 4775: 4774: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4740: 4698: 4645: 4630:Diplogale hosei 4594: 4581: 4556: 4516: 4434: 4374: 4354: 4344: 4320: 4303: 4276: 4270: 4244:Eurasian lynx ( 4219: 4128: 4095: 4075: 4065: 4032: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3975: 3915: 3867: 3863: 3849: 3822: 3809: 3796: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3748: 3710: 3703: 3643: 3632: 3619: 3616: 3614:Further reading 3611: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3533: 3525:. p. 256. 3512: 3511: 3507: 3476:Ursus maritimus 3473: 3472: 3468: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3438:10.1139/z82-172 3415: 3414: 3410: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3328: 3327: 3316: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3097:. 12 July 2023. 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2994:10.1139/z94-174 2979: 2978: 2974: 2967:10.1139/z91-185 2948: 2947: 2943: 2930: 2923: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2873: 2872: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2812:10.1139/z94-174 2797: 2796: 2773: 2758:10.2307/3800205 2743: 2742: 2719: 2705: 2704: 2685: 2670:10.2307/3801818 2655: 2654: 2645: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2599: 2598: 2587: 2572:10.2307/3565013 2545: 2544: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2486: 2485: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2346:Wayback Machine 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2263: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2214:10.2307/3504417 2200: 2191: 2190: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2007: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1925: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1698: 1697: 1676: 1671: 1637: 1620:Water pollution 1593:Ursus maritimus 1569: 1517: 1505:stonefly nymphs 1503:), Plecoptera ( 1493: 1430:American wigeon 1416: 1349:Bufo hemiophrys 1320: 1280: 1136:Cyprinus carpio 1126:, and shiners ( 1099: 1062: 1038: 1033: 1017:xeric shrubland 998:. In addition, 944:Atlantic states 928: 912: 875: 873:Social behavior 862: 772: 763: 757: 744: 729: 728: 666: 623: 547: 444: 304: 275: 227: 220: 214: 201: 109: 101: 84: 73: 69: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9605: 9603: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9509: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9485: 9472: 9459: 9446: 9433: 9420: 9407: 9394: 9381: 9368: 9355: 9342: 9329: 9316: 9303: 9293: 9280: 9267: 9254: 9241: 9228: 9213: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9150:M. strigidorsa 9145: 9136: 9127: 9118: 9109: 9103:Least weasel ( 9100: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9049:Haida ermine ( 9046: 9037: 9033:M. eversmannii 9028: 9019: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8905: 8896: 8886: 8884: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8765: 8761:L. longicaudis 8756: 8750:Marine otter ( 8747: 8737: 8735: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8707: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8608: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8529: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8464:Beech marten ( 8461: 8452: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8247: 8241:Asian badger ( 8238: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8183:A. albogularis 8177: 8175: 8164: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8140:Honey badger ( 8136: 8134: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8112: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7976: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7949: 7940: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7877:P. cancrivorus 7871: 7869: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7845:B. sumichrasti 7840: 7830: 7828: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7777: 7768: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7677: 7671:Hooded skunk ( 7667: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7595: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7505: 7496: 7490:Weddell seal ( 7487: 7481:Leopard seal ( 7477: 7471: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7368: 7351: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7301:Caspian seal ( 7297: 7295: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7274: 7268:Spotted seal ( 7264: 7262: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7241: 7232: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7197: 7191:Bearded seal ( 7187: 7181: 7164: 7160:or true seals) 7158:(earless seals 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6909: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6849: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6644:A. melanoleuca 6638: 6636: 6625: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6562:Eastern wolf ( 6559: 6550: 6544:African wolf ( 6541: 6532: 6526:Domestic dog ( 6523: 6513: 6511: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6441: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6406:Sechuran fox ( 6403: 6399:L. gymnocercus 6394: 6385: 6379:Darwin's fox ( 6376: 6366: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6343: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6152: 6148:V. bengalensis 6142: 6140: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6027: 6017: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5888:B. crassicauda 5882: 5880: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5515: 5506: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5422:G. grandidieri 5417: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5321: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5279: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4986:Letaba genet ( 4983: 4974: 4968:Common genet ( 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4765: 4753: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4734:P. zeylonensis 4729: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4692:Paguma larvata 4687: 4678: 4669: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4463:Domestic cat ( 4460: 4450: 4448: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4423: 4419:P. rubiginosus 4414: 4405: 4396: 4392:P. bengalensis 4386: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4366:Pallas's cat ( 4362: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4253:Iberian lynx ( 4250: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4007: 3998: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3931:Snow leopard ( 3927: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3881: 3868: 3858: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3744:Laurasiatheria 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3671:at Wikispecies 3658: 3642: 3641:External links 3639: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3583: 3547: 3531: 3505: 3486:(6): 803–815. 3466: 3443: 3408: 3395:(9): 204–206. 3375: 3356: 3337:(2): 225–232. 3314: 3291: 3244: 3204: 3189: 3165: 3154: 3141: 3129: 3100: 3086: 3064: 3057: 3039: 3027: 2999: 2972: 2941: 2921: 2885: 2853: 2817: 2771: 2752:(1): 107–111. 2717: 2683: 2643: 2636: 2607: 2585: 2558:(2): 259–270. 2531: 2506: 2464: 2430: 2400: 2363: 2350: 2330: 2296: 2276: 2261: 2234: 2167: 2146: 2098: 2087:(4): 401–416. 2067: 2016: 1992:"River Otter, 1983: 1976: 1951: 1913: 1888: 1859: 1830: 1801: 1777: 1764: 1757: 1737: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1636: 1633: 1568: 1565: 1522:riparian zones 1516: 1513: 1492: 1489: 1415: 1412: 1373:Rana clamitans 1357:Rana sylvatica 1345:Canadian toads 1319: 1316: 1279: 1276: 1164:spp.), daces ( 1114:, sunfish and 1098: 1095: 1061: 1058: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 948:Gulf of Mexico 927: 924: 911: 908: 874: 871: 861: 858: 810:aquatic plants 771: 768: 762: 759: 743: 740: 725:dental formula 665: 662: 648:Eurasian otter 622: 619: 618: 617: 607: 597: 582:L. c. pacifica 579: 573: 570:L. c. lataxina 567: 557: 546: 543: 499:river otters. 443: 440: 341:North American 306: 305: 303: 302: 296: 293: 292: 286: 285: 277: 276: 274: 273: 268: 263: 261:L. c. pacifica 258: 253: 251:L. c. lataxina 248: 243: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 221: 210: 209: 203: 202: 195: 193: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 103: 102: 89: 86: 85: 67: 64: 63: 58: 55: 54: 49:A pair at the 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9604: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9495: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9153: 9151: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9087:M. lutreolina 9083: 9081: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8977: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8743:L. canadensis 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8717:Giant otter ( 8715: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8698: 8694: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8609: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8475:M. gwatkinsii 8471: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8315:M. orientalis 8311: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8165: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8118:Taxidea taxus 8114: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8028:N. meridensis 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7977: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7714:M. javanensis 7710: 7709: 7707: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7640:C. leuconotus 7636: 7634: 7632: 7631:C. humboldtii 7627: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7513: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7342: 7338: 7324: 7322: 7319:Baikal seal ( 7317: 7315: 7313: 7310:Ringed seal ( 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7277:Harbor seal ( 7275: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7235:Ribbon seal ( 7233: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7200:Hooded seal ( 7198: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7136:A. tropicalis 7132: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062:Arctocephalus 7058: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6987:Z. wollebaeki 6983: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6899: 6895:(eared seals: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6736:U. thibetanus 6732: 6730: 6728: 6727:U. americanus 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6642:Giant panda ( 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6528:C. familiaris 6524: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6486:Lycaon pictus 6482: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6182:Tibetan fox ( 6180: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6114:N. viverrinus 6110: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6055:U. littoralis 6051: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5930:H. flavescens 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5820:U. vitticolla 5816: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5724:Xenogale naso 5720: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5498: 5497:sensu stricto 5493: 5489: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5326:Fossa fossana 5322: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5220:Brown hyena ( 5218: 5216: 5214: 5213:Hyaena hyaena 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5040:Hausa genet ( 5038: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4943:G. angolensis 4939: 4937: 4935: 4934:G. abyssinica 4930: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4843:V. tangalunga 4839: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4777:sensu stricto 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Paradoxurinae 4648: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4619:Otter civet ( 4617: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4513: 4511: 4510:F. silvestris 4506: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4428:P. viverrinus 4426:Fishing cat ( 4424: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4401:P. javanensis 4397: 4395: 4393: 4390:Leopard cat ( 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4237:L. canadensis 4235:Canada lynx ( 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4059:C. temminckii 4055: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4024:Marbled cat ( 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3994:sensu stricto 3991: 3986: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3843:P. pardicolor 3839: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631:0-19-856586-0 3627: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3598:on 2008-12-23 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:Human Ecology 3477: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420:) and otter ( 3419: 3418:Mustela vison 3412: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3119:on 2022-09-01 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3058:0-387-95137-7 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2843:on 2009-03-26 2839: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710:(Schreber)". 2709: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2389: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2320:on 2016-10-12 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243:Wilson, D. E. 2238: 2235: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2006:on 2012-03-20 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1977:0-8018-7416-5 1973: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1758:1-56098-845-2 1754: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1663:IUCN Red List 1660: 1659:least concern 1655: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624:Acid drainage 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581:grizzly bears 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550:snowshoe hare 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1509:adult beetles 1506: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478:American coot 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1401:garter snakes 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1286:, especially 1285: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1185:Ptychocheilus 1181: 1180: 1179:Richardsonius 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Centrarchidae 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013:Mojave Desert 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 983: 981: 977: 976:San Francisco 973: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 952:Pacific coast 949: 945: 941: 932: 925: 923: 919: 915: 909: 907: 903: 896: 892: 887: 879: 872: 870: 867: 859: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 776: 769: 767: 760: 758: 755: 748: 741: 739: 726: 722: 719:. Additional 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 682: 675: 670: 663: 661: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 635: 627: 620: 615: 611: 608: 605: 601: 598: 595: 591: 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 564:Kodiak Island 561: 558: 555: 552: 551: 550: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 498: 494: 493: 488: 483: 481: 478: 474: 470: 469: 465: 460: 456: 453: 449: 441: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 366: 362: 361:weasel family 358: 353: 350: 349:United States 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 287: 283: 278: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 235: 230: 225: 219: 217: 211: 208: 207:Binomial name 204: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 104: 98: 92: 87: 81: 76: 75:Least Concern 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9192: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9122: 9113: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9077: 9068: 9059: 9050: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9005: 8985: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8934: 8909: 8900: 8891: 8879: 8867: 8855: 8844:L. sumatrana 8843: 8834: 8822: 8810: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8760: 8751: 8742: 8740: 8730: 8718: 8676: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8627:V. peregusna 8626: 8614: 8581: 8572: 8552: 8540: 8527:Lyncodontini 8518:Ictonychinae 8502:M. zibellina 8501: 8492: 8483: 8474: 8465: 8457:M. flavigula 8456: 8447: 8439:M. americana 8438: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8359:Eira barbara 8358: 8332: 8324:M. personata 8323: 8314: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8267: 8251: 8242: 8234:M. canescens 8233: 8224: 8212: 8200: 8191: 8182: 8170: 8141: 8129: 8117: 8036: 8027: 8015: 8003: 7994: 7982: 7953: 7944: 7935: 7926: 7906: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7856: 7844: 7843:Cacomistle ( 7835: 7823: 7812:Potos flavus 7811: 7781: 7772: 7763: 7754: 7734: 7722: 7713: 7693: 7681: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7621: 7601: 7568: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7448: 7439: 7419: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7364:(monk seals) 7320: 7311: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7201: 7192: 7135: 7127:A. townsendi 7126: 7117: 7109:A. philippii 7108: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7073:A. australis 7072: 7060: 7048: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6986: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6927: 6915: 6875: 6754:U. maritimus 6753: 6752:Polar bear ( 6744: 6743:Brown bear ( 6735: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6693: 6692:Sloth bear ( 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6506: 6495:Cuon alpinus 6494: 6485: 6469:L. mesomelas 6468: 6459: 6447: 6416: 6407: 6398: 6397:Pampas fox ( 6389: 6380: 6371: 6359: 6347: 6338: 6322:S. venaticus 6321: 6309: 6297: 6296:Maned wolf ( 6278:Cerdocyonina 6246: 6245:Fennec fox ( 6237: 6228: 6220:V. rueppelli 6219: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6191:Arctic fox ( 6184:V. ferrilata 6183: 6174: 6173:Corsac fox ( 6165: 6156: 6147: 6146:Bengal fox ( 6125: 6113: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6054: 6053:Island fox ( 6045: 6033: 5966:H. sanguinea 5965: 5956: 5947: 5939:H. ichneumon 5938: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5766:U. edwardsii 5765: 5757:U. brachyura 5756: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5714: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5658:C. alexandri 5657: 5645: 5633: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5583: 5575:M. gambianus 5574: 5562: 5550: 5534:S. suricatta 5533: 5521: 5496: 5471: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5421: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5358: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5316: 5293:carnivorans) 5274: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5212: 5180: 5168: 5138:Herpestoidea 5101:Herpestoidea 5068: 5060:G. victoriae 5059: 5050: 5049:Cape genet ( 5041: 5033:G. servalina 5032: 5023: 5022:King genet ( 5015:G. piscivora 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4979:G. johnstoni 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4915: 4904:P. leightoni 4903: 4894: 4876: 4851: 4842: 4834:V. megaspila 4833: 4825:V. civettina 4824: 4812: 4800: 4791: 4776: 4760: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4509: 4500: 4492:F. margarita 4491: 4482: 4473: 4472:Jungle cat ( 4464: 4455: 4443: 4427: 4418: 4410:P. planiceps 4409: 4400: 4391: 4381:Prionailurus 4379: 4367: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4312:Jaguarundi ( 4296: 4284: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4159:L. geoffroyi 4158: 4149: 4148:Pampas cat ( 4137: 4121: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4058: 4049: 4037: 4026:P. marmorata 4025: 4013: 3993: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3899: 3887: 3842: 3833: 3816: 3789: 3742:Superorder: 3736:Infraclass: 3667: 3653: 3621: 3600:. Retrieved 3596:the original 3586: 3575:. Retrieved 3568:the original 3563: 3550: 3514: 3508: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3455:Ursus arctos 3454: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3334: 3330: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3236:. Retrieved 3232:Otter Spirit 3231: 3198: 3192: 3181:. Retrieved 3175: 3168: 3157: 3144: 3132: 3121:. Retrieved 3117:the original 3112: 3103: 3089: 3078:. Retrieved 3067: 3051:. Springer. 3048: 3042: 3030: 3019:. Retrieved 3017:. 2016-04-25 3014: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2934: 2913:. Retrieved 2908: 2899: 2882:(47): 43–53. 2879: 2845:. Retrieved 2838:the original 2834:tws.west.org 2833: 2820: 2803: 2799: 2749: 2745: 2711: 2707: 2661: 2657: 2627: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2523:. Retrieved 2521:. 2012-03-02 2518: 2509: 2495:(83): 1–60. 2492: 2488: 2455:. Retrieved 2451:the original 2446: 2440: 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2417:the original 2412: 2403: 2392:. Retrieved 2358: 2353: 2339:River Otters 2333: 2322:. Retrieved 2318:the original 2288:. Retrieved 2279: 2247: 2237: 2226:. Retrieved 2207:(587): 1–8. 2204: 2195: 2159:. Retrieved 2149: 2138:. Retrieved 2121:(712): 1–6. 2118: 2109: 2101: 2084: 2080: 2079:sequences". 2076: 2070: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2008:. Retrieved 2004:the original 1999: 1993: 1986: 1966: 1943:. Retrieved 1938: 1932: 1928: 1905:. Retrieved 1901:the original 1891: 1883: 1876:. Retrieved 1862: 1854: 1847:. Retrieved 1833: 1825: 1818:. Retrieved 1804: 1793:. Retrieved 1789: 1780: 1767: 1747: 1740: 1728:. 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and the 1442:Anas crecca 1369:green frogs 1284:crustaceans 1278:Crustaceans 1218:spp.); and 1190:Ictaluridae 1188:spp.); and 1167:Rhinichthys 1132:common carp 1104:game fishes 996:New England 988:Great Lakes 972:Sutro Baths 793:Crustaceans 709:carnassials 621:Description 588:, northern 507:giant otter 381:salamanders 330:semiaquatic 326:river otter 232:Subspecies 93:Appendix II 9511:Categories 9114:M. nudipes 9105:M. nivalis 9069:M. kathiah 9024:M. erminea 9015:M. altaica 8965:N. frenata 8956:N. felipei 8926:Mustelinae 8668:I. libycus 8582:G. vittata 8448:M. caurina 8225:M. anakuma 8103:Mustelidae 8090:Mustelidae 8066:see below↓ 8057:Mustelidae 7954:B. neblina 7865:(raccoons) 7836:B. astutus 7834:Ringtail ( 7810:Kinkajou ( 7782:S. pygmaea 7723:M. marchei 7581:Mephitidae 7449:M. leonina 7341:Monachinae 7312:P. hispida 7303:P. caspica 7100:A. gazella 7032:N. cinerea 6928:C. ursinus 6866:Odobenidae 6819:see below↓ 6799:see below↓ 6783:Pinnipedia 6701:Sun bear ( 6668:T. ornatus 6657:Tremarctos 6633:Ailuropoda 6571:Red wolf ( 6537:C. latrans 6460:L. adustus 6417:L. vetulus 6390:L. griseus 6320:Bush dog ( 6211:V. pallida 6209:Pale fox ( 6193:V. lagopus 6164:Cape fox ( 6044:Gray fox ( 5802:U. smithii 5634:H. parvula 5625:H. hirtula 5513:Mungotinae 5402:Galidictis 5375:Galidiinae 5303:Euplerinae 5286:Eupleridae 5275:sensu lato 5246:C. crocuta 5179:Aardwolf ( 5110:see below↓ 5051:G. tigrina 5024:G. poensis 5006:G. pardina 4988:G. letabae 4970:G. genetta 4868:Genettinae 4852:V. zibetha 4772:Viverrinae 4761:sensu lato 4756:Viverrinae 4725:P. jerdoni 4592:Viverridae 4551:see below↓ 4490:Sand cat ( 4297:A. jubatus 4122:C. caracal 4015:Pardofelis 3834:P. linsang 3775:Feliformia 3602:2008-12-27 3577:2008-12-27 3541:1032725725 3264:(2): 298. 3238:2009-01-14 3183:2010-12-18 3123:2017-06-25 3080:2008-12-30 3021:2023-10-25 2915:2009-01-14 2847:2009-01-14 2637:0774393653 2525:2017-06-13 2394:2008-11-17 2324:2008-12-24 2290:2017-06-13 2228:2009-01-15 2161:2009-01-15 2140:2009-01-15 2010:2009-01-15 1945:2009-01-15 1907:2017-02-28 1795:2017-06-13 1730:24 January 1669:References 1628:coal mines 1616:Oil spills 1470:ruddy duck 1462:canvasback 1405:Thamnophis 1353:wood frogs 1232:Umbra limi 1216:Etheostoma 1144:spp.) and 1141:Catostomus 1128:Cyprinidae 1122:), daces, 1056:and hair. 1021:Rio Grande 946:, and the 895:Aurora, IL 866:hatcheries 818:amphibians 586:California 576:L. c. mira 545:Subspecies 480:canadensis 452:naturalist 450:by German 377:amphibians 337:lives only 256:L. c. mira 174:Mustelidae 9587:Fur trade 9060:M. itatsi 8994:(weasels) 8857:Lutrogale 8794:E. lutris 8752:L. felina 8561:(grisons) 8484:M. martes 8427:(martens) 8345:Guloninae 8131:Mellivora 8004:N. narica 7945:B. medius 7936:B. gabbii 7927:B. alleni 7915:(olingos) 7884:Raccoon ( 7736:Spilogale 7622:C. chinga 7603:Conepatus 7559:Ailuridae 7358:Monachini 7270:P. largha 6940:Otariinae 6903:sea lions 6898:fur seals 6889:Otariidae 6774:Mustelida 6745:U. arctos 6607:Arctoidea 6564:C. lycaon 6519:C. aureus 6449:Lupulella 6361:Lycalopex 6238:V. vulpes 6236:Red fox ( 6200:Kit fox ( 6175:V. corsac 5919:Herpestes 5532:Meerkat ( 5291:(Malagasy 5193:Hyaeninae 5154:Hyaenidae 5069:G. felina 4483:F. lybica 4295:Cheetah ( 4213:L. wiedii 4202:Oncilla ( 4168:L. guigna 4139:Leopardus 4120:Caracal ( 4113:C. aurata 4048:Bay cat ( 3969:P. pardus 3967:Leopard ( 3942:P. tigris 3900:N. diardi 3818:Prionodon 3718:Kingdom: 3707:Carnivora 3500:154770819 3113:KyForward 2135:198968980 1790:Sciencing 1419:Waterfowl 1202:Ictalurus 1194:bullheads 1162:Semotilus 1150:Moxostoma 1146:redhorses 994:areas of 992:glaciated 721:premolars 566:, Alaska) 531:Old World 527:New World 497:New World 448:described 379:(such as 192:Species: 164:Carnivora 130:Kingdom: 124:Eukaryota 9476:Species+ 9403:2.102243 9390:14001097 9338:10837845 9276:46559127 9202:Wikidata 9040:Ferret ( 8974:N. vison 8835:L. lutra 8703:(otters) 8697:Lutrinae 8554:Galictis 8466:M. foina 8381:Fisher ( 8269:Melogale 8252:M. meles 8172:Arctonyx 8017:Nasuella 7995:N. nasua 7972:(coatis) 7886:P. lotor 7662:Mephitis 7421:Mirounga 7171:Phocinae 7152:Phocidae 7021:Neophoca 6967:Zalophus 6874:Walrus ( 6573:C. rufus 6555:C. lupus 6535:Coyote ( 6370:Culpeo ( 6311:Speothos 6247:V. zerda 6229:V. velox 6166:V. chama 5877:Bdeogale 5775:U. fusca 5614:Helogale 5584:M. mungo 5523:Suricata 5452:Salanoia 5359:E. major 5339:Eupleres 5170:Proteles 5159:(hyenas) 4923:(genets) 4474:F. chaus 4465:F. catus 4456:F. bieti 4336:Cougar ( 4286:Acinonyx 4264:L. rufus 4262:Bobcat ( 4211:Margay ( 4193:Ocelot ( 4166:Kodkod ( 4087:Serval ( 4050:C. badia 4039:Catopuma 3949:Jaguar ( 3933:P. uncia 3922:Panthera 3889:Neofelis 3807:Feloidea 3738:Eutheria 3732:Mammalia 3726:Chordata 3724:Phylum: 3720:Animalia 3461:Archived 3457:in Canad 3351:83654411 3331:Mammalia 3286:56375947 3278:44840292 3152:. SFGate 2342:Archived 2271:62265494 2062:18275614 1815:CTV News 1427:moulting 1293:Cambarus 1288:crayfish 1268:spawning 1236:sculpins 1173:Notropis 1154:Cyprinus 1000:riverine 838:mollusks 832:, small 814:reptiles 801:crayfish 797:crayfish 742:Behavior 717:molluscs 674:whiskers 643:whiskers 523:Pliocene 405:crayfish 399:, small 357:Lutrinae 290:Synonyms 224:Schreber 170:Family: 154:Mammalia 144:Chordata 140:Phylum: 134:Animalia 120:Domain: 80:IUCN 3.1 53:in 2005 9377:1005844 9312:2433727 9208:Q327028 9042:M. furo 8987:Mustela 8936:Neogale 8783:Enhydra 8657:Ictonyx 8616:Vormela 8573:G. cuja 8500:Sable ( 8407:G. gulo 8372:Pekania 8357:Tayra ( 8154:Melinae 7966:Nasuina 7858:Procyon 7214:Phocini 6853:(seals) 6788:(seals) 6680:Ursinae 6622:(bears) 6617:Ursidae 6493:Dhole ( 6283:(zorro) 6157:V. cana 6067:Vulpini 6035:Urocyon 6019:Canidae 5811:U. urva 5315:Fossa ( 5235:Crocuta 4917:Genetta 4814:Viverra 4355:lineage 4277:lineage 4246:L. lynx 4102:Caracal 4076:lineage 4074:Caracal 4006:lineage 4004:Bay cat 3990:Felinae 3951:P. onca 3940:Tiger ( 3860:Felidae 3730:Class: 3709:species 3705:Extant 2766:3800205 2678:3801818 2580:3565013 2560:Bibcode 2501:3830731 2223:3504417 2155:"Otter" 2053:2276185 1878:11 June 1849:11 June 1844:WFLA-TV 1820:11 June 1567:Threats 1548:); and 1526:muskrat 1515:Mammals 1491:Insects 1454:mallard 1399:); and 1308:spraint 1252:walleye 1220:perches 1212:darters 1210:spp.); 1207:Lepomis 1198:catfish 1156:spp.), 1112:catfish 1036:Habitat 1031:Ecology 842:carrion 834:mammals 830:insects 770:Hunting 761:Playing 734:3.1.3.2 731:3.1.4.1 705:canines 515:Miocene 417:catfish 413:suckers 401:turtles 393:mussels 359:in the 339:on the 328:, is a 226:, 1777) 180:Genus: 160:Order: 150:Class: 95: ( 78: ( 9522:Lontra 9494:159017 9455:656961 9442:159017 9351:180549 9296:FEIS: 9289:LONTCA 8732:Lontra 8420:Martes 7695:Mydaus 7589:skunks 6553:Wolf ( 6433:Canina 6263:Canini 6127:Vulpes 6023:(dogs) 5564:Mungos 4878:Poiana 3960:P. leo 3958:Lion ( 3864:(cats) 3628: 3539: 3529: 3498: 3349: 3284: 3276: 3055: 2764: 2676: 2634: 2578: 2499: 2269: 2259: 2221: 2133: 2060: 2050: 2036:: 10. 1974: 1755: 1587:) and 1436:) and 1260:salmon 1240:Cottus 1234:) and 942:, the 836:, and 806:fruits 713:molars 614:Mexico 590:Nevada 492:Lontra 415:, and 397:snails 365:burrow 345:Canada 333:mammal 185:Lontra 9489:WoRMS 9468:47751 9429:84428 9416:76717 9364:12302 9333:IRMNG 9325:41777 9263:3VZKQ 9250:10803 8881:Aonyx 8824:Lutra 8214:Meles 7984:Nasua 7259:Phoca 6716:Ursus 6508:Canis 6135:foxes 4445:Felis 3571:(PDF) 3560:(PDF) 3496:S2CID 3347:S2CID 3282:S2CID 3274:JSTOR 3228:(PDF) 2905:(PDF) 2841:(PDF) 2830:(PDF) 2762:JSTOR 2674:JSTOR 2576:JSTOR 2552:Oikos 2497:JSTOR 2219:JSTOR 2201:(PDF) 2131:S2CID 2115:(PDF) 1873:KIRO7 1773:otter 1626:from 1423:rails 1414:Birds 1325:frogs 1304:crabs 1244:trout 1224:Perca 1158:chubs 826:ducks 822:birds 473:Lutra 468:Lutra 464:genus 459:otter 409:perch 385:frogs 335:that 97:CITES 91:CITES 9481:4227 9437:OBIS 9411:NCBI 9359:IUCN 9346:ITIS 9307:GBIF 9299:loca 9284:EPPO 9245:BOLD 8396:Gulo 7292:Pusa 5737:Urva 4327:Puma 4275:Puma 4226:Lynx 3626:ISBN 3537:OCLC 3527:ISBN 3053:ISBN 2953:)". 2909:USDA 2632:ISBN 2550:L". 2459:2013 2425:2013 2267:OCLC 2257:ISBN 2058:PMID 1972:ISBN 1880:2018 1851:2018 1822:2018 1753:ISBN 1732:2022 1715:2021 1333:Hyla 1331:and 1329:Rana 1248:pike 1196:and 1176:and 1124:carp 1116:bass 1097:Fish 1060:Diet 1023:and 1011:and 789:scat 707:and 594:Utah 403:and 383:and 373:Fish 324:and 310:The 9385:MSW 9372:MDD 9271:EoL 9258:CoL 9232:ADW 3488:doi 3434:doi 3397:doi 3339:doi 3266:doi 3262:176 2990:doi 2963:doi 2808:doi 2754:doi 2666:doi 2568:doi 2209:doi 2123:doi 2089:doi 2085:246 2048:PMC 2038:doi 1719:doi 1556:). 1540:); 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