280:
to be the likely source of the ignition, was also razed, killing all the staff members inside. Additionally, 34 vehicles and 21 tents were burnt out, a restaurant partially collapsed, and the tanker truck was broken into three main pieces. The blast effects of the BLEVE were comparatively minor, although there was at least one secondary confined explosion inside the discothèque buildings. The truck tractor was broken into four pieces. Two-thirds of the tank flew north-west, landed about 150 m away and then slid coming to rest against the wall of a restaurant, 300 m from the starting point. The middle section was flung about 100 m into the campsite.
433:
415:. Possibly compounded by the effect of an external impact that caused additional structural damage, these factors likely led to the almost instantaneous rupture of the tank when the flames flashed back into the tanker. Even without safety valves, a structurally sound and properly filled tanker should have been able to maintain structural integrity in a fire long enough to at least allow nearby people to escape.
411:, and at that time it did not meet the requirements for carrying flammable liquids, since it lacked emergency pressure release valves. Therefore, the tank had been used to carry other substances, some of which were highly corrosive. Tests on the remnants of the steel tank revealed microscopic stress cracks consistent with corrosion caused by previous loads of improperly pressurized
151:
100 m down to 30 m wide. Separating the campsite from the road was a brick wall with a concrete foundation. The campsite's legal capacity was 260 people. However, on the day of the disaster, some 800 people were staying on the original grounds and on two new undeclared extensions; luckily, not all occupants were at the premises at the time.
220:. At 12:05 pm the fully-laden truck left the refinery carrying 23.47 t (25.87 short tons; 23,470 kg) of propylene, which was more than 4 tons over the maximum design load for the tanker (i.e., 19.35 t (21.33 short tons; 19,350 kg)). Thus, the tank was nearly hydraulically full of liquid, with minimal
276:. Other reports suggest that external fires did not contribute to the onset of the BLEVE, with the pressure vessel having BLEVE'd as a consequence of the tank walls being weakened by the thermal expansion of the liquid propylene, and the resulting expanding-vapour cloud catching fire only moments after its release.
447:, and were sentenced to prison for between one and four years. Later, four of them were released after appealing the Court's decision, and all prison sentences were suspended or reduced. The two companies paid an equivalent of €13.23 million (not allowing for inflation) as compensation to the victims.
123:, killed 215 people and severely burned 200 more. Several individuals from the company that owned the vehicle were prosecuted for criminal negligence. The disaster resulted in new legislation in Spain, restricting the transit of vehicles carrying dangerous cargo through populated areas to night time only.
279:
The fire destroyed everything –cars, trailers and buildings– within a 90 m (300 ft) radius, charred everything within a 300 m (980 ft) radius, gutting over 90% of the main camping area. The 400 m (4,300 sq ft) discothèque to the northeast, which was later determined
461:
results were unfairly weighted towards the 1978 disaster and were driving away their business. The campsite owners protested that even 30 years after the disaster, the top 12 Google search results for "Los
Alfaques" still focused on the 1978 tragedy, including many gruesome thumbnails of burnt human
288:
The explosion and fireball instantly killed 158 people, including the truck driver. Victims were seen with their hair and clothing on fire, fleeing into the sea in an attempt to put out the flames. In the first 45 minutes after the disaster, the wounded were removed in an uncoordinated fashion with
251:
According to some reports from surviving witnesses, the tanker was already leaking liquefied gas while passing by the campsite. Some witnesses thought they heard a loud bang that preceded the leak. The bang might have been caused by a blown tire, which caused the truck to swerve and crash into the
243:
During the journey, solar radiation and ambient temperature heated the liquefied gas. Under normal circumstances, the presence of ullage gas vapors would have meant an increase in pressure well within the mechanical limits of the tank. However, the tank was hydraulically full, which meant that the
396:
Following the disaster, Cisternas
Reunidas accepted responsibility for the disaster, but denied any order or prohibition to the drivers to use the motorway instead of the national road, claiming that it was the driver who chose which road to take. Later, some workers at the Tarragona plant stated
239:
By 2:35 pm the truck was driving past the Los
Alfaques campsite, after travelling 102 km (63 mi) from the ENPETROL refinery. The time is known because the driver's watch –which was found still attached to his burnt wrist– had stopped at 2:36 pm. The tightly packed campsite was
418:
The inquiry also revealed that overloading of tankers was common practice at ENPETROL facilities. The
Tarragona plant lacked either a meter to measure the amount of gas dispensed or an automatic shut-off device to prevent overfilling, and consequently most tanks were consistently overloaded. The
368:
More than 300 people were wounded, some of them severely. Initially 217 people died directly from the explosion (four
Spaniards including the driver; all the others were foreign nationals), while the total number of people who died in the following months as a result of their injuries rose to at
423:
training program for drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods, because the company considered his experience of 20 years as a truck driver to be sufficient. The inquiry also determined that, between 3 January and 7 July of that year, 32 tanks driven by several different individuals left the
150:
coastal national road. It is about 2 km south of the nearest township, Sant Carles de la RĂ pita, although it belongs to the territory of the
Alcanar municipality. When the accident occurred, it was 200 m in length and 10,000 m in area. From north to south, it tapered from about
486:. The film is loosely based on real facts, and contains blunders and factual errors, such as cars or registration plates which could only have appeared years later, or the driver spending the night before at home with the already (over)loaded tanker parked in front of his house.
259:
to the northeast. According to some reports, numerous intrigued campers approached the cloud with curiosity as it continued to spread. Eventually it became so dense that many were unable to see the tanker. Within moments of the cloud reaching the discothèque, it ignited into a
397:
they heard the driver heatedly arguing with someone on the phone and demanding money for the motorway toll. ENPETROL initially declined any responsibility, claiming that the delivery of the cargo was the carrier's responsibility, and they had not received any complaint.
340:
covering more than 90% of their bodies, and most of them died during the following days. Contributing to the high mortality figure was the inappropriate medical care given en route to the hospital, especially for the wounded that were driven south towards
Valencia.
252:
wall separating the campsite from the roadside (possibly overturning in the process). Others argue that there was no mechanical failure or traffic accident before the loss of containment, with the overstressed pressure vessel failing at a weak point.
300:
The burning tanker blocked the road, dividing the injured into two groups, one being taken northwards and the other southwards. On the road to the north, the injured received adequate medical care, once they had reached either the hospitals at
372:
Many of the victims were burned beyond recognition. Identification was difficult, as most of them were wearing only swimming suits, and the administration building where their documents were stored was destroyed in the explosion. There was no
678:
172:
and on the day of the disaster was driven by 50-year-old
Francisco Imbernón Villena. The trailer was manufactured in 1973. Its maximum capacity was 45 m with a maximum allowed mass of 19.35 tons (at 8 bar and 4 °C).
419:
driver was neither informed of the overloading, nor about the type and class of the cargo, and there was no means for him to check the pressure level of the tank before he departed or to monitor it in transit. He had not attended the
289:
the help of other survivors using their own cars and vans. Locals also provided help and took the wounded to the hospitals. Ambulances and other emergency forces gradually arrived. The first ambulance came at 2.45 pm from a
404:, which would have helped prevent the BLEVE. However, these valves were no longer mandatory in 1978 as they previously had been. The truck was due for an inspection check-over in 1980, and it had passed the previous inspection.
384:. The bodies of a French family, consisting of a couple and their two children, were returned to France some years later, after compensation had been settled. The bodies of another family of three originating from
866:
AproximaciĂłn al estudio del riesgo del BLEVE y sus efectos en los generadores marinos de vapor y los tanques de carga de los buques LNG-LPG. AplicaciĂłn comparativa de las normas que lo regulan y previenen
462:
remains, stacked caskets and coroner procedures during cleanup of the campground. The trial was dismissed, with the plaintiffs being informed that they would need to pursue a U.S. lawsuit against Google.
268:(BLEVE), whereby the entire content of the tank car vaporized and burnt almost instantly in a fireball with a diameter estimated between 40–60 m and 180 m, resulting in tremendous levels of
1146:
660:
126:
Most of the victims were on holiday from West
Germany and some other European countries, and who were staying at the Los Alfaques seaside campground. The site, which is located at km 159 on the
871:
Approach to the Study of the Risk of BLEVE and Its
Effects on Marine Steam Generators and Cargo Tanks of LNG-LPG Vessels. Comparative Application of the Rules That Regulate and Prevent it
982:
956:
495:
637:
1136:
991:
978:
377:
test available at that time. As a result of the work done by the forensic teams from the tourists' home countries, all victims were eventually identified.
255:
Within seconds highly flammable propylene started flashing out of the ruptured tank and formed a white cloud that drifted into the campsite and towards a
323:
1211:
297:
and the armed forces searched the devastated camp for survivors. It took three hours until the last of the wounded were removed and taken to hospital.
265:
79:
874:
674:
231:. In the late 1970s, the N-340 was still a narrow and winding coastal road that passed directly through several densely populated urban areas.
1005:
604:
1300:
1265:
1056:
310:
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946:
999:
890:
806:
764:
722:
1113:
1080:
450:
Six months after the tragedy, the completely renovated campsite was reopened to tourists and Los Alfaques continued in operation.
1305:
1290:
388:
were never sent home, and they remain the only foreigners to be interred at the cemetery of Tortosa along with local victims.
293:
oil drilling site at San Carles. Municipal ambulances arrived at 3.05 pm and the fire brigade at about 3.30 pm. The
1310:
1022:
918:
629:
1250:
332:. In most cases no medical steps of any importance were taken during the journey. Several of the injured developed severe
1275:
1260:
505:
192:
1270:
264:
that quickly returned to the source of the leak thus causing the weakened tanker to explode. This generated a massive
453:
In 2012 the owners of the still-operating campsite sought relief through Spanish courts under the newly approved "
500:
801:
759:
717:
1188:
169:
1285:
1280:
380:
Seven of the victims remained unidentified until some time later, and they were interred at the cemetery of
440:
After the tragedy, daytime transit of populated areas by vehicles carrying dangerous cargo was prohibited.
1255:
1061:
630:"La tragedia del camping de Los Alfaques. 11 de Julio de 1978. (2ÂŞ parte). El camiĂłn que sembrĂł la muerte"
632:[The Tragedy of the Los Alfaques Camping. July 11, 1978. (Part 2). The Truck That Sowed Death].
596:
454:
400:
The official inquiry determined that the truck had been severely overloaded, and also lacked emergency
1179:
836:
557:
162:
60:
318:
834:
Arturson, Gösta (1981). "The Los Alfaques Disaster: A Boiling-liquid, Expanding-vapour Explosion".
444:
333:
294:
201:
227:
The tanker drivers were under instructions to take the smaller N-340 national road instead of the
1104:"El cámping "Los Alfaques" dieciocho años después: la explosión de un camión mató a 215 personas"
147:
127:
45:
949:[35 Years Have Passed Since the Catastrophe That Devastated the Los Alfaques Campsite].
1106:[The Los Alfaques Camping, 18 Years Later: A Truck Explosion Blast Killed 215 People].
1066:
1203:
995:
886:
600:
412:
269:
245:
187:
984:
Thirty-five Years of Disaster-Medicine Studies: Experience from KAMEDO's Operations 1963–1998
1108:
927:
878:
845:
525:
143:
1183:
951:
710:"Ir. H. Ens's Comments on "The Spanish Camp Disaster ‒ A Third View" by Dr. V.C. Marshall"
420:
793:
751:
709:
336:
on the journey and had no measurable blood pressure on arrival. Many of the patients had
1103:
947:"Se cumplen treinta y cinco años de la catástrofe que arrasó el camping de Los Alfaques"
1088:
483:
256:
228:
432:
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931:
849:
588:
458:
882:
443:
In 1982, four employees of ENPETROL and two of Cisternas Reunidas were convicted of
1141:
401:
197:
165:
158:
108:
1171:
1030:
131:
1137:"Spain Asks: If Google Search Results Make Your Business Look Bad, Can You Sue?"
662:
Avances en la prevenciĂłn de riesgos laborales a partir de los accidentes mayores
357:
217:
119:. The exploding truck, which was carrying 23 tons of highly flammable liquefied
248:. This resulted in the tank walls being stressed over their design capacity.
146:
for "the sandbanks") is triangular-shaped and wedged between the beach and the
864:
309:. At this stage, the final destination of 58 severely burned patients was the
273:
261:
240:
crowded with nearly 1,000 visitors, many from Germany, in trailers and tents.
1226:
1213:
1059:[Three Victims from Los Alfaques, Still Unreclaimed 25 Years Later].
186:
At 10:15 am on a Tuesday morning, the driver arrived at the state-owned
314:
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209:
205:
120:
64:
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The tank container was manufactured on 13 December 1973 by a workshop from
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381:
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306:
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112:
56:
408:
345:
221:
213:
155:
1057:"Tres muertos de Los Alfaques, aún sin ser reclamados tras 25 años"
431:
130:
national road, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the town of
116:
68:
1172:
A collection of articles about Los Alfaques disaster (in Spanish)
667:
Progress in Occupational Risk Prevention Based in Major Accidents
369:
least 270. The official figure for the number of victims is 215.
337:
374:
1176:
549:
591:(2012). "Appendix 16: San Carlos de la Rapita Disaster".
436:
Memorial site on the side of a building at the campground
659:
Cabrera RodrĂguez, Neus; ChillĂłn PĂ©rez, Gisela (2014).
344:
In the week following the disaster, the patients from
317:. 82 severely burned patients were taken south to the
916:
Stinton, H.G. (1983). "Spanish Camp Site Disaster".
154:The truck involved in the explosion consisted of a
93:
85:
74:
52:
41:
26:
673:. Graduate dissertation (in Spanish). Barcelona:
470:The accident is featured in the 2007 German film
873:]. Doctoral thesis (in Spanish). Barcelona:
593:Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
212:for another state-owned company, Paular (now
8:
21:
595:(4th ed.). Oxford and Waltham, Mass.:
111:near a holiday campsite on 11 July 1978 in
1081:"[Picture of the pressure vessel]"
752:"The Spanish Camp Disaster – A Third View"
20:
1029:(in Spanish). 7 June 1983. Archived from
794:"Update on the Spanish Campsite Disaster"
266:boiling-liquid expanding-vapor explosion
541:
517:
360:were evacuated to their own countries.
48:national road and Los Alfaques campsite
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
911:
909:
7:
1189:Scan of article from Czech magazine
1149:from the original on 6 December 2022
1116:from the original on 7 December 2021
1102:Olmedo, Ildefonso (11 August 1996).
959:from the original on 3 November 2022
875:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
829:
827:
812:from the original on 5 November 2023
787:
785:
770:from the original on 5 November 2023
745:
743:
728:from the original on 5 November 2023
703:
701:
699:
675:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
560:from the original on 1 November 2023
457:" Act passed by Spain, arguing that
1135:Anderson, Nate (28 February 2012).
640:from the original on 2 January 2023
476:Tarragona – Ein Paradies in Flammen
16:1978 tanker truck accident in Spain
863:de Melo RodrĂguez, Germán (1994).
14:
107:was caused by the explosion of a
684:from the original on 3 July 2022
636:(in Spanish). 21 February 2013.
1055:BerbĂs, Silvia (11 July 2003).
1025:[Los Alfaques Verdict]
883:10.5821/dissertation-2117-94322
524:It is now called "Els Alfacs",
424:Tarragona refinery overloaded.
1177:Los Alfaques campsite web page
919:Journal of Hazardous Materials
528:equivalent for "Los Alfaques".
208:, to be loaded with liquefied
142:The campsite of Los Alfaques (
1:
1065:(in Spanish). Archived from
932:10.1016/0304-3894(83)80025-9
850:10.1016/0305-4179(81)90104-2
506:List of transportation fires
1301:Transport disasters in 1978
1266:Man-made disasters in Spain
1199:Tarragona: Paradise on Fire
1023:"Sentencia de Los Alfaques"
945:Mezcua, U. (11 July 2013).
480:Tarragona: Paradise on Fire
272:, as well as a significant
244:liquid had no room left to
1327:
1296:July 1978 events in Europe
501:List of tanker explosions
311:Francisco Franco Hospital
802:Loss Prevention Bulletin
760:Loss Prevention Bulletin
718:Loss Prevention Bulletin
168:tanker. It was owned by
132:Sant Carles de la RĂ pita
1306:1978 disasters in Spain
1291:Road incidents in Spain
750:Marshall, V.C. (1986).
170:Cisternas Reunidas S.A.
599:. pp. 2819–2822.
437:
402:pressure relief valves
1311:Tank truck explosions
597:Butterworth-Heinemann
455:Right to Be Forgotten
435:
204:, 9 km north of
182:Loading and departure
105:Los Alfaques disaster
22:Los Alfaques disaster
1251:1978 crimes in Spain
1227:40.59528°N 0.57056°E
1182:10 July 2019 at the
1276:Explosions in Spain
1261:1978 road incidents
1223: /
1011:on 8 November 2022.
792:Hymes, Ian (1985).
445:criminal negligence
202:La Pobla de Mafumet
23:
1271:Explosions in 1978
634:En la Carretera II
466:In popular culture
438:
284:Emergency response
94:Non-fatal injuries
1232:40.59528; 0.57056
606:978-0-12-397189-0
474:(original title:
413:anhydrous ammonia
270:thermal radiation
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1126:
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1099:
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1092:
1087:. Archived from
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:on 21 July 2011.
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1019:
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1010:
1004:. Archived from
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708:Ens, H. (1986).
705:
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656:
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569:
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550:"Camping Alfacs"
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478:, also known as
327:
246:thermally expand
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37:
35:
24:
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1321:
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1184:Wayback Machine
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1163:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:on 8 July 2011.
1079:
1078:
1074:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:on 23 July 2011
1033:
1026:
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1016:
1008:
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992:Socialstyrelsen
987:
979:Socialstyrelsen
977:
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972:
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960:
944:
943:
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914:
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895:
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877:. p. 142.
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815:
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482:), directed by
472:Day of Disaster
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33:
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17:
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1286:Gas explosions
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1281:Fires in Spain
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1207:
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1186:
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1167:
1166:External links
1164:
1161:
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1127:
1112:(in Spanish).
1094:
1085:bomberiles.com
1072:
1062:Diario CĂłrdoba
1047:
1014:
1000:
970:
955:(in Spanish).
937:
926:(4): 393‒401.
905:
891:
855:
844:(4): 233–251.
823:
781:
739:
695:
651:
612:
605:
571:
554:Camping Alfacs
540:
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496:List of BLEVEs
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484:Peter Keglevic
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365:
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319:La Fe Hospital
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1256:1978 in Spain
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1001:91-7201-463-6
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990:. Stockholm:
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805:(61): 11‒16.
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795:
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761:
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746:
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724:
721:(72): 18‒20.
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30:11 July 1978
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1230: /
1193:No. 36/1978
1191:Svět Motorů
589:Mannan, Sam
358:Netherlands
322: [
295:Civil Guard
257:discothèque
218:Puertollano
191: [
109:road tanker
1245:Categories
1215:40°35′43″N
1153:3 November
1120:3 November
963:5 November
774:5 November
732:5 November
644:3 November
564:4 November
536:References
274:blast wave
262:flash fire
138:Background
1218:0°34′14″E
315:Barcelona
235:Explosion
210:propylene
206:Tarragona
121:propylene
65:Catalonia
61:Tarragona
1180:Archived
1147:Archived
1114:Archived
1109:El Mundo
981:(2000).
957:Archived
807:Archived
765:Archived
723:Archived
688:11 April
679:Archived
638:Archived
558:Archived
490:See also
386:Colombia
356:and the
330:Valencia
198:refinery
188:ENPETROL
163:Fruehauf
53:Location
1040:11 July
526:Catalan
392:Inquiry
382:Tortosa
364:Victims
354:Belgium
350:Germany
307:Tortosa
303:Amposta
224:space.
144:Spanish
113:Alcanar
57:Alcanar
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428:Legacy
421:hazmat
409:Bilbao
346:France
305:or at
222:ullage
216:), in
214:Repsol
177:Events
161:and a
156:Pegaso
86:Deaths
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512:Notes
338:burns
334:shock
326:]
291:Shell
195:]
148:N-340
128:N-340
117:Spain
80:BLEVE
69:Spain
46:N-340
42:Venue
1204:IMDb
1155:2023
1122:2023
1042:2011
996:ISBN
965:2023
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103:The
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