513:, creating a new company called Robert Heath And Low Moor Ltd. Efforts were made to reduce costs, although this affected quality. Attempts to use high-sulphur coal created serious problems and destroyed the reputation of the works as a supplier of high quality iron, while a slump in heavy industry in the 1920s further reduced demand. The company poured money into attempts to diversify the operations, but did not succeed. In 1928 the company was declared bankrupt, and the Low Moor assets bought by Thos. W. Ward Ltd. Many of the mines, tracks and plant were closed or dismantled. Some buildings were sold or leased to other companies, and some plant was modernised. Wrought iron production finally ended in 1957. As of 1971 new owners were producing alloy steel, making about 350 tons per week.
424:
America, India, and, in fact, all over the world, are the principal manufactures here; but guns (from 32 to 68-pounders) are also made here... Every runlet of water for miles around is damned up to supply the works, and every drop is carefully economised. The great furnaces, with broad, flaring flames rising from them, of course attract attention as the works are approached. In form they resemble an ordinary lime-kiln, and, on the summit, in the midst of the eager flames, are strange-looking wheels–appendages of the machinery by means of which the ironstone and other matters are dragged up an inclined plane on iron waggons to the mouths of the furnaces, which waggons, self-acting, where no living power could perform the office, turn topsy-turvy, and there unload their contents.
494:
502:
continued demand for "Best
Yorkshire Iron" for applications where safety was critically important. In 1888 Low Moor was converted to a limited liability company, although descendants of the founders retained control. The directors planned two new blast furnaces at the New Works, each 70 feet (21 m) high, with capacities of 340 and 240 tons per week. The first came into operation in 1892. In 1905 an electrical power station was built at the New Works, with boilers fired by gas from the blast furnaces. Apart from the heaviest machines, steam drives were replaced by electrical drives. The outbreak of
277:
imported iron but by 1803 using Low Moor pig iron. In 1803 a regiment of volunteers was formed at Low Moor ready to repel the expected French invasion. The works were gradually mechanised. By 1805 there was a self-tipping inclined railway to charge the furnaces, a nail slitting mill, two nose-helve hammers and a plate-rolling mill. As the iron works grew, the company built workers' cottages in the district that took the name of North
Brierley and a hostel for the boys who worked in the pits. The boys were given free clothing and schooling. The company also ran several public houses.
395:, inventing the self-acting motion that made it possible to adjust the force of the blow delivered by the hammer – a critically important improvement. Nasmyth's steam hammers could now vary the force of the blow across a wide range. Nasmyth's first steam hammer was built for the Low Moor Works. They rejected the machine, but on 18 August 1843 accepted an improved version with a self-acting gear. From 1845 to 1856 Robert Wilson was employed by the Low Moor Ironworks. While at Low Moor he improved the steam hammer with the "circular balanced valve". In
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aesthetics. An 1876 description said "the natural effect of the perpetual smoke-canopy under which the vegetation of the district exists is to give to it a dinginess not pleasant to look upon... The appearance created by the works themselves and their surroundings has been not inaptly likened to that in the vicinity of the crater of some volcano."
234:
207:
Most of the land occupied by the iron works was part of the Royds Hall estate. Operation of a coal mine on the estate is mentioned in 1673. In 1744 the owner, Edward Rookes Leeds, began to actively develop the coal mines. About 1780 a wooden railway was built from the Low Moor mines to the coal yard
198:
The ironworks depended on the excellent resources of high-quality coal and iron ore found in the vicinity. The "better bed" coal came from a seam about 18 to 28 inches (460 to 710 mm) thick resting on hard sandstone. This coal is particularly low in sulphur. About 120 feet (37 m) above this
189:
in
Yorkshire, England. The works were built to exploit the high-quality iron ore and low-sulphur coal found in the area. Low Moor made wrought iron products from 1801 until 1957 for export around the world. At one time it was the largest ironworks in Yorkshire, a major complex of mines, piles of coal
501:
The company began to run into difficulty in the late 1880s. Its mines were increasingly scattered and expensive. The rail network had a variety of gauges and used a mix of stationary engines and locomotives. Some of the plant was obsolete and operations were generally inefficient. However, there was
423:
The accumulation of cinders and calcined shale actually overspreads the country, and will soon rival in cubic bulk the mass of the
Pyramids. In some cases the hillocks of rubbish have been levelled, and covered with soil brought from a distance... Iron plates, bars and railway tires, sent to Russia,
241:
Construction of the plant began in June 1790, including blast furnaces and casting shops. The furnaces had square bases, tapering as they rose to about 50 feet (15 m) in height. The two furnaces were blown in on 13 August 1791 and the first casting was made by the forgemen three days later. At
215:
In 1788 the estate was sold to a partnership of
Richard Hird, a country gentleman, John Preston and John Jarratt for £34,000. After some sales of shares the partners were Richard Hird, Joseph Dawson, a minister, and John Hardy, a solicitor. Dawson was interested in metallurgy and chemistry and was
311:
By 1835 the works were handling a growing volume of orders. There was no room to expand in the original site, which was crowded by industrial works, offices and workers houses. Construction started on a new site to the southeast, and in 1836 two oven-topped blast furnaces came into operation there.
418:
By 1863 there were 3,600 employees at the works including 1,993 miners, 420 furnacemen, 770 forgemen and 323 engineers. In 1864 a second steam hammer with an 8-ton ram was installed for heavy forgings. In 1871 a third steam hammer of 7 tons was installed. New rolling mills were also built to meet
415:(1857–58). The arms business declined after this, as the government increasingly took charge of weapons production. The works turned to making weldless railway tyres, steam engine boilers, sugar pans for refineries in the West Indies, water pipes and heavy iron components for industrial purposes.
476:
The Low Moor mines produced about 60,000 tons of ore yearly by 1876. The iron was prized for its uniform and brilliant grain, commanding premium prices. The quality seemed to be due in part to the nature of the ore and coal and in part to the manufacturing process. Production came at the cost of
344:
involved first converting the coal to coke to remove water and sulphur, a process that took 48 hours if done in piles in the yard, or 24 hours if done in ovens. About 32% of the better bed coal would be lost in coking. The ironstone was allowed to weather for some time to free it from shale.
276:
The ironworks were owned by the families of the founders throughout the 19th century, with the addition of the
Wickhams, who married into the Hirds. The annually employed capital grew from £52,000 in 1793 to £250,000 in 1818. The company started to produce wrought iron in 1801, at first using
203:
coal beds lie about 230 yards (210 m) below the better bed. At the time the ironworks were developed recent technological advances had made it practical to smelt iron using coal rather than charcoal and to use steam engines to power the steps in production of iron goods.
190:
and ore, kilns, blast furnaces, forges and slag heaps connected by railway lines. The surrounding countryside was littered with waste, and smoke from the furnaces and machinery blackened the sky. Today Low Moor is still industrial, but the pollution has been mostly eliminated.
406:
The Low Moor company bought the
Bierley Ironworks in 1854. By 1855 Low Moor was producing 21,840 tons of iron per year, and was the largest ironworks in Yorkshire. The foundries at Low Moor produced quantities of guns, shells and shot for troops fighting in the
353:
The ironstone was baked with coke and limestone in a kiln, then emptied into a furnace, from which it came out as ore. This was cast into pigs with crystalline or granular structure, and then refined by cold blast, coming out flaky. There were four
224:
named
Smalley to build the blast engine. Smalley called on Thomas Woodcock to prepare plans for the furnaces, casting houses and other works. Woodcock moved to Low Moor, and was to be architect and general manager until his death in 1833.
428:
In 1868 617,628 tons of Low Moor ironstone were raised, the peak production. In 1876 about 2,000 coal miners were employed in pits ranging in depth from 30 to 150 yards (27 to 137 m) in the surrounding townships of North
Bierley,
242:
first the works produced domestic goods, but soon began producing industrial products including parts for steam engines. In 1795 the company won contracts to provide guns, shot and shells to the government, which had been at war with
349:
to help separate clay from the iron ore. In 1832 it took 9,750 pounds (4,420 kg) of coal, 2,800 pounds (1,300 kg) of limestone and 8,500 pounds (3,900 kg) of ironstone to make 2,240 pounds (1,020 kg) of pig iron.
280:
By the end of the war with France in 1814 the works were producing 33 tons of pig iron weekly. Prices fell for a while as demand slackened after the war, but demand for gas pipes and street lights began to pick up in 1822. The
362:, becoming granular and malleable. The steam hammers forged the glowing iron into malleable slabs, which were rolled into wrought iron plates. Large quantities of slag from the blast furnaces were sold for use in road-making.
312:
In 1842 the company installed a new mill to roll iron plate for engine boilers. In 1843 four pairs of forge hammers were installed, driven by steam engines, and in 1844 the company decided to install one of
403:
in London the ironworks exhibited an enormous cannon. The company also provided samples of ore, coal, pig iron and wrought iron, a smaller gun, a sugar cane mill, an olive mill and an elliptograph.
212:. Soon after, Leeds went bankrupt. The property was twice offered for sale by auction, in December 1786 and October 1787, but no suitable offer was made. Leeds committed suicide in 1787.
542:, a poorly paying position. To make ends meet he also worked as a farmer, teacher, doctor and coal-master. He invested his savings in the Low Moor ironworks, and became a wealthy man.
1584:
419:
demand for iron plates in shipbuilding, supplied by slabs forged in the works. By 1867 there were about 4,000 employees. A description of the works at that time said
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453:. Thirteen pumping engines were used to drain water from the mines. The company also employed about 800 miners in collieries to the east at
493:
116:
509:
After the war it was clear that future demand for wrought iron was uncertain. The company was taken over by Robert Heath & Sons of
506:(1914–1918) caused a temporary surge in demand for shell casings and drop forgings, including shoes for the tracks of the first tanks.
220:. He seems to have been the prime mover in the enterprise. The partners planned to found an ironworks, and engaged an engineer from
237:
Blast furnace for production of pig iron. Later the Low Moor furnaces used self-tipping wagons to deliver ore, coke and limestone.
1569:
1240:
Round about
Bradford: A Series of Sketches (descriptive and Semi-historical) of Forty-two Places Within Six Miles of Bradford
1418:
Papers on iron and steel: practical and experimental: a series of original communications made to the Philosophical magazine
748:
250:
per year, from which iron goods were made that ranged from columns used in mill construction to garden furniture.
473:. Minerals were carried to the works by horse-drawn wagons or by wagons on tramways drawn by stationary engines.
209:
199:
coal seam there is a layer of "black bed" coal. The ironstone lies above this layer, holding about 32% iron. The
1285:
384:
534:
Joseph Dawson came from a poor family, but was helped by a gentleman to attend school and then study at the
485:
442:
200:
370:
1312:
Building the Steam Navy: Dockyards, Technology and the Creation of the Victorian Battle Fleet, 1830–1906
535:
434:
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270:
1496:
1514:
History and Description of the Crystal Palace: And the Exhibition of the World's Industry in 1851
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400:
182:
103:
1257:
391:'s Bridgewater foundry in Patricroft near Manchester, had improved Nasmyth's 1842 design for a
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1176:
Official catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851 ...
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269:. The colliery had closed by May 1807. The waggonway was replaced in 1809 by the
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747:. Vol. 1. Yorkshire Archaeological Trust. August 2012. Archived from
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in the centre of Bradford, from where the coal could be carried via the
346:
358:, with the air delivered by powerful steam engines. The iron was then
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1368:
Class Formation and Urban Industrial Society: Bradford, 1750–1850
246:
since 1793. By 1799 the works were producing about 2,000 tons of
265:
was constructed connecting the colliery to Barnby Basin on the
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which ran over much of its trackbed, and operated until 1870.
1455:
The Poetical Works of John Nicholson ... (the Airedale Poet)
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1393:
Murray, John (1867). "Route 34.–Low Moor Ironworks".
261:. This mine worked the "Silkstone Seam". In 1802 the
1259:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
741:
Silkstone Waggonway, South Yorkshire: Survey Report
163:
155:
147:
110:
99:
84:
31:
1173:Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 (1851).
1340:Nineteenth-century Torpedoes and Their Inventors
1212:The First Industrialists: The Problem of Origins
1473:History of the Steam Hammer: With Illustrations
421:
287:
181:foundry established in 1791 in the village of
995:Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 1851
934:
8:
1197:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1585:Manufacturing companies based in Bradford
1256:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (15 April 2013).
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1031:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
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785:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
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712:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
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630:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
618:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
602:
591:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
579:The Low Moor Company: London Society 1879
1441:James Nasmyth Engineer: An Autobiography
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1006:
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300:For horse-shoe nails, or thund'ring guns
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294:The roaring blast, the quiv'ring flame,
1365:Koditschek, Theodore (30 March 1990).
1190:
1069:
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883:
1343:. Naval Institute Press. p. 77.
946:
185:about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of
7:
1580:Buildings and structures in Bradford
1396:Handbook for travellers in Yorkshire
970:
332:Puddling furnace (1881 illustration)
1575:Ironworks and steelworks in England
497:Monument to the Low Moor Iron Works
285:poet John Nicholson wrote in 1829,
1457:. Simpkin, Marshall, & Company
304:No pen can write, no mind can soar
290:When first the shapeless sable ore
25:
306:To tell the wonders of Low Moor.
292:Is laid in heaps around Low Moor,
489:Low Moor industrial area in 2007
336:The process to convert ore into
298:White as the sun the metal runs,
253:In 1800, the company opened the
60:
53:
37:
1590:History of the City of Bradford
1546:. William Clowes and Sons. 1879
1284:Dodsworth, Charles (May 1971).
1517:. Cambridge University Press.
1371:. Cambridge University Press.
1215:. Cambridge University Press.
296:Give to the mass another name:
1:
1309:Evans, David (January 2004).
1286:"Low Moor Ironworks Bradford"
1511:Tallis, John (19 May 2011).
1337:Gray, Edwyn (January 2004).
1179:Spicer brothers. p. 110
345:Limestone was brought from
1606:
1489:Scoresby, William (1839).
1470:Rowlandson, T. S. (1875).
1237:Cudworth, William (1876).
538:. He became a minister at
263:Low Moor Furnace Waggonway
1492:Magnetical investigations
935:Nasmyth & Smiles 1883
210:Leeds and Liverpool Canal
80:
48:
43:The ironworks around 1855
36:
1449:Nicholson, John (1876).
88:13 August 1791
1421:. J. Weale. p. 901
259:Walter Spencer Stanhope
255:Barnby Furnace Colliery
1540:"The Low Moor Company"
1444:. London: John Murray.
1415:Mushet, David (1840).
1290:Industrial Archaeology
498:
490:
426:
381:
333:
309:
238:
216:a close friend of Dr.
132:53.752762°N 1.768988°W
1570:Industrial Revolution
1451:"Low Moor Iron Works"
1399:. J. Murray. p.
959:Day & McNeil 2013
536:University of Glasgow
496:
488:
373:
331:
236:
540:Idle, West Yorkshire
397:the Great Exhibition
257:on land leased from
244:revolutionary France
137:53.752762; -1.768988
1315:. Conway Maritime.
1209:(30 October 2008).
387:, Works Manager at
271:Silkstone Waggonway
128: /
1072:, p. 409-410.
835:, p. 265-266.
499:
491:
411:(1853–56) and the
401:the Crystal Palace
382:
334:
316:'s newly invented
239:
175:Low Moor Ironworks
104:Low Moor, Bradford
32:Low Moor Ironworks
1524:978-1-108-02671-0
1476:. Palmer and Howe
1378:978-0-521-32771-8
1350:978-1-59114-341-3
1322:978-0-85177-959-1
1269:978-1-134-65020-0
1222:978-0-521-08871-8
1207:Crouzet, François
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16:(Redirected from
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1434:Nasmyth, James;
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754:on 11 March 2016
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675:, p. 57-58.
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218:Joseph Priestley
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18:Low Moor Company
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1157:Dodsworth 1971
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1121:Dodsworth 1971
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1106:Dodsworth 1971
1098:
1094:Dodsworth 1971
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1060:, p. 411.
1050:
1046:Dodsworth 1971
1035:
1033:, p. 350.
1023:
1019:Dodsworth 1971
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999:
997:, p. 110.
987:
985:, p. 167.
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937:, p. 259.
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913:, p. 410.
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888:
886:, p. 901.
876:
861:
857:Dodsworth 1971
849:
845:Dodsworth 1971
837:
833:Nicholson 1876
825:
821:Dodsworth 1971
813:
809:Dodsworth 1971
801:
797:Dodsworth 1971
789:
787:, p. 351.
777:
765:
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727:Dodsworth 1971
716:
714:, p. 347.
704:
700:Dodsworth 1971
689:
685:Dodsworth 1971
677:
665:
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634:
632:, p. 343.
622:
620:, p. 344.
607:
603:Dodsworth 1971
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593:, p. 345.
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581:, p. 346.
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356:blast furnaces
340:and then into
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267:Barnsley Canal
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71:West Yorkshire
68:
59:
58:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1602:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1516:
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1509:
1498:
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1487:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1456:
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1413:
1402:
1398:
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1374:
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1363:
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1335:
1324:
1318:
1314:
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1307:
1295:
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1287:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1262:. Routledge.
1261:
1260:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1159:, p. 23.
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 22.
1146:
1141:
1138:
1135:, p. 20.
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:, p. 21.
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:, p. 19.
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:, p. 18.
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Cudworth 1876
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 17.
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:, p. 16.
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:, p. 58.
1008:
1007:Cudworth 1876
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 77.
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
949:, p. 58.
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
928:
925:, p. 34.
924:
919:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:Scoresby 1839
892:
889:
885:
880:
877:
874:, p. 59.
873:
872:Cudworth 1876
868:
866:
862:
859:, p. 15.
858:
853:
850:
847:, p. 14.
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
823:, p. 10.
822:
817:
814:
810:
805:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
781:
778:
775:, p. 44.
774:
769:
766:
750:
743:
742:
735:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
673:Cudworth 1876
669:
666:
663:, p. 57.
662:
661:Cudworth 1876
657:
655:
653:
651:
647:
644:, p. 82.
643:
638:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
569:, p. 56.
568:
567:Cudworth 1876
563:
561:
559:
555:
552:
551:
541:
537:
531:
528:
524:
523:
516:
514:
512:
511:Staffordshire
507:
505:
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487:
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478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
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432:
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420:
416:
414:
413:Indian Mutiny
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:James Nasmyth
386:
385:Robert Wilson
380:
376:
375:James Nasmyth
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
351:
348:
343:
339:
330:
323:
321:
319:
318:steam hammers
315:
314:James Nasmyth
307:
286:
284:
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268:
264:
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113:
109:
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98:
87:
83:
79:
72:
56:
47:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
1548:. Retrieved
1543:
1528:. Retrieved
1513:
1500:. Retrieved
1491:
1478:. Retrieved
1472:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1440:
1423:. Retrieved
1417:
1404:. Retrieved
1395:
1382:. Retrieved
1367:
1354:. Retrieved
1339:
1326:. Retrieved
1311:
1298:. Retrieved
1293:
1289:
1273:. Retrieved
1258:
1245:. Retrieved
1239:
1226:. Retrieved
1211:
1181:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
891:
879:
852:
840:
828:
816:
811:, p. 9.
804:
799:, p. 7.
792:
780:
768:
756:. Retrieved
749:the original
740:
734:
729:, p. 6.
707:
702:, p. 4.
687:, p. 3.
680:
668:
642:Crouzet 2008
637:
625:
605:, p. 2.
598:
586:
574:
549:
548:
530:
521:
520:
508:
500:
475:
467:Potternewton
463:Osmondthorpe
427:
422:
417:
405:
393:steam hammer
383:
379:steam hammer
352:
342:wrought iron
335:
310:
289:
279:
275:
262:
254:
252:
240:
214:
206:
197:
179:wrought iron
174:
172:
159:Wrought iron
69:Low Moor in
26:
1070:Murray 1867
1058:Murray 1867
983:Tallis 2011
911:Murray 1867
884:Mushet 1840
504:World War I
451:Cleckheaton
447:Hipperholme
433:, Bowling,
409:Crimean War
399:of 1851 at
151:Ironworking
135: /
111:Coordinates
1564:Categories
1495:. p.
1243:. T. Brear
947:Evans 2004
517:References
377:'s patent
194:Background
120:53°45′10″N
92:1791-08-13
1550:14 August
1530:14 August
1502:14 August
1480:11 August
1461:14 August
1425:14 August
1406:14 August
1384:14 August
1356:13 August
1328:12 August
1300:13 August
1275:13 August
1247:14 August
1228:14 August
1193:cite book
1183:14 August
971:Gray 2004
758:10 August
550:Citations
229:Expansion
123:1°46′08″W
106:, England
1438:(1883).
459:Churwell
338:pig iron
283:Airedale
248:pig iron
187:Bradford
183:Low Moor
156:Products
148:Industry
100:Location
1166:Sources
481:Decline
469:, near
455:Beeston
443:Clifton
360:puddled
347:Skipton
324:Process
201:Halifax
164:Defunct
90: (
1521:
1375:
1347:
1319:
1266:
1219:
177:was a
752:(PDF)
745:(PDF)
522:Notes
471:Leeds
435:Shelf
222:Wigan
85:Built
1552:2013
1532:2013
1519:ISBN
1504:2013
1482:2013
1463:2013
1427:2013
1408:2013
1386:2013
1373:ISBN
1358:2013
1345:ISBN
1330:2013
1317:ISBN
1302:2013
1277:2013
1264:ISBN
1249:2013
1230:2013
1217:ISBN
1199:link
1185:2013
760:2019
465:and
449:and
439:Wyke
431:Tong
173:The
167:1920
1497:333
1401:409
1296:(2)
302:...
1566::
1542:.
1453:.
1294:18
1292:.
1288:.
1195:}}
1191:{{
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1484:.
1465:.
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1388:.
1360:.
1332:.
1304:.
1279:.
1251:.
1232:.
1201:)
1187:.
762:.
94:)
20:)
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