379:
472:
188:
748:'to make') have been considered respectively the northern and southern borders of South Low Franconian. However, both Dutch and German scholars have questioned the classificatory value of the Uerdingen line: in the (north-)west, it is too inclusive, while in the north in Dutch Limburg and in the northeast in the
991:, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 4: "The Low Franconian dialects include Brabantish, East Flemish, West Flemish, Zeeuws, Hollands-Utrechts, and the dialect of North-Noordholland and the North Sea Coast (; the North-Noordholland dialect is confusingly called
1008:, 1986, p. 23: "The Franconian dialects include Hollands, Zeeuws, Flemish (East and West), Brabants and Limburgs. Limburgs is the only East Franconian dialect spoken in the Netherlands. All other Franconian dialects in the Netherlands are West Franconian."
462:
Old Low
Franconian is divided into Old West Low Franconian (spoken in Flanders, Brabant and Holland) and Old East Low Franconian (spoken in Limburg and the Rhineland). Old West Low Franconian "is the ancestor ultimately of Dutch".
1263:
1043:
Sprache und Raum: Ein internationales
Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch. Herausgegeben von Joachim Herrgen, JĂŒrgen Erich Schmidt. Unter Mitarbeit von Hanna Fischer und Birgitte Ganswindt.
451:
Within historical linguistics Old Low
Franconian is synonymous with Old Dutch. Depending on the author, the temporal boundary between Old Dutch and Old Frankish is either defined by the onset of the
1212:
752:, the scope of South Low Franconian extends beyond the Uerdingen line when considering structural features such as the occurrence of pitch accent and the reflexes of West Germanic vowels.
1267:
930:
Alderik H. Blom: Glossing the Psalms: The
Emergence of the Written Vernaculars in Western Europe from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017, p. 134-135.
428:. The dialects of the Low Franconian grouping form an exception to this, with the dialects generally being accepted to be the most direct descendants of Old Frankish. As such,
1159:
Bakker, Frens; van Hout, Roeland (2017). "De indeling van de dialecten in Noord-Limburg en het aangrenzende Duitse gebied: Hoe relevant is de
Uerdingerlijn als scheidslijn?".
1299:(West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary,
1063:
Zum Stand der zweiten
Lautverschiebung im Rheinland: Diatopische, diachrone und diastratische Untersuchungen am Beispiel der dentalen Tenuis (voralthochdeutsch /t/)
262:
is a purely linguistic category and is not used as a term of self-designation among any of the speakers of the
Germanic dialects traditionally grouped within it.
1346:
317:
as a synonym of Low
Franconian at its earlier historical stages, thereby signifying the category's close relation to Dutch, without using it as a synonym.
621:
diphthongs *ai and *au (e.g. in
Roermonds *ai splits to /eË/ and /Éi/, *au to /oË/ and /Éu/), which apart from Ripuarian is also found in all other
313:, though the latter term can have a broader as well as narrower meaning depending on the specific context. English publications alternatively use
1308:
1883:
948:
M. De Vaan: The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the
Western Low Countries before 1200, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017, p. 32.
265:
Within the field of historical philology the terminology for the historical phases of Low Franconian is not analogous to the traditional
921:
R. Noske: Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory: Selected papers from Going Romance, Amsterdam 2007, John Benjamins Publishing, 2017
613:
South Low Franconian occupies a special position among the Low Franconian subgroups, since it shares several linguistic features with
3291:
1339:
912:
M. De Vaan: The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017
445:
1253:
Georg Cornelissen: Das NiederlĂ€ndische im preuĂischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, S. 93.
1140:. Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, Volume 3. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 336â355.
2268:
452:
349:
939:
Hans Frede Nielsen: The Germanic Languages: Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations, University of Alabama Press, 1989, p.2
416:, is unclear for most of the varieties grouped under the broad "Franconian" category, mainly due to the heavy influence of
3162:
1300:
302:
3192:
2362:
2324:
2309:
1636:
353:
601:), although this term is rarely applied to varieties of this group spoken in Germany where it is simply referred to as
3172:
3032:
2382:
2341:
2331:
1332:
1314:
1297:
Das Westgermanische â von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert â Analyse und Rekonstruktion
421:
329:
789:, Wardja Press, 2008, p. 73. (Having "Old Low Franconian" and mentioning "Old Low Frankish" and "Old Netherlandic".)
1548:
899:
192:
Distribution of Low Franconian, including the Low FranconianâRipuarian transition area in Limburg and West Germany.
2889:
1319:
Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frĂŒhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
1136:
Hermans, Ben (2013). "Phonological features of Limburgian dialects". In Frans Hinskens; Johan Taeldeman (eds.).
673:, and public and official use of the Dutch language was forbidden, leading to a decline in the use of Dutch and
348:(1850â1926). He divided Franconian which contained both Germanic dialects which had and had not experienced the
94:
3296:
3167:
3121:
3116:
3040:
2650:
2634:
2513:
2372:
1244:, 2nd ed., 3. Teilband (series: HSK 2.3), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2003, p. 2629ff., here p. 2636.
1049:(Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Manuels de linguistique et des sciences de communication)
232:
2948:
3106:
3050:
3045:
2965:
2638:
2588:
2346:
1888:
1706:
1390:
1378:
1112:
678:
212:
204:
89:
79:
3111:
2593:
2559:
2177:
1993:
1853:
1693:
1588:
1034:
405:
357:
200:
881:
328:. However, this grouping is not based on common linguistic innovations, but rather on the absence of the
3269:
3233:
2501:
2494:
2446:
2216:
2187:
2156:
2119:
2044:
1893:
1801:
1714:
1575:
1537:
626:
2734:
1609:
1006:
Immigrant Dialects and Language Maintenance in Australia: The Case of the Limburg and Swabian Dialects
963:
Handbook of Medieval Culture: Fundamental Aspects and Conditions of the European Middle Ages: Volume 2
3238:
3218:
3187:
3060:
2920:
2894:
2795:
2666:
2484:
2076:
1903:
1865:
1860:
1734:
1681:
1439:
576:
144:
55:
3177:
2724:
2569:
2413:
2367:
2301:
2054:
1816:
1701:
1614:
1412:
642:
3223:
3075:
3065:
3020:
2782:
2709:
2606:
2451:
2426:
2421:
2314:
2142:
2027:
1848:
1626:
1621:
1600:
1561:
1365:
1355:
630:
614:
501:
456:
270:
84:
3147:
665:
under the auspices of the French government. Similarly, in the Lower Rhine region (then part of
657:. There was a marked change in the 19th century, when the historically Dutch-speaking region of
2066:
776:, University of California Press, 1991, p. 321. (Calling it "Low Frankish (or Netherlandish)".)
3197:
2996:
2912:
2905:
2860:
2804:
2564:
2554:
2537:
2532:
2436:
2198:
1998:
1959:
1939:
1777:
1669:
1651:
1503:
1304:
650:
378:
373:
278:
120:
3152:
2943:
2877:
2833:
2828:
2777:
2769:
2574:
2542:
2489:
2478:
2391:
2263:
2258:
2100:
2039:
1829:
1811:
1646:
1407:
1399:
1176:
1168:
1141:
700:
606:
425:
397:
333:
152:
3182:
2975:
2882:
2865:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2547:
2456:
2441:
2396:
2248:
2211:
2203:
2182:
2169:
2149:
2135:
1898:
1875:
1806:
1796:
1788:
1568:
1196:
Wiesinger, Peter (1983). "Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte". In Besch, Werner (ed.).
1097:
AusgewÀhlte Schriften zur niederlÀndischen und deutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft
658:
266:
74:
3142:
1242:
Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung
3263:
3157:
3137:
3089:
2981:
2855:
2525:
2292:
2231:
2010:
1967:
1841:
1836:
1725:
1675:
1526:
1477:
1432:
1425:
725:
690:
496:
345:
298:
274:
216:
134:
1123:, XXIX. Jahrgang 1962, Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1962, p. 312â328, here p. 313
178:
168:
3285:
3228:
3213:
3055:
2811:
2762:
2579:
2518:
2431:
2377:
2336:
2274:
2221:
2105:
2032:
1462:
1292:
978:, series: Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics, 2nd ed., 2010 (originally 2004), p. 371
670:
618:
569:
417:
388:
471:
336:, another West Germanic language that did not undergo the consonant shift. The term
320:
Low Franconian is sometimes, and especially was historically, grouped together with
187:
3082:
2506:
2470:
2403:
2226:
2049:
2022:
2005:
1949:
1908:
1490:
1469:
1039:
Historisches Westdeutsch/Rheinisch (MoselfrĂ€nkisch, Ripuarisch, SĂŒdniederfrĂ€nkisch)
737:
705:
662:
646:
525:
513:
433:
409:
286:
244:
67:
2729:
1264:"Historische SprachverhĂ€ltnisse - Institut fĂŒr Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte"
211:
is a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary
2989:
2899:
2872:
2744:
2690:
2598:
2280:
2241:
1824:
1519:
1483:
1418:
654:
622:
236:
220:
455:
in Eastern Frankish, the assimilation of an unattested coastal dialect showing
2739:
2719:
2084:
1754:
1455:
1172:
1145:
821:
Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft: Deutsch als Erst-, Zweit- oder Fremdsprache
695:
674:
598:
441:
325:
321:
219:. Most dialects and languages included within this category are spoken in the
148:
1240:, in: Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger (eds.),
459:
features by West Frankish in the late 9th century, or a combination of both.
332:. In fact, in nineteenth century literature this grouping could also include
2925:
2788:
2673:
2319:
2236:
2017:
1972:
1944:
1770:
749:
552:
537:
429:
282:
162:
138:
2749:
1198:
Dialektologie: Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung
2714:
2062:
444:, are the principal languages used to reconstruct Old Frankish using the
437:
240:
228:
51:
297:
in most contexts. Due to the category's strong interconnection with the
2755:
2351:
2253:
1181:
1095:
Jan Goossens, edited by Heinz Eickmans, Loek Geeraedts, Robert Peters,
666:
617:
dialects spoken to the southeast, such as the conditioned split of the
248:
224:
63:
1052:(HSK). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, 2019, p. 515ff., here p. 528.
364:
signifying that this category did not participate in the sound shift.
2058:
1324:
597:)). In Belgium and the Netherlands commonly referred to as Limburgs (
413:
424:
features in the Middle and High Franconian varieties following the
1976:
470:
344:
as a modern linguistic category was coined by the German linguist
59:
50:
Netherlands, northern Belgium, northern France, western Germany,
1103:), Waxmann, MĂŒnster / New York / MĂŒnchen / Berlin, 2000, p. 202
3018:
2632:
1376:
1328:
872:
870:
863:. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Le Bas & Lowrey. p. 68.
834:
Outline of the History of the English Language and Literature
1086:, Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, Bonn, 1965, p. 79-94, esp. p. 79
802:, Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler, 2000, pages 472, 473 (entries
1117:
Die gerundeten Palatalvokale im niederlÀndischen Sprachraum
29:
Lower Franconian, Low Frankish; Netherlandic, Netherlandish
566:
the dialect of North-Noordholland and the North Sea Coast
774:
Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics
489:; in Germany also referred to as North Low Franconian (
475:
Low Franconian dialects in shades of yellow and orange.
1084:
Rheinische VierteljahrsblÀtter. Jahrgang 30 1965
1047:
HandbĂŒcher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft
681:
is officially bilingual, but now largely francophone.
1019:
Genese en structuur van het Vlaamse dialectlandschap
898:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge / New York:
3206:
3130:
3099:
3031:
2963:
2821:
2702:
2658:
2649:
2469:
2412:
2300:
2291:
2196:
2168:
2127:
2118:
2093:
2075:
1986:
1958:
1932:
1923:
1874:
1787:
1762:
1753:
1692:
1587:
1536:
1511:
1502:
1398:
1389:
976:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
645:, all speakers of varieties of Low Franconian used
161:
127:
113:
73:
44:
23:
787:The History of English: A Linguistic Introduction
629:, which is exclusively shared with Ripuarian and
215:varieties closely related to, and including, the
1238:Aspekte einer niederrheinischen Sprachgeschichte
1213:"Histoire du français: Le français contemporain"
1067:Mainzer Studien zu Sprach- und Volksforschung 22
1069:), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997, p. 12
677:. In addition, the historically Dutch-speaking
1200:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 807â900.
859:Strong, Herbert Augustus; Meyer, Kuno (1886).
382:Frankish settlement areas by the 5th century:
1340:
819:Gabriele Graefen & Martina Liedke-Göbel:
8:
861:Outlines of a History of the German language
586:
490:
36:
1023:Structuren in talige variatie in Vlaanderen
1021:, in: Johan De Caluwe, Magda Devos (eds.),
592:
580:
556:
541:
529:
517:
505:
484:
3028:
3015:
2655:
2646:
2629:
2297:
2124:
1929:
1759:
1508:
1395:
1386:
1373:
1347:
1333:
1325:
1131:
1129:
309:is occasionally used interchangeably with
235:department of France, in western Germany (
1180:
412:, the unattested language spoken by the
377:
1080:Die Gliederung des SĂŒdniederfrĂ€nkischen
847:On Early English Pronouncation, Part IV
772:Sarah Grey Thomason, Terrence Kaufman:
765:
717:
20:
126:
7:
1909:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
3268:Languages between parentheses are
1119:, in: Ludwig Erich Schmitt (ed.),
880:published on 19 October 2009; in:
14:
625:dialects, and the characteristic
522:; also spoken in northern France)
1121:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Mundartforschung
186:
649:or Early Modern Dutch as their
453:Second Germanic consonant shift
350:Second Germanic consonant shift
133:West Low Franconian (including
3272:of the language on their left.
1321:, StraĂburg: HĂŒnenburg-Verlag.
1266:. 21 June 2019. Archived from
961:, in: Albrecht Classen (ed.),
894:Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007).
1:
3163:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1301:Verlag Inspiration Un Limited
1025:, 2006, p. 35ff., here p. 36
591:; also: East Low Franconian (
3193:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1884:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
882:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
289:commonly being preferred to
281:dichotomies, with the terms
3173:High German consonant shift
884:(accessed 21 November 2020)
330:High German consonant shift
3313:
1711:WestlauwersâTerschellings
1364:According to contemporary
900:Cambridge University Press
371:
3255:
3027:
3014:
2936:
2890:Southern Schleswig Danish
2645:
2628:
1385:
1372:
1362:
1173:10.5117/NEDTAA2017.3.BAKK
1146:10.1515/9783110261332.336
1101:Niederlande-Studien Band
832:Chambers W. and R., ltd,
479:Low Franconian includes:
185:
75:Linguistic classification
28:
3292:Low Franconian languages
3168:West Germanic gemination
3122:Ancient Belgian language
3117:Germanic parent language
3061:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2183:Austrian Standard German
974:Benjamin W. Fortson IV,
849:(New York, 1874) p. 1369
1217:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
800:Metzler Lexikon Sprache
679:Brussels Capital Region
669:), there was extensive
406:diachronical connection
205:comparative linguistics
3229:Preterite-present verb
3112:Proto-Germanic grammar
3066:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2178:German Standard German
1854:East Frisian Low Saxon
1303:, London/Berlin 2013,
896:The Germanic Languages
823:, 3. ed., 2020, p. 31.
661:underwent a period of
593:
587:
581:
557:
542:
530:
518:
506:
491:
485:
476:
404:Despite the name, the
401:
37:
32:
3234:Grammatischer Wechsel
2217:Namibian Black German
2188:Swiss Standard German
2157:Early New High German
1715:Mainland West Frisian
1576:Harlingerland Frisian
483:West Low Franconian (
474:
467:Modern classification
381:
295:Middle Low Franconian
3239:Indo-European ablaut
3219:Germanic strong verb
3188:Germanic spirant law
2325:Southeast Limburgish
1821:Gelders-Overijssels
1450:Irish Middle English
1440:Early Modern English
1161:Nederlands Taalkunde
1035:JĂŒrgen Erich Schmidt
878:FrÀnkische Dialekte,
845:Alexander J. Ellis,
577:South Low Franconian
303:its historical forms
95:WeserâRhine Germanic
56:Netherlands Antilles
3207:Synchronic features
3178:Germanic a-mutation
3131:Diachronic features
2481:in the broad sense
2414:East Central German
2368:Lorraine Franconian
2342:Transylvanian Saxon
2302:West Central German
2077:East Low Franconian
1987:West Low Franconian
989:The Syntax of Dutch
965:, 2015, here p. 810
836:(Oxford, 1882) p. 9
724:Traditionally, the
643:Early Modern Period
492:NordniederfrÀnkisch
145:East Low Franconian
3224:Germanic weak verb
3033:Language subgroups
2383:Pennsylvania Dutch
2332:Moselle Franconian
2310:Central Franconian
2143:Middle High German
1894:Central Pomeranian
1849:Northern Low Saxon
1562:Wangerooge Frisian
1356:Germanic languages
987:Jan-Wouter Zwart,
957:Oliver M. Traxel,
631:Moselle Franconian
594:Oostnederfrankisch
588:SĂŒdniederfrĂ€nkisch
582:Zuidnederfrankisch
549:Hollands-Utrechts
486:Westnederfrankisch
477:
457:North Sea Germanic
446:comparative method
402:
360:, with the use of
291:Old Low Franconian
271:Middle High German
3279:
3278:
3264:extinct languages
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3198:Great Vowel Shift
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2959:
2958:
2805:Greenlandic Norse
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2555:Southern Bavarian
2538:Northern Bavarian
2514:Highest Alemannic
2465:
2464:
2199:standard variants
2114:
2113:
1960:Standard variants
1919:
1918:
1778:Middle Low German
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1549:Saterland Frisian
1315:Maurer, Friedrich
1309:978-3-9812110-7-8
1061:Johannes Venema,
1050:
1037:, Robert Möller,
995:'West Frisian')."
902:. pp. 15â17.
798:GlĂŒck, H. (ed.):
651:literary language
495:)): north of the
374:Frankish language
324:, referred to as
279:Middle Low German
239:), as well as in
197:
196:
3304:
3056:Elbe (Irminonic)
3029:
3016:
2944:Mainland Gutnish
2834:Swedish dialects
2796:Middle Icelandic
2770:Middle Norwegian
2659:Historical forms
2656:
2647:
2630:
2589:South Franconian
2575:Hutterite German
2543:Central Bavarian
2363:Rhine Franconian
2298:
2128:Historical forms
2125:
2040:Surinamese Dutch
1933:Historical forms
1930:
1763:Historical forms
1760:
1512:Historical forms
1509:
1396:
1387:
1374:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1236:Heinz Eickmans,
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1124:
1110:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1032:
1026:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
985:
979:
972:
966:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
903:
891:
885:
876:Alfred Klepsch:
874:
865:
864:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
824:
817:
811:
796:
790:
783:
777:
770:
753:
722:
701:History of Dutch
596:
590:
584:
560:
545:
533:
521:
509:
494:
488:
436:, together with
426:Migration Period
398:Ripuarian Franks
395:
386:
190:
181:
175:
171:
40:
21:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3297:Frankish people
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3243:
3202:
3183:Germanic umlaut
3148:Holtzmann's law
3126:
3095:
3023:
3002:
2955:
2932:
2866:South Jutlandic
2851:Danish dialects
2817:
2698:
2641:
2612:
2594:East Franconian
2548:Viennese German
2461:
2442:Silesian German
2408:
2397:Central Hessian
2287:
2212:Namibian German
2201:
2192:
2170:Standard German
2164:
2150:New High German
2136:Old High German
2110:
2089:
2071:
1982:
1954:
1915:
1899:East Pomeranian
1889:Brandenburgisch
1876:East Low German
1870:
1797:Dutch Low Saxon
1789:West Low German
1783:
1741:
1707:Schiermonnikoog
1688:
1583:
1569:Wursten Frisian
1532:
1498:
1381:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1289:
1287:Further reading
1284:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1270:on 21 June 2019
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1056:
1045:Volume 30.4 of
1033:
1029:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
986:
982:
973:
969:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
911:
907:
893:
892:
888:
875:
868:
858:
857:
853:
844:
840:
831:
827:
818:
814:
808:NiederfrÀnkisch
797:
793:
784:
780:
771:
767:
762:
757:
756:
723:
719:
714:
687:
659:French Flanders
639:
469:
400:
393:
391:
384:
376:
370:
358:High Franconian
267:Old High German
257:
193:
177:
176:
173:
167:
123:
116:
46:
38:NiederfrÀnkisch
35:; High German:
30:
17:
16:Language family
12:
11:
5:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Proto-Germanic
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2982:Crimean Gothic
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2856:Insular Danish
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:Rinkebysvenska
2836:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:Old East Norse
2682:
2680:Old West Norse
2670:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:South Tyrolean
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2502:High Alemannic
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2293:Central German
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2232:Barossa German
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:French Flemish
2003:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:Low Franconian
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:Westereendersk
1720:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1527:Middle Frisian
1523:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1433:Modern English
1429:
1426:Middle English
1422:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1293:Euler, Wolfram
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1246:
1229:
1204:
1188:
1167:(3): 303â332.
1151:
1125:
1105:
1088:
1078:Jan Goossens,
1071:
1054:
1027:
1010:
1004:Anne Pauwels,
997:
980:
967:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
886:
866:
851:
838:
825:
812:
791:
778:
764:
763:
761:
758:
755:
754:
726:Uerdingen line
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
691:Dutch dialects
686:
683:
638:
635:
611:
610:
574:
573:
572:
567:
564:
563:
562:
547:
535:
523:
511:
497:Uerdingen line
468:
465:
392:
383:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
346:Wilhelm Braune
307:Low Franconian
299:Dutch language
275:Old Low German
256:
253:
217:Dutch language
209:Low Franconian
195:
194:
191:
183:
182:
165:
159:
158:
157:
156:
142:
129:
125:
124:
119:
117:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
100:Low Franconian
77:
71:
70:
48:
42:
41:
33:Nederfrankisch
26:
25:
24:Low Franconian
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3309:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Germanic verb
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Sievers's law
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:Reconstructed
3098:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:Middle Danish
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:Old Icelandic
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:Old Norwegian
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:Gottscheerish
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:Walser German
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:Low Alemannic
2483:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:High Prussian
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Erzgebirgisch
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Luxembourgish
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:Klezmer-loshn
2272:
2270:
2269:Scots Yiddish
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2106:Meuse-Rhenish
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:Kleverlandish
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:Central Dutch
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Stellingwarfs
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:Wood Frisian
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1589:North Frisian
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Anglo-Frisian
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:Magda Devos,
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
977:
971:
968:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
901:
897:
890:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
862:
855:
852:
848:
842:
839:
835:
829:
826:
822:
816:
813:
809:
805:
804:Niederdeutsch
801:
795:
792:
788:
782:
779:
775:
769:
766:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:'I') and the
735:
731:
727:
721:
718:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:Germanisation
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:West Germanic
616:
608:
604:
600:
595:
589:
583:
578:
575:
571:
570:Kleverlandish
568:
565:
559:
554:
551:
550:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
527:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
499:
498:
493:
487:
482:
481:
480:
473:
466:
464:
460:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Elbe Germanic
415:
411:
407:
399:
390:
389:Salian Franks
380:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:West Germanic
210:
206:
202:
189:
184:
180:
174:(Macro-Dutch)
170:
166:
164:
160:
154:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:
130:
122:
118:
112:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:West Germanic
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Indo-European
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
3259:
3143:Verner's law
3088:
3083:Gotho-Nordic
3081:
3074:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2949:FÄrö Gutnish
2911:
2904:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2768:
2761:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2605:
2507:Swiss German
2471:Upper German
2404:Amana German
2378:Volga German
2347:HunsrĂŒckisch
2273:
2227:Unserdeutsch
2222:Berlinerisch
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2094:Cover groups
2050:Mohawk Dutch
2045:Jersey Dutch
2023:East Flemish
2006:West Flemish
1950:Middle Dutch
1924:
1904:Low Prussian
1776:
1769:
1735:Terschelling
1719:Clay Frisian
1694:West Frisian
1682:Wiedingharde
1674:
1662:
1622:Heligolandic
1599:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1538:East Frisian
1525:
1518:
1491:Middle Scots
1489:
1482:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1318:
1296:
1274:29 September
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1258:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1137:
1120:
1116:
1113:Jan Goossens
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
975:
970:
962:
958:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
895:
889:
877:
860:
854:
846:
841:
833:
828:
820:
815:
807:
803:
799:
794:
786:
785:Scott Shay:
781:
773:
768:
745:
741:
740:(separating
738:Benrath line
733:
729:
728:(separating
720:
706:Middle Dutch
663:Francisation
647:Middle Dutch
640:
627:pitch accent
612:
602:
526:East Flemish
514:West Flemish
478:
461:
450:
434:Middle Dutch
410:Old Frankish
403:
361:
341:
337:
319:
315:Netherlandic
314:
310:
306:
294:
290:
287:Middle Dutch
264:
260:Low Frankish
259:
258:
245:South Africa
208:
198:
128:Subdivisions
99:
68:South Africa
47:distribution
18:
3158:Kluge's law
3138:Grimm's law
2921:Dalecarlian
2900:Perkerdansk
2873:East Danish
2691:Old Gutnish
2667:Proto-Norse
2607:Langobardic
2599:Vogtlandian
2427:Upper Saxon
2281:Lachoudisch
2242:Lotegorisch
2120:High German
1866:Westphalian
1861:Eastphalian
1825:Achterhooks
1702:Hindeloopen
1637:Bökingharde
1606:FöhrâAmrum
1520:Old Frisian
1484:Early Scots
1419:Old English
1182:2066/183252
655:Dachsprache
623:High German
531:Oost-Vlaams
519:West-Vlaams
422:High German
255:Terminology
237:Lower Rhine
223:, northern
221:Netherlands
147:(including
3286:Categories
2990:Burgundian
2906:Old Danish
2895:GĂžtudanskt
2878:Bornholmsk
2740:Vestlandsk
2720:Kebabnorsk
2457:Halcnovian
2422:Thuringian
2085:Limburgish
2055:Stadsfries
2028:Brabantian
1755:Low German
1601:Eiderstedt
1456:Fingallian
760:References
696:Istvaeones
675:Limburgish
641:Until the
599:Limburgish
502:Brabantish
442:Old French
352:into Low,
342:Franconian
326:Low German
231:), in the
201:historical
149:Limburgish
115:Early form
45:Geographic
3270:varieties
3262:indicate
3076:Northwest
3021:Philology
2926:Elfdalian
2861:Jutlandic
2783:Icelandic
2758:(written)
2752:(written)
2730:TrĂžndersk
2710:Norwegian
2674:Old Norse
2495:Coloniero
2479:Alemannic
2452:Wymysorys
2320:Colognian
2315:Ripuarian
2237:Rotwelsch
2067:Midslands
2018:Zeelandic
1999:Hollandic
1973:Afrikaans
1945:Old Dutch
1771:Old Saxon
1670:Karrharde
1652:Goesharde
1633:Mainland
1366:philology
1099:(series:
993:Westfries
959:Languages
750:Rhineland
637:Area loss
615:Ripuarian
553:Hollandic
538:Zeelandic
438:loanwords
430:Old Dutch
322:Low Saxon
283:Old Dutch
163:Glottolog
139:Afrikaans
2997:Vandalic
2940:Gutnish
2745:VikvĂŠrsk
2725:SognamÄl
2715:Bergensk
2565:Cimbrian
2533:Bavarian
2490:Alsatian
2437:Lusatian
2373:Palatine
2063:Amelands
1940:Frankish
1830:Sallaans
1812:Gronings
1663:Southern
1656:Northern
1647:Halligen
1596:Insular
1413:dialects
1317:(1942),
1295:(2013).
685:See also
558:Hollands
507:Brabants
338:Frankish
241:Suriname
229:Flanders
179:macr1270
169:wese1235
121:Frankish
85:Germanic
52:Suriname
3260:Italics
2883:Scanian
2829:Swedish
2778:Faroese
2756:Nynorsk
2735:Valdris
2570:MĂČcheno
2526:Swabian
2392:Hessian
2352:Hunsrik
2264:Western
2259:Eastern
2254:Yiddish
2204:creoles
2101:Bergish
1817:DrĂšents
1807:Tweants
1659:Central
1641:Mooring
1504:Frisian
1463:Kildare
1408:English
667:Prussia
607:Bergish
368:Origins
334:English
249:Namibia
225:Belgium
172:
153:Bergish
64:Namibia
31:Dutch:
2976:Gothic
2846:Danish
2750:BokmÄl
2249:Yenish
2059:Bildts
1842:Veluws
1837:Urkers
1676:Strand
1400:Anglic
1307:
1082:, in:
1041:; in:
746:machen
543:Zeeuws
414:Franks
396:
394:
387:
385:
354:Middle
3090:South
3041:North
2651:North
2635:North
1977:Kaaps
1968:Dutch
1615:Amrum
1556:Weser
1478:Scots
1222:6 May
1138:Dutch
742:maken
712:Notes
603:Platt
311:Dutch
135:Dutch
60:Aruba
3051:West
3046:East
2966:East
2822:East
2812:Norn
2703:West
2639:East
2637:and
2202:and
2197:Non-
1627:Sylt
1610:Föhr
1545:Ems
1470:Yola
1379:West
1305:ISBN
1276:2022
1224:2016
806:and
744:and
732:and
653:and
432:and
356:and
301:and
293:and
285:and
273:and
247:and
233:Nord
203:and
151:and
137:and
66:and
1177:hdl
1169:doi
1142:doi
1065:(=
734:ich
605:or
440:in
408:to
362:Low
340:or
199:In
3288::
1215:.
1175:.
1165:22
1163:.
1128:^
1115:,
869:^
730:ik
633:.
585:,
448:.
305:,
277:/
269:/
251:.
243:,
207:,
62:,
58:,
54:,
2985:)
2979:(
2065:/
2061:/
2057:/
1979:)
1975:(
1348:e
1341:t
1334:v
1311:.
1278:.
1226:.
1202:.
1185:.
1179::
1171::
1148:.
1144::
810:)
609:.
579:(
561:)
555:(
546:)
540:(
534:)
528:(
516:(
510:)
504:(
420:/
227:(
155:)
141:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
