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688:. The site is described as a long-lived vent field, estimated to be older than 120,000 years by radiocarbon dating the oldest chimney deposits of the field. However, this is significantly younger than the age of the Atlantis Massif itself, which may be as old as two million years. Lost City is located on a shelf approximately 70 metres (230 ft) below the massif summit at a depth of around 750–900 m (2,460–2,950 ft), with an approximate area of 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft). The massif itself may have originated in a similar manner to many other
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Ben Aissa, Fatma; Postec, Anne; Erauso, Gaël; Payri, Claude; Pelletier, Bernard; Hamdi, Moktar; Fardeau, Marie-Laure; Ollivier, Bernard (16 October 2014). "Characterization of
Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic anaerobic bacterium, isolated from a carbonaceous chimney of the
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Alkaline hydrothermal vents like those of Lost City are only superficially related to volcanic black smoker vents; the two types of vent are perhaps better described by their differences than their similarities. Though both types are often found near oceanic spreading centers, alkaline hydrothermal
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Blackman, Donna K.; Karson, Jeffrey A.; Kelley, Deborah S.; Cann, Johnson R.; Früh-Green, Gretchen L.; Gee, Jeffrey S.; Hurst, Stephen D.; John, Barbara E.; Morgan, Jennifer (2002). "Geology of the
Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30° N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic
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Blackman, Donna K.; Karson, Jeffrey A.; Kelley, Deborah S.; Cann, Johnson R.; Früh-Green, Gretchen L.; Gee, Jeffrey S.; Hurst, Stephen D.; John, Barbara E.; Morgan, Jennifer (2002). "Geology of the
Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30° N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic
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and warm the surrounding waters via reaction heating, though fluid temperatures are still relatively low (40°–90 °C) when compared to other hydrothermal systems. Furthermore, local pH is increased to values of over 9, which enables calcium carbonate precipitation. Since serpentinization is
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in the
Pacific Ocean. Both are locations of moderate temperature which produce abundant hydrogen gas and methane. Prony Bay, however, is significantly shallower (less than 50 metres (160 ft)) than Lost City (around 800 metres (2,600 ft)). It is host to unique biology, including the
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precipitate out of solution. Younger chimneys are primarily brucite and aragonite, being white and flaky in appearance. As vents mature, porosity decreases as precipitates clog fluid pathways. Mineral compositions change with aragonite succeeded by calcite and brucite being removed through
492:. The mission's key objectives were to collect biological and geochemical samples for researching sources of energy for microbial life. They also followed up on the 2015 borehole expedition by attempting to sample from the drilled holes for access to residual fluids.
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On the side of the
Atlantis Transform Fault, the Atlantis Massif wall terminates approximately 740 metres (2,430 ft) below sea level, where rock types deform to various mylonitic rocks with deformation fabric minerals of talc, tremolite, and ribbon serpentine.
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Drouin, Marion; Godard, Marguerite; Ildefonse, Benoit; Bruguier, Olivier; Garrido, Carlos J. (June 2009). "Geochemical and petrographic evidence for magmatic impregnation in the oceanic lithosphere at
Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (IODP Hole U1309D, 30°N)".
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Rivizzigno, Pete; Lebon, Geoff T.; Roe, Kevin K.; Schrenk, Matthew O.; Olson, Eric J.; Lilley, Marvin D.; Butterfield, David A.; Früh-Green, Gretchen L.; Blackman, Donna K. (July 2001). "An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30° N".
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methane sensor to search for hydrothermal activity similar to that of Lost City along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ROV dives were live-streamed to the
Schmidt Ocean Institute's website. The cruise concluded on April 11, having identified new black-smoker vents.
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present. Lost City microbes are polyextremophiles, fitting the description of alkaliphiles, moderate piezophiles, and thermophiles in an environment without sunlight. The combination of different extremophile elements suggests that Lost City organisms are
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that run through the vent field. Many faults, especially at the south side, are high-angle normal faults that can be concealed by debris. Most of the vents found tend to run from east to west, likely due to the orientation of fault lines under the field.
1410:. They showed that because of the high free energy change of thioester hydrolysis and their corresponding low equilibrium constants, it is unlikely that these species could have accumulated abiotically to any significant extent in the Lost City fields.
482:, was undertaken to revisit the vent field after many years, featuring many members of the original discovery team in 2000. Photographs, ambient gases, cells for cultures, rock, vent fluid, and ambient seawater samples were collected using the
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rock being exposed to seawater through faulting from tectonic extension associated with oceanic spreading centers. The spreading half-rate is approximated to about 12 mm/yr, classifying it as a slow-spreading ridge. Seismic events of
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Two extinct fields are located about 300 metres (980 ft) west and 450 metres (1,480 ft) southwest of the central vent field at depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) or more. They have inactive vents similar in profile to
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as the bathymetry steepens. Mass-wasting events of the past are evident by bountiful scarps on the slope of the massif. Rubble tends to accumulate at areas no steeper than 60 degrees bounding the field, and can undergo
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Lein, A. Yu.; Galkin, S. V.; Maslennikov, V. V.; Bogdanov, Yu. A.; Bogdanova, O. Yu.; Dara, O. M.; Ivanov, M. V. (February 2007). "A new type of carbonate rocks on the ocean floor (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°07′ N)".
1406:, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them. However, this notion was rejected by Japanese researchers from Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI),
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separating them from the central vent field, though they have not been as actively explored. It is hypothesized from the ages of samples collected that hot fluid flow migrated from the south to the north where
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Ludwig, Kristin A.; Kelley, Deborah S.; Butterfield, David A.; Nelson, Bruce K.; Früh-Green, Gretchen (July 2006). "Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City
Hydrothermal Field".
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have been observed living on the carbonate chimneys. Other animals such as tube worms and giant clams that are abundant in typical black smoker vents, however, are absent from Lost City. A variety of
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Zervas, Chris E.; Sempéré, Jean-Christophe; Lin, Jian (1995-06-01). "Morphology and crustal structure of a small transform fault along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The
Atlantis Fracture Zone".
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Collins, John A.; Smith, Deborah K.; McGuire, Jeffrey J. (October 2012). "Seismicity of the
Atlantis Massif detachment fault, 30°N at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: DETACHMENT FAULT SEISMICITY".
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Speculation has been offered that ancient versions of similar alkaline hydrothermal vents in the seas of a young Earth were the birthplace of all life, constituting the planet's original
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Lost City and other hydrothermal vent systems support vastly different lifeforms due to Lost City's unique chemistry. A variety of microorganisms live in, on, and around the vents.
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would participate in a combined 17 dive expeditions including follow-up visits, creating a bathymetry profile for 3.3 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) of the massif.
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859:, or metals, which are the major outputs of volcanic black smoker vents. The temperature and pH of water surrounding the two types of vent is also significantly different.
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On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells
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Früh-Green, Gretchen L.; Green, Sophie; Schnieders, Luzie; Lilley, Marvin D.; Smith, David; Freudenthal, Tim; Bergenthal, Markus; Orcutt, Beth N. (2017-11-30).
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1469:. The IMAX flange was unnamed prior to the documentary's release, but is extremely recognizable in the film and subsequently picked up the nickname of the
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Given the only requirements for serpentinization are olivine and seawater, locations like Lost City could theoretically exist on extraterrestrial
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have been observed at the Lost City field, which have a massive depth range of −120 metres (−390 ft) to −4,800 metres (−15,700 ft).
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stands about 60 metres (200 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) wide and has numerous orifices venting hot fluids. The vent nicknamed
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particularly extensive, carbon dioxide concentrations are also very low. Low temperature, carbon dioxide concentrations, as well as the low
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sailed to the Atlantis Massif in May that year for hydroacoustic measurements of potential seismic activity. Furthermore, the French
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which are fundamental to microbial life. As such it has generated scientific interest as a prime location for investigating the
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and metal content of the plume make the vents more difficult to identify from CTD measurements or optical backscatter methods.
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took place with Expedition 304 in late 2004, when a series of holes were drilled into the Atlantis Massif to collect large
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Macrofauna are rare around the vent field, though larger organisms do visit the field on occasion. Visitors can include
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772:, also have flange and beehive-like structures, though they are significantly smaller and vent significantly less than
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Scientists, Gretchen L. Früh-Green; Beth N. Orcutt; Sophie Green; Carol Cotterill; and the Expedition 357 (2016).
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2323:"Return to the Lost City – Deep-Sea Oceanographic Expedition to the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, September 2018"
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than at other locations, making them particularly interesting subjects of study on the requirements for life.
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Expedition 357, which emphasized drilling on the Atlantis Massif to explore off-axis circulation. A series of
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Schrenk, M. O.; Brazelton, W. J.; Lang, S. Q. (13 February 2013). "Serpentinization, Carbon, and Deep Life".
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The Atlantis Massif is described as an ultramafic oceanic core complex of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with upper
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2431:"Ballard's Ocean Expedition to 'Lost City' uses advanced communications to link land, sea-based explorers"
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to collect a variety of measurements and samples. The following month, American cruise AT42-01, nicknamed
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Ludwig, Kristin A.; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Kelley, Deborah S.; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (April 2011).
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Chandru, Kuhan; Gilbert, Alexis; Butch, Christopher; Aono, Masashi; Cleaves, H. James (21 July 2016).
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2505:"Modelling the Lost City hydrothermal field: influence of topography and permeability structure"
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and hydrogenesis, as serpentinization reactions produce methane and hydrogen. Supplementing
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data and radiocarbon ages document at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity driven by
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The Lost City has numerous carbonate hydrothermal vents, including this chalky-white flange.
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351:. The cruise lasted 34 days, during which photographs and vent chimney samples were taken.
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were left behind after cores from nine different sites were taken, which were sampled by
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1673:"U–Th systematics and Th ages of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field"
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The conditions at Lost City are of particular concern because of the different types of
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Lost City is a location dominated by steep cliffs to the south, chimneys, and mounds of
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Kelley, Deborah; Früh-Green, Gretchen; Karson, Jeffrey; Ludwig, Kristin (2007-12-01).
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inside the vents where they subsist on hydrogen and methane; bacteria related to the
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of rock from the site. Expedition 305 followed suit in early 2005, and 340T in 2012.
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are dominating rock types as one maneuvers away from the field, which are prone to
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3003:"UNESCO wants to protect sites deep in the ocean that don't belong to any country"
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2869:"The Abiotic Chemistry of Thiolated Acetate Derivatives and the Origin of Life"
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The dominant minerals found at Lost City are ultramafic, composed primarily of
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Denny, Alden R.; Kelley, Deborah S.; Früh-Green, Gretchen L. (February 2016).
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with a greater emphasis on scientific sampling and creating a high-resolution
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to fund a second, 32-day voyage (AT07-34) to the site in 2003 in order to use
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776:. Several inactive vents are located about 100 metres (330 ft) south of
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has a large flange which catches hot, escaping fluid and has a very apparent
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for the study of life in extreme environments and other processes driven by
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Basement rock is the foundation for most serpentinization at the Lost City.
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tower stands approximately 8 metres (26 ft) tall on the north side of
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Lost City is located in the North Atlantic Ocean on the seafloor mountain
2194:"International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 357 Preliminary Report"
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apart, creating normal faults which expose sub-surface rocks to seawater.
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2960:"Astrobiologist Kevin Hand helps IMAX director film Aliens of the Deep"
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Once pore waters have permeated the surface and return to the surface,
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into the surrounding water; they do not produce significant amounts of
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2247:"Contamination tracer testing with seabed drills: IODP Expedition 357"
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Warm vent fluids coming from the pristine interior of a broken flange.
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The Lost City vent field shares a number of characteristics with the
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http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/358/1429/59.full.pdf
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Lost City provides geologists, chemists, and biologists a working
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Olivine, the mineral responsible for Lost City's serpentinization.
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2343:"Return to the Lost City 2018 | Earth-Ocean Interactions Program"
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Rethinking evolution: the revolution that's hiding in plain sight
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Lost City is also featured in episode 2 of the BBC's documentary
1250:, oxidise methane and sulfur as their primary sources of energy.
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Wiegel, J.; Kevbrin, V.V. (1 April 2004). "Alkalithermophiles".
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Abiogenic Hydrocarbon Production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field
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The carbonate spires of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field are on
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Fornátez Ortiz, Marc; Naranjo-Shepherd, Mónika (6 March 2023).
2391:"In Search of Hydrothermal Lost Cities: NOAA Ocean Exploration"
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dissolution, and the chimneys darken to a grey or brown color.
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reactions at Lost City, making Lost City older than all known
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Since the location of the massif is upon a slow to ultra-slow
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Timeline of Scientific Expeditions to the Lost City Vent Field
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The Lost City was first identified on December 4, 2000, using
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These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate
2200:. International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report.
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Lost City is an exemplary location for the study of abiotic
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material deposited from chimneys that collapse as they age.
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A chimney appears from the darkness at the Lost City field.
2785:"The Strytan Hydrothermal Field (SHF), Eyjafjord, Iceland"
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associated with the carbonate structures, including small
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vents are not created by volcanic processes. They release
2978:"Blue Planet II just showed us where life may have begun"
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http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/319/5863/604
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2444:
2367:"CruisePlanner Synopsis: AT42-01: Lang - Lost City 2015"
1917:"Geologic evolution of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field"
1713:
Levinson, Gene (2020). "Chapter 5: The Origin of Life".
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is the largest and most-studied within the vent field.
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In July 2005, Lost City was explored for nine days by
298:, abiotically producing many simple molecules such as
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Life Ascending: the 10 great inventions of evolution
1741:"A Lost 'City' of the Deep Reveals Unexpected Forms"
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A white carbonate spire in the Lost City vent field.
927:, with few particulates to give a smoky appearance.
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1242:also live inside the vents. External to the vents,
720:depending on how far it is located from Lost City.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2410:"When a Plan Comes Together ~ Video Update Week 2"
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871:The Mid-Atlantic Ridge spreading center pulls the
414:. Lost City was also explored on cruise 50 of the
290:. It is a long-lived site of active and inactive
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1825:Design by J. Morton, V. Ferrini, and S. O'Hara.
1574:A 9.1 metres (30 ft) chimney at Lost City.
1534:View of a flange from the underbelly of an ROV.
432:was conducted in July and August 2005 to study
398:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3032:University of Washington, Lost City Expedition
1586:An anemone growing on carbonate chimney rock.
1383:is also situated atop an ocean core complex.
915:) minerals undergo serpentinization and form
723:Of the 30 active and inactive vent chimneys,
8:
2503:Titarenko, S. S.; McCaig, A. M. (May 2016).
2226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1869:"The Lost City Hydrothermal Field Revisited"
1849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
896:4 and 4.5 have been detected at the massif.
780:, though they only stand a few meters tall.
354:The discovery of the Lost City prompted the
27:Hydrothermal field in the mid-Atlantic Ocean
1253:Lost City also supports a variety of small
834:vents by at least two orders of magnitude.
2740:Prony hydrothermal field, New Caledonia".
2311:(in French). French Oceanographic Cruises.
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2181:(in French). French Oceanographic Cruises.
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2035:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: The Lost City 2005"
2017:"IODP Expedition 340T Preliminary Report"
1940:
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1220:have been observed at the Lost City field
436:biodiversity in deep-ocean environments.
237:500 square metres (5,400 sq ft)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1957:"IODP-USIO: Expeditions: Expedition 304"
1610:Coral growing on carbonate chimney rock.
1368:Another alkaline hydrothermal vent, the
3027:The site for the original UW expedition
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1558:Iron plates dropped on the seafloor as
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1444:A visiting shark at the Lost City field
495:In March 2023, the first cruise of the
3037:The official page for the 2018 mission
2679:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
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1340:production of methane and hydrogen by
1305:have also been observed at the field.
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1827:"IEDA: Marine Geoscience Data System"
1719:. World Scientific. pp. 79–109.
684:, which is approximately the size of
441:International Ocean Discovery Program
7:
2131:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1921:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
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466:In July and August 2018, the French
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
2821:Proceedings of the Royal Society,
2562:10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75
2474:10.1023/B:MARI.0000018232.14085.75
2309:campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr
2179:campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr
2103:"Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R)"
406:, with video streamed live to the
25:
379:Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
314:and other planets similar to it.
135:Lost City Hydrothermal Vent Field
2926:Biochemical Society Transactions
2879:(Article number: 29883): 29883.
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278:at the intersection between the
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3076:Volcanism of the Atlantic Ocean
2644:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1680:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1471:video format played in theaters
911:content. Peridotite (primarily
502:was undertaken to deploy a new
329:diving at the Lost City in 2005
45:needs additional citations for
1522:maneuvers around rocky spires.
263:, often referred to simply as
69:"Lost City Hydrothermal Field"
18:Lost City (hydrothermal field)
1:
3047:The InterRidge Vents Database
2593:Marine Geophysical Researches
2542:Marine Geophysical Researches
2454:Marine Geophysical Researches
2003:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.02.013
1453:Lost City is featured in the
1408:Tokyo Institute of Technology
1348:Similarities to other locales
787:, there is a large number of
673:Map of the Lost City on the
261:Lost City Hydrothermal Field
253:−900 metres (−3,000 ft)
245:−750 metres (−2,460 ft)
1363:Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis
362:and the autonomous vehicle
356:National Science Foundation
3097:
1370:Strytan Hydrothermal Field
439:2015 saw a visit from the
2754:10.1007/s00792-014-0697-y
2664:10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.016
2207:10.14379/iodp.pr.357.2016
2081:10.1134/S1028334X0701031X
1700:10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.008
1651:’s protection wish list.
520:
416:Akademik Mstislav Keldysh
344:on cruise AT03-60 of the
160:
148:
140:A series of vents on the
139:
2787:. Stony Brook University
1427:bodies with liquid water
1397:iron-sulfur world theory
760:Other chimneys, such as
531:Discovery Cruise AT03-60
470:cruise was conducted on
408:University of Washington
2414:Schmidt Ocean Institute
1886:10.5670/oceanog.2007.09
942:chimneys are formed as
480:Return to the Lost City
458:Instruments on the ROV
377:The first visit by the
267:, is an area of marine
3042:The PMEL vents program
2720:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
2699:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.18
2395:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
2061:Doklady Earth Sciences
2039:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
1445:
1221:
884:
876:
677:
463:
330:
2716:"NOAA Ocean Explorer"
2272:10.5194/sd-23-39-2017
2198:publications.iodp.org
2021:publications.iodp.org
1443:
1216:
882:
870:
838:Geology and chemistry
802:talus (scree) deposit
672:
457:
428:cruise on the vessel
325:
218:30.11667°N 42.11667°W
2143:10.1029/2012GC004210
1942:10.1002/2015GC005869
1634:A deepwater sea fan.
690:ocean core complexes
54:improve this article
2964:Stanford University
2885:2016NatSR...629883C
2825:. 5 December 2002.
2691:2013RvMG...75..575S
2656:2006GeCoA..70.3625L
2605:1995MarGR..17..275Z
2554:2002MarGR..23..443B
2466:2002MarGR..23..443B
2282:20.500.11850/221342
2263:2017SciDr..23...39O
2251:Scientific Drilling
2073:2007DokES.412..136L
1995:2009ChGeo.264...71D
1933:2016GGG....17..375D
1780:2001Natur.412..145K
1692:2011GeCoA..75.1869L
1492:Images at Lost City
1377:Von Damm Vent Field
921:serpentine minerals
809:currently resides.
741:. Furthermore, the
370:of the vent field.
223:30.11667; -42.11667
214: /
3081:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
3071:Hydrothermal vents
2966:. 14 January 2005.
2938:10.1042/bst0320193
2873:Scientific Reports
2805:Science Magazine,
2613:10.1007/BF01203466
1831:www.marine-geo.org
1466:Aliens of the Deep
1449:In popular culture
1446:
1222:
1196:The reactions are
944:calcium carbonates
913:spinel harzburgite
885:
877:
757:acting within it.
678:
474:utilizing the ROV
464:
331:
318:Expedition history
280:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
272:hydrothermal vents
191:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
2893:10.1038/srep29883
2853:978-0-393-33866-9
2838:Lane, N. (2010).
2650:(14): 3625–3645.
2525:10.1111/gfl.12151
2347:www.pmel.noaa.gov
1774:(6843): 145–149.
1404:acetyl thioesters
1227:Methanosarcinales
1194:
1193:
1094:
1093:
907:with very little
894:Richter magnitude
661:
660:
569:cruise 50, EXOMAR
488:and a CTD Niskin
282:and the Atlantis
257:
256:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3088:
3014:
3013:
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2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
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2967:
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2780:
2774:
2773:
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2730:
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2726:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2548:(5/6): 443–469.
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2460:(5/6): 443–469.
2448:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2387:
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2117:
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2099:
2093:
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2055:
2049:
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2046:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1983:Chemical Geology
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1912:
1891:
1890:
1888:
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1854:
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1840:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1788:10.1038/35084000
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1686:(7): 1869–1888.
1677:
1668:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1516:
1504:
1356:vent field near
1342:serpentinisation
1203:hydrogen sulfide
1188:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:Silica (aqueous)
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1005:
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955:Serpentinization
857:hydrogen sulfide
828:serpentinization
785:spreading center
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2982:The Independent
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2590:
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2540:core complex".
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2452:core complex".
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975:
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965:Fischer-Tropsch
957:
865:
840:
768:to the east of
682:Atlantis Massif
675:Atlantis Massif
667:
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403:Ronald H. Brown
368:bathymetric map
320:
284:Transform Fault
276:Atlantis Massif
274:located on the
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3022:
3021:External links
3019:
3016:
3015:
2994:
2969:
2951:
2932:(2): 193–198.
2916:
2859:
2852:
2830:
2814:
2809:February 2008
2798:
2775:
2748:(1): 183–188.
2731:
2704:
2685:(1): 575–606.
2669:
2634:
2599:(3): 275–300.
2583:
2531:
2518:(2): 314–328.
2495:
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2400:
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2237:
2184:
2166:
2118:
2094:
2067:(1): 136–140.
2050:
2026:
2008:
1989:(1–4): 71–88.
1972:
1948:
1927:(2): 375–394.
1892:
1856:
1817:
1757:
1747:. 20 July 2001
1745:today.duke.edu
1732:
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1479:Blue Planet II
1450:
1447:
1388:
1387:Origin of life
1385:
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1346:
1329:
1326:
1322:Arrowtooth Eel
1287:nematode worms
1248:Pseudomonadota
1210:
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1182:
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1160:
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1087:Methanogenesis
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1080:
1074:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1016:
1012:Carbon dioxide
1001:
984:
980:
961:methanogenesis
956:
953:
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853:carbon dioxide
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449:Niskin bottles
319:
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308:origin of life
288:Atlantic Ocean
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250:Min. elevation
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242:Max. elevation
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1381:Caribbean Sea
1379:found in the
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1283:Desmophyllum
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
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1393:abiogenesis
1316:, and even
1285:corals and
1271:polychaetes
1234:form thick
967:reactions;
873:lithosphere
709:peridotites
221: /
197:Coordinates
3065:Categories
2988:2019-04-11
2791:23 October
2725:2020-08-01
2376:2019-04-11
2352:2019-04-11
2328:2019-04-11
2305:"TRANSECT"
2213:2019-04-11
2112:2019-07-04
2044:2019-04-11
1966:2019-04-11
1836:2019-04-11
1751:2019-04-11
1655:References
1643:Protection
1314:grenadiers
1198:exothermic
1026:Serpentine
925:non-smoker
863:Mineralogy
561:IODP 305,
499:Falkor Too
472:L'Atalante
430:L'Atalante
292:ultramafic
110:March 2013
80:newspapers
2629:128396849
2621:1573-0581
2570:0025-3235
2512:Geofluids
2482:0025-3235
2291:1816-8957
2257:: 39–46.
2161:134343129
2152:1912/5584
2089:131572567
1796:1476-4687
1435:Enceladus
1354:Prony Bay
1334:ecosystem
1310:wreckfish
1303:jellyfish
1279:ostracods
1275:amphipods
1240:Bacillota
1138:Magnetite
1105:(Olivine)
1052:Magnetite
932:aragonite
917:magnetite
813:Strontium
697:carbonate
665:Geography
579:IODP 340T
445:boreholes
286:, in the
265:Lost City
209:42°07′0″W
206:30°07′0″N
2946:15046570
2911:27443234
2762:25319677
2578:96459991
2490:96459991
2175:"EXOMAR"
1845:cite web
1804:11449263
1520:Hercules
1429:such as
1299:sea fans
1267:bivalves
1236:biofilms
1170:Hydrogen
1103:Fayalite
905:pyroxene
849:hydrogen
807:Poseidon
798:Poseidon
778:Poseidon
774:Poseidon
770:Poseidon
747:Poseidon
739:Poseidon
731:Poseidon
726:Poseidon
589:IODP 357
551:IODP 304
468:TRANSECT
421:RV Knorr
390:Hercules
348:Atlantis
340:and ROV
327:Hercules
304:hydrogen
294:-hosted
269:alkaline
187:Location
3056:mission
3008:27 July
2902:4956751
2881:Bibcode
2770:8509000
2687:Bibcode
2652:Bibcode
2601:Bibcode
2550:Bibcode
2462:Bibcode
2259:Bibcode
2069:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1929:Bibcode
1812:4407013
1776:Bibcode
1688:Bibcode
1560:ballast
1486:Gallery
1338:abiotic
1244:archaea
1232:archaea
1209:Biology
1070:Methane
979:(Fe,Mg)
976:Olivine
940:calcite
936:brucite
901:olivine
845:methane
824:isotope
800:with a
755:biofilm
735:Beehive
705:gabbros
701:Breccia
599:AT42-01
541:AT07-34
504:in-situ
490:rosette
462:in 2018
412:Seattle
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396:on the
300:methane
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3054:Falkor
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1301:, and
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766:Nature
707:, and
610:Falkor
476:VICTOR
426:EXOMAR
342:ArgoII
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3052:2023
2766:S2CID
2625:S2CID
2574:S2CID
2508:(PDF)
2486:S2CID
2157:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1676:(PDF)
1463:film
1291:crabs
1159:3 SiO
1123:water
994:Water
460:Jason
394:Argus
383:cores
360:Alvin
337:Alvin
312:Earth
101:JSTOR
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3010:2020
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2907:PMID
2848:ISBN
2793:2016
2758:PMID
2617:ISSN
2566:ISSN
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2232:link
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1800:PMID
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743:IMAX
651:2025
645:2020
639:2015
633:2010
627:2005
621:2000
612:2023
392:and
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234:Area
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