349:, missing him at all three places. For three years he trailed Esquivel on foot and without shoes, his soldiers following this obstinate pursuit with interest. Aguirre found him in Cuzco, taking a nap in the library of his house, and wearing a coat of chain mail he always wore for fear of Aguirre. Aguirre crept up to the sleeping Esquivel and stabbed him twice with a dagger. When the mail stopped his blows to the former magistrate's body, he stabbed him in the right temple and killed him. Protected by friends who had hidden him, Aguirre fled from Cuzco and took refuge with a relative in
265:, and liberate the natives from slavery. Many of the conquistadors refused to implement these laws, which prohibited them from exploiting the Indians. Aguirre took part in the plot with Melchor Verdugo to free the viceroy, who had been imprisoned on the island of
360:
secured a pardon for everyone who had been affiliated with
Aguirre and enlisted in his army. Aguirre fought and was wounded by two musket shots at the Battle of Chuquingua against Girón, resulting in an incurable limp that caused his peers to ostracise him.
163:
by renouncing his
Spanish vassalage and declared war upon the Habsburg monarch. Aguirre's expedition ended with his death. In the years since then he has been treated by historians as a symbol of cruelty and treachery in the early history of
385:
away, to keep them from trouble-making. A year later, Aguirre participated in the overthrow and killing of Ursúa and his successor, Fernando de Guzmán, whom he ultimately succeeded. He and his men reached the
Atlantic, probably by the
409:, where he killed his daughter, Elvira, "because someone that I loved so much should not come to be bedded by uncouth people". He was eventually captured by royalist forces and shot to death by his own soldier, Custodio Hernandez.
158:
In 1561, Aguirre led a mutiny against the expedition's commander, Pedro de Orsúa, and declared his intent to return to Peru and overthrow Spain's colonial government. He sent a letter that defied the
Spanish monarch
337:
and sentenced him to a public flogging. His pride wounded, Aguirre waited for the end of the judge's mandate to avenge his honor. Fearing
Aguirre's vengeance, the judge fled, changing his residence constantly.
332:
The judge, Francisco de
Esquivel, arrested him and charged him with infraction of the laws protecting the Indians. The judge discounted Aguirre's justifications and his claims of belonging to the Spanish
290:
and gathered a small military force in the belief that all the country would rise up to defend the Crown under the royal flag. The viceroy's resistance to
Pizarro and his deputy
200:, in the Basque Country of northern Spain. He was the son of a nobleman, possibly from a family of court clerks. Aguirre was in his twenties and living in Seville when
626:
Thomas Gómez (2009). "Génesis de un antihéroe: Lope de
Aguirre entre crónicas, literatura, cine y otras artes". In Guillermo Serés, Mercedes Serna Arnáiz (ed.).
401:
and suppressed any opposition to his reign, killing the governor. When he crossed to the mainland in an attempt to take Panama, his open rebellion against the
1356:
429:. In Mérida and El Tocuyo several of his soldiers were brought to trial, found guilty of the crimes committed and sentenced to death by dismemberment.
1390:
Aguirre oder Die Willkür der
Nachwelt. Die Rebellion des baskischen Konquistadors Lope de Aguirre in Historiographie und Geschichtsfiktion (1561–1992)
577:"Lope de Aguirre". (2010). He was subsequently transformed into a symbol of resistance against Spanish rule in Latin America under Simon Bolivar. In
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Aguirre o La posteridad arbitraria. La rebelión del conquistador vasco Lope de
Aguirre en historiografía y ficción histórica (1561-1992)
382:
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505:
493:
208:, inspiring Aguirre to follow in his footsteps. In the early 1530s, Aguirre traveled to the Americas under the sponsorship of Viceroy
1397:
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His body was beheaded and cut into quarters, with pieces being sent to nearby towns as a warning. According to the account of Fray
652:
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1504:
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147:("the Madman"), he styled himself "Wrath of God, Prince of Freedom." Aguirre is best known for his final expedition down the
390:
River. On 23 March 1561, Aguirre urged 186 officers and soldiers to sign a statement acknowledging him as "Prince of Peru,
1519:
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Aguirre probably enlisted in an expedition of 250 men chosen to serve under the command of Rodrigo Duran. He arrived in
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416:, the skull of Aguirre remained in the town square of Valencia at least forty years after his demise. In a
189:
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with 300 Spaniards and hundreds of natives. The actual goal of Ursúa was to send idle veterans from the
291:
980:
The Miraculous Lie: Lope de Aguirre and the Search for El Dorado in the Latin American Historical Novel
602:
The Miraculous Lie: Lope de Aguirre and the Search for El Dorado in the Latin American Historical Novel
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463:
306:
298:" ("demon of the Andes") lasted for two years until he was defeated in Añaquito on 18 January 1546.
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in literature, cinema and other arts. During the Spanish Civil War, he became a revolutionary
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978:
867:
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780:
753:
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201:
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Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825
448:
270:
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Orellana, Ursúa y Lope de Aguirre: Sus hazañas novelescas por el río Amazonas (siglo XVI)
1439:
471:
413:
398:
302:
1458:
953:
The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru
287:
246:, he soon became infamous for his violence, cruelty, and sedition against the Crown.
136:
184:
Aguirre was born around 1510 in the Araotz Valley, a valley and hamlet belonging to
1444:
438:
406:
378:
243:
148:
140:
66:
313:
status on the cleric Alonso de Henao, who later participated in the expedition of
1140:
628:
Los límites del océano: estudios filológicos de crónica y épica en el nuevo mundo
280:, and started to gather men to help the viceroy. In the meantime, thanks to the
727:
262:
1126:
Revista de Buenos Aires: Historia Americana, literatura, derecho y veriedades
782:
Rivers of Gold, Lives of Bondage: Governing Through Slavery in Colonial Quito
86:
The Wrath of God, The Wanderer, El Tirano, Prince of Liberty, Madman of Onate
498:
Aguirre: The Re-Creation of a Sixteenth-Century Journey Across South America
322:
277:
152:
106:
326:
1344:
369:
Together with his daughter Elvira, Aguirre joined the 1560 expedition of
350:
305:
with 33 men. Verdugo conferred captain's rank on Rodrigo de Esquivel and
258:
225:
193:
185:
173:
169:
48:
44:
1052:"Lope de Aguirre, The Traitor: A Tragedy of Exploration in the Americas"
839:
Los grandes conflictos sociales y económicos de nuestra historia: Tomo I
524:
Mari Carmen Ramirez; Tomas Ybarra-Frausto; Hector Olea (24 April 2012).
1338:
387:
250:
238:
197:
1406:. Bogotá: Ed. Universidad del Rosario and Ed. Universidad Javeriana,
318:
630:. Centro para la Edición de los Clásicos Españoles. pp. 65–74.
715:. Board of Editors of The Hispanic American Historical Review: 639.
1058:. Vol. XXXIV (1 ed.). Pan_American Magazine. p. 10.
346:
342:
282:
229:
583:. Retrieved 8 October 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
221:
205:
356:
In 1554, needing to put down the rebellion of Hernández Girón,
752:
Hugo R. Cortés; Eduardo Godoy; Mariela Insúa Cereceda (2008).
728:"Lope de Aguirre en Cartagena de Indias y su primera rebelión"
585:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9899/Lope-de-Aguirre
301:
Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo had gone to Nicaragua, sailing to
1264:
Elena Mampel González; Neus Escandell Tur (1 January 1981).
1210:
Elena Mampel González; Neus Escandell Tur (1 January 1981).
809:
The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico
423:
held in El Tocuyo, Aguirre was found guilty of the crime of
703:
Theodoor de Booy (1919). Robertson, James Alexander (ed.).
257:, who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the
1440:
Letter from Lope de Aguirre to King Philip of Spain, 1561
204:
returned from Peru and brought back the treasures of the
926:
Casas muertas: Lope de Aguirre, príncipe de la libertad
1018:
1016:
679:
Possible Paradises: Basque Emigration to Latin America
1145:. Organization of American States. 1963. p. 31.
923:
Miguel Otero Silva; Efraín Subero (1 January 1985).
812:. University of California Press. pp. 132–133.
276:
After the failed attempt, they escaped from Lima to
527:
Resisting Categories: Latin American and/or Latino?
437:Aguirre has been portrayed in film three times: by
329:, then still part of Peru and now part of Bolivia.
273:, the leader of the anti-viceroy/New Laws faction.
98:
90:
82:
74:
55:
30:
23:
1306:The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature
477:The Expedition of Orsua; and the Crimes of Aguirre
1303:Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría (13 September 1996).
1298:
1296:
249:In 1544, Aguirre was at the side of Peru's first
1156:Beatriz Pastor; Sergio Callau (1 January 2011).
755:Rebeldes y aventureros: del Viejo al Nuevo Mundo
1270:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 273.
1216:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 132.
1162:. Parkstone International. pp. 1524–1525.
554:The Creature in the Map: A Journey to El Dorado
1159:Lope de Aguirre y la rebelión de los marañones
891:
889:
872:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 44.
861:
859:
831:
829:
654:The evolution of the legacy of Lope de Aguirre
929:. Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch. p. 128.
224:in 1536 or 1537. Aguirre got work "breaking"
8:
1450:Extensive bibliography about Lope de Aguirre
1419:Dos cronicas desconocidas de Lope de Aguirre
1309:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
836:Indalecio Liévano Aguirre (5 August 2015).
594:
592:
557:. University of Chicago Press. p. 27.
508:), in which Minta retraces the expedition.
470:Aguirre's ill-fated voyage is the topic of
143:who was active in South America. Nicknamed
135:; 8 November 1510 – 27 October 1561) was a
1445:Bubers Basque Biography On Lope de Aguirre
1240:Historia oculta de la conquista de América
1237:Gabriel Sánchez Sorondo (1 January 2010).
1189:. University of Nevada Press. p. 84.
956:. University of Texas Press. p. 332.
899:Historia oculta de la conquista de América
896:Gabriel Sánchez Sorondo (1 January 2010).
682:. University of Nevada Press. p. 49.
486:La aventura equinoccial de Lope de Aguirre
20:
151:in search of the mythical golden Kingdom
1183:William A. Douglass; Jon Bilbao (2005).
1023:Elsa Eufemann-Barria (16 October 2014).
758:. Iberoamericana Editorial. p. 84.
1421:. Madrid: Editorial Fundamentos, 2012.
1243:. Ediciones Nowtilus S.L. p. 124.
902:. Ediciones Nowtilus S.L. p. 120.
709:The Hispanic American Historical Review
516:
18:Basque Spanish conquistador (1510–1561)
1392:. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert Verlag,
1102:. Ohio University Press. p. 209.
1099:The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado
657:(BA History thesis). Tulane University
530:. Yale University Press. p. 157.
1186:Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World
842:. Tercer Mundo Editores. p. 44.
405:came to an end. He was surrounded at
309:, sergeant major rank on Aguirre and
130:
7:
1267:Lope de Aguirre: Crónicas, 1559-1561
1213:Lope de Aguirre: Crónicas, 1559-1561
286:Alvarez, the viceroy had escaped to
1006:Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society
950:James Lockhart (18 December 2013).
496:) and of Stephen Minta's 1995 book
383:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
1417:Martinez Tolentino, Jaime (2016).
676:José Manuel Azcona Pastor (2004).
341:Aguirre pursued Esquivel to Lima,
14:
1075:. Counterpoint LLC. p. 202.
605:. Lexington Books. pp. 7–8.
1009:. The Society. 1861. p. 35.
551:Charles Nicholl (23 June 1997).
1357:"Festival de Cannes: El Dorado"
983:. Lexington Books. p. 32.
785:. UNC Press Books. p. 25.
651:Austin S., Tyler (6 May 2022).
484:'s 1968 Spanish-language novel
325:. In 1551, Aguirre returned to
1485:Deaths by firearm in Venezuela
1:
1123:Miguel Navarro Viola (1865).
242:(alderman) of the city. As a
176:figure in the Basque region.
1069:Evan Connell (1 July 2015).
1050:L.E. Elliot (January 1922).
806:Lesley Byrd Simpson (1982).
1475:16th-century Spanish people
866:Kenneth J. Andrien (2001).
1541:
1414:(also available as eBook).
1096:Robert Silverberg (1996).
779:Sherwin K. Bryant (2014).
1340:Aguirre, the Wrath of God
1056:The Pan-American Magazine
444:Aguirre, the Wrath of God
212:, arriving in Cartagena.
1402:Galster, Ingrid (2011).
1388:Galster, Ingrid (1996).
441:in the allegorical film
166:colonial Spanish America
726:Demetrio Ramos (1958).
580:Encyclopædia Britannica
407:Barquisimeto, Venezuela
296:el demonio de los Andes
132:[ˈlopeðeaˈɣire]
105:1560–61 expedition for
1142:Americas (English Ed.)
977:Bart L. Lewis (2003).
599:Bart L. Lewis (2003).
128:Spanish pronunciation:
1505:Spanish conquistadors
1490:Explorers of Amazonia
292:Francisco de Carvajal
269:, and turned against
1520:16th-century pirates
1480:Basque conquistadors
1129:. Mayo. p. 554.
1072:Aztec Treasure House
365:Search for El Dorado
236:, and was appointed
168:, and has become an
1361:festival-cannes.com
397:In 1561, he seized
192:in the province of
94:conquistador, rebel
421:trial of residence
358:Alonso de Alvarado
210:Antonio de Mendoza
1510:Spanish explorers
1500:People from Oñati
1412:978-958-738-204-4
1367:on 3 October 2012
1329:Lewis 2003, p. 18
1316:978-0-521-34069-4
1290:Lewis 2003, p. 18
1277:978-84-85411-51-1
1250:978-84-9763-601-8
1223:978-84-85411-51-1
1196:978-0-87417-625-4
1169:978-84-9740-535-5
1082:978-1-61902-691-9
1036:978-84-940067-1-5
990:978-0-7391-0787-4
963:978-0-292-76117-9
936:978-84-660-0130-4
909:978-84-9763-601-8
879:978-0-8263-2358-3
849:978-1-5078-2237-1
819:978-0-520-04630-6
792:978-1-4696-0772-6
765:978-84-8489-390-5
735:Revista de Indias
705:"Lope de Aguirre"
689:978-0-87417-444-1
637:978-84-936665-2-1
612:978-0-7391-0787-4
564:978-0-226-58025-8
537:978-0-300-18715-1
255:Blasco Núñez Vela
232:, the capital of
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120:
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1376:
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1363:. Archived from
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294:, the infamous "
216:In the New World
202:Hernando Pizarro
134:
129:
83:Other names
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40:
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1029:. p. 192.
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457:(1988), and by
449:Omero Antonutti
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433:Popular culture
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271:Gonzalo Pizarro
261:, suppress the
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124:Lope de Aguirre
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59:27 October 1561
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61:(1561-10-27)
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480:(1821), of
447:(1972), by
418:post-mortem
414:Pedro Simón
267:San Lorenzo
263:Encomiendas
188:, close to
75:Nationality
69:, Venezuela
1459:Categories
512:References
37:1510-11-08
1495:Filicides
454:El Dorado
373:down the
323:El Dorado
278:Cajamarca
226:stallions
190:Arantzazu
161:Philip II
153:El Dorado
107:El Dorado
1345:AllMovie
474:'s book
467:(2021).
351:Huamanga
311:contador
303:Trujillo
259:New Laws
194:Gipuzkoa
180:In Spain
174:caudillo
170:antihero
139:Spanish
49:Gipuzkoa
1371:29 July
388:Orinoco
375:Marañón
251:viceroy
239:regidor
198:Aramaio
145:El Loco
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327:Potosí
319:Omagua
288:Tumbes
196:or in
137:Basque
731:(PDF)
347:Cuzco
343:Quito
283:oidor
230:Cuzco
206:Incas
186:Oñati
45:Oñati
1423:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1373:2012
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56:Died
31:Born
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