783:
1470:
1625:
831:
1734:
1104:
2241:
40:
64:
2071:
1884:
655:
669:
2269:
2227:
1525:
2584:"The 660 MW plant should be considered as an outlier, as transportation for the dam construction elements is assumed to occur over thousands of kilometers (which is only representative of a very small share of hydropower projects globally). The 360 MW plant should be considered as the most representative, with fossil greenhouse gas emissions ranging from 6.1 to 11 g CO
2140:
2255:
1477:
There are many options for lowering current levels of carbon emissions. Some options, such as wind power and solar power, produce low quantities of total life cycle carbon emissions, using entirely renewable sources. Other options, such as nuclear power, produce a comparable amount of carbon dioxide
1574:
during construction and flooding of the reservoir, and disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife. There is a strong consensus now that countries should adopt an integrated approach towards managing water resources, which would involve planning hydropower development in co-operation with other
4338:
Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
1658:
used to fuel nuclear fission plants is a non-renewable resource, enough exists to provide a supply for hundreds to thousands of years. However, uranium resources that can be accessed in an economically feasible manner, at the present state, are limited and uranium production could hardly keep up
1539:
plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years. Hydropower is also an extremely flexible technology from the perspective of power grid operation. Large hydropower provides one of the lowest cost options in today's energy market, even
1723:
reactors, which would generate small amounts of waste and no risk of explosions. Although fusion power has taken steps forward in the lab, the multi-decade timescale needed to bring it to commercialization and then scale means it will not contribute to a 2050 net zero goal for climate change
2185:
Domestic and industrial heat and hot water have largely been supplied by burning fossil fuels such as fuel oil or natural gas at the consumers' premises. Some countries have begun heat pump rebates to encourage switching to electricity, potentially adding a large demand to the grid.
1486:
can also include power that continues to utilize the world's natural resources, such as natural gas and coal, but only when they employ techniques that reduce carbon dioxide emissions from these sources when burning them for fuel, such as the, as of 2012, pilot plants performing
2214:
Investment in low-carbon power sources and technologies is increasing at a rapid rate. Zero-carbon power sources produce about 2% of the world's energy, but account for about 18% of world investment in power generation, attracting $ 100 billion of investment capital in 2006.
2045:
of power plants or other industry, transporting it to an appropriate location where it can be buried securely in an underground reservoir. While the technologies involved are all in use, and carbon capture and storage is occurring in other industries (e.g., at the
1494:
Because the cost of reducing emissions in the electricity sector appears to be lower than in other sectors such as transportation, the electricity sector may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions under an economically efficient climate policy.
806:(UNEP) in 1988, set the scientific precedence for the introduction of low-carbon power. The IPCC has continued to provide scientific, technical and socio-economic advice to the world community, through its periodic assessment reports and special reports.
2116:
Emissions from energy make up more than 61.4 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions. Power generation from traditional coal fuel sources accounts for 18.8 percent of all world greenhouse gas emissions, nearly double that emitted by road transportation.
1515:
The 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change report identifies nuclear, wind, solar and hydroelectricity in suitable locations as technologies that can provide electricity with less than 5% of the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of coal power.
2170:
Asian countries, especially China and India, where economic growth drives increased energy use. By implementing low-carbon power options, world electricity demand could continue to grow while maintaining stable carbon emission levels.
3937:
Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007-02-05). Retrieved on
813:, which came into force on 16 February 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions. The historical event set the political precedence for introduction of low-carbon power technology.
3297:
1800:, global installed wind power capacity exceeded 800 GW. 32 countries generated more than a tenth of their electricity from wind power in 2023 and wind generation has nearly tripled since 2015. To help meet the
2494:"IPCC Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, Annex III: Technology - specific cost and performance parameters - Table A.III.2 (Emissions of selected electricity supply technologies (gCO 2eq/kWh))"
774:(CCS) system. Globally almost 40% of electricity generation came from low-carbon sources in 2020: about 10% being nuclear power, almost 10% wind and solar, and around 20% hydropower and other renewables.
1570:
However, there are several significant social and environmental disadvantages of large-scale hydroelectric power systems: dislocation, if people are living where the reservoirs are planned, release of
1628:
Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power.
1498:
Technologies to produce electric power with low-carbon emissions are in use at various scales. Together, they accounted for almost 40% of global electricity in 2020, with wind and solar almost 10%.
1963:
from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants. Geothermal electricity generation is used in 24 countries while
1907:(CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the
2974:
1839:
energy sources to attain a reliable supply of electricity. Land-based (onshore) wind farms have a greater visual impact on the landscape than most other power stations per energy produced.
2944:
3264:
2086:
stated in its first working group report that "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in
2623:
3286:
2024:) started operation in 1966. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
1864:
Regions in the higher northern and southern latitudes have the highest potential for wind power. In most regions, wind power generation is higher in nighttime, and in winter when
2033:
823:
1769:, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity generation. Today, wind power is generated almost completely with
3553:
2166:) in 2003 to 212,000 TWh (722 quadrillion BTU) in 2030. Coal consumption is predicted to nearly double in that same time. The fastest growth is seen in non-
1597:. As of 2020 nuclear power provided 47% low-carbon power in the EU with countries largely based on nuclear power routinely achieving carbon intensity of 30-60 gCO2eq/kWh.
3480:
4453:
3808:
Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (11 February 2008). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (ed.).
4346:
4298:
Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1713:
may have several advantages over current large reactors: It should be possible to build them faster and their modularization would allow for cost reductions via
4284:
1679:
1601:
2532:
2500:
700:
3957:"Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the primary climate-change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)"
767:
sources, and is only used to describe a particular subset of operating fossil fuel power systems, specifically, those that are successfully coupled with a
2818:
The
European Strategic Energy Technology Plan SET-Plan Towards a low-carbon future 2010. Nuclear power provides "2/3 of the EU's low carbon energy" pg 6.
2813:
1374:
1363:
2966:
3647:
2057:
capture costs by at least 20-30% over approximately the next decade, while new technologies under development promise more substantial cost reduction.
1659:
during the expansion phase. Climate change mitigation pathways consistent with ambitious goals typically see an increase in power supply from nuclear.
4205:
3293:
2083:
795:
1639:
electricity. Nuclear power plants in over 30 countries generate about 10% of global electricity. As of 2019, nuclear generated over a quarter of all
782:
2781:
2404:
4017:
2930:
2683:
Weißbach, D. (2013). "Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants".
3287:
Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the 'do no significant harm' criteria of
Regulation (EU) 2020/852 ('Taxonomy Regulation')
1971:
1432:
1198:
1156:
195:
3254:
4423:
4399:
4372:
4310:
4278:
2631:
3905:
2526:"IPCC Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, Annex II Metrics and Methodology - A.II.9.3 (Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions)"
1975:
1939:
2560:
2434:
2307:
1820:
1469:
1097:
803:
1693:
and timescales long. Various new forms of nuclear energy are in development, hoping to address the drawbacks of conventional plants.
522:
4230:
2282:
1690:
799:
342:
3987:
3388:
3357:
1544:
and there are no harmful emissions associated with plant operation. However, there are typically low greenhouse gas emissions with
3231:
1683:
1532:
when completed in 1936 was both the world's largest electric-power generating station and the world's largest concrete structure.
693:
130:
3561:
2020:
that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. The first large-scale tidal power plant (the
63:
3672:
3472:
2113:), and has increased in concentration in the atmosphere from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to more than 375 ppm in 2005.
2087:
1797:
1352:
1341:
386:
4446:
2907:
1709:(rather than uranium) may be able to provide higher energy security for countries that do not have a large supply of uranium.
1682:
and pollution-related deaths than fossil fuels, and the historic fatality rate of nuclear is comparable to renewable sources.
3861:
3577:"The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services"
3056:
2940:
4378:
2768:
3836:
3792:
1847:, although they are generally more expensive. Offshore wind power currently has a share of about 10% of new installations.
1654:
produced, compared to the major renewables. Additionally, Nuclear power does not create local air pollution. Although the
1551:
Hydroelectric power is the world's largest low carbon source of electricity, supplying 15.6% of total electricity in 2019.
3502:
1979:
1593:'s low-carbon energy, with some EU nations sourcing a large fraction of their electricity from nuclear power; for example
1564:
1438:
1212:
1170:
215:
1478:
emissions as renewable technologies in total life cycle emissions, but consume non-renewable, but sustainable materials (
4336:
3809:
2828:
1560:
1420:
1142:
3092:
2194:
Coal-fired power plants are losing market share compared to low carbon power, and any built in the 2020s risk becoming
830:
30:
This article is about electricity generation that aims to minimise greenhouse gas emissions. For broader concepts, see
4484:
4479:
4474:
2829:"Assuring the Backbone of a Carbon-free Power System by 2050 -Call for a Timely and Just Assessment of Nuclear Energy"
1931:
1927:
1923:
1706:
1552:
686:
4264:
3145:
Muellner, Nikolaus; Arnold, Nikolaus; Gufler, Klaus; Kromp, Wolfgang; Renneberg, Wolfgang; Liebert, Wolfgang (2021).
3779:
3450:
2525:
2493:
4302:
4270:
3558:
Grantham
Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science
3014:
2038:
1702:
1488:
1444:
1426:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1146:
771:
556:
3700:"Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide"
2120:
Estimates state that by 2020 the world will be producing around twice as much carbon emissions as it was in 2000.
2970:
2653:
2287:
2159:
2021:
1828:
1805:
764:
741:
659:
235:
4324:
2460:
1586:, with a 10.6% share of world electricity production as of 2013, is the second largest low-carbon power source.
824:
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources § Global warming potential of selected electricity sources
2151:
2098:
1904:
1855:
1450:
1293:
989:
725:
608:
546:
220:
175:
165:
95:
3940:
3413:
1850:
Wind power is one of the lowest-cost electricity sources per unit of energy produced. In many locations, new
3037:
2709:
1836:
1594:
1330:
1319:
673:
551:
541:
245:
180:
4437:
2488:
2486:
2174:
In the transportation sector there are moves away from fossil fuels and towards electric vehicles, such as
809:
Internationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of low carbon power was the signing of the
1960:
1954:
1888:
1733:
1710:
637:
446:
431:
379:
240:
160:
4206:"Analysts' inaccurate cost estimates are creating a trillion-dollar bubble in conventional energy assets"
3330:
2788:
2411:
1859:
1667:
1651:
481:
426:
416:
255:
170:
1982:. Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35 to 2000 GW.
4025:
2419:... nuclear plants ... currently provide 1/3 of the EU's electricity and 2/3 of its low-carbon energy.
2005:
per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, a small fraction of that of conventional fossil fuel plants.
1612:
emissions over the last half century, providing 20% of energy in Europe and 43% of low-carbon energy.
794:
highlighted the need to curb carbon emissions. From this, the idea for low-carbon power was born. The
4169:
4123:
3711:
2935:
2163:
1908:
1698:
1678:
that can be used for weapons. For each unit of energy produced, nuclear energy has caused far fewer
850:
effect) from selected electricity supply technologies according to IPCC 2014. Arranged by decreasing
615:
510:
354:
260:
120:
3890:
2337:
2075:
1868:
output is low. For this reason, combinations of wind and solar power are suitable in many countries.
1604:(UNECE) described nuclear power as important tool to mitigate climate change that has prevented 74
834:
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by
1935:
1793:
1674:. Radioactive nuclear waste must be managed for thousands of years and nuclear power plants create
436:
302:
285:
230:
85:
73:
2724:
1624:
1103:
4409:
3956:
3737:
3528:
3168:
2386:
2312:
2302:
2246:
2047:
1990:
1964:
1942:
1840:
1812:
1617:
317:
145:
55:
31:
1970:
Current worldwide installed capacity is 10,715 megawatts (MW), with the largest capacity in the
1662:
There is controversy over whether nuclear power is sustainable, in part due to concerns around
4429:
4419:
4395:
4368:
4316:
4306:
4274:
4187:
3865:
3729:
3600:
3576:
3226:
3087:
3009:
2902:
2807:
2297:
2274:
1851:
1714:
1689:
Reducing the time and the cost of building new nuclear plants have been goals for decades but
737:
391:
307:
1808:, analysts say it should expand much faster – by over 1% of electricity generation per year.
4177:
4153:
4072:
3719:
3590:
3158:
2692:
2376:
2240:
2232:
1816:
1675:
1671:
1640:
1556:
973:
729:
498:
493:
327:
312:
273:
225:
200:
140:
3811:
The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change
2598:
2050:), no large scale integrated project has yet become operational within the power industry.
17:
3944:
2555:
2553:
2203:
2070:
1914:
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 354 MW
1844:
1801:
1778:
1646:
Nuclear power's lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions—including the mining and processing of
1184:
250:
205:
135:
3926:
The
National Energy Technology Laboratory Web site “Tracking New Coal Fired Power Plants”
2769:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf
2124:
4335:(2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.).
4295:(2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.).
4231:"United Nations Environment Program Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007"
4173:
3995:
3715:
3380:
3349:
2182:. These trends are small, but may eventually add a large demand to the electrical grid.
39:
4263:(2011). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Seyboth, K.; et al. (eds.).
4149:
4098:
2996:
2260:
2199:
2195:
2110:
2102:
2091:
1986:
1883:
1832:
1650:—are similar to the emissions from renewable energy sources. Nuclear power uses little
1605:
1590:
1571:
906:
810:
791:
620:
593:
566:
534:
517:
396:
185:
155:
3221:
4468:
3741:
3648:"Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen"
3172:
2390:
2381:
2364:
2155:
1919:
1900:
1663:
1632:
1583:
1536:
1456:
1314:
1280:
1038:
756:
632:
598:
505:
488:
369:
359:
210:
3850:
3817:. IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources. Luebeck, Germany. pp. 59–80
3676:
2753:
2405:"The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan SET-Plan Towards a low-carbon future"
4158:"COVID-19-induced low power demand and market forces starkly reduce CO 2 emissions"
3259:
2897:
2179:
2175:
1770:
1720:
1694:
1541:
1021:
571:
456:
125:
90:
4445:
Morris, Ellen; Mensah-Kutin, Rose; Greene, Jennye; Diam-valla, Catherine (2015).
4358:
3780:
http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf
3755:
2696:
4099:"Energy Information Administration; "World Market Energy Consumption by Region""
4047:
3925:
3163:
3146:
2654:"Promoting Low-Carbon Electricity Production - Issues in Science and Technology"
2292:
2013:
1945:. Solar power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 1%.
1878:
1865:
1824:
1655:
1226:
1074:
886:
752:
733:
721:
668:
576:
451:
401:
364:
347:
332:
150:
4182:
4157:
3724:
3699:
3117:
2870:
2053:
Improvements to current carbon capture and storage technologies could reduce CO
1989:
because the heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content. The
1918:
CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the
3581:
2871:"Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE"
2268:
2222:
2017:
1774:
1750:
1743:
1529:
1524:
1385:
1259:
1078:
1005:
902:
760:
748:
586:
411:
406:
374:
337:
322:
105:
4433:
4320:
4266:
IPCC Special Report on
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
4191:
3869:
3733:
3604:
4364:
3625:
3595:
3082:
3000:
2435:"Innovation funding opportunities for low-carbon technologies: 2010 to 2015"
1636:
1589:
Nuclear power, in 2010, also provided two thirds of the twenty seven nation
1545:
1137:
441:
421:
190:
100:
2139:
790:
During the late 20th and early 21st century significant findings regarding
2710:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter7.pdf
2226:
4391:
3575:
Jones, Nathan F.; Pejchar, Liba; Kiesecker, Joseph M. (22 January 2015).
3442:
2128:
2042:
1896:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1701:
and therefore can significantly reduce the amount of waste that requires
956:
939:
768:
581:
466:
461:
115:
110:
80:
3988:"World Resources Institute; "Greenhouse Gases and Where They Come From""
3004:
2739:
4018:"Energy Information Administration; "World Carbon Emissions by Region""
2365:"Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation"
1647:
1479:
922:
603:
561:
297:
280:
4447:
Situation
Analysis of Energy and Gender Issues in ECOWAS Member States
4296:
3314:
Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden. "Nuclear Fission". In
3255:"Why are nuclear plants so expensive? Safety's only part of the story"
3205:
Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden. "Nuclear Fission". In
3130:
Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden. "Nuclear Fission". In
2661:
4388:
Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet
2468:
1757:
energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by
851:
847:
786:
Percentage of electricity generation from low-carbon sources in 2019.
740:
to low-carbon power is one of the most important actions required to
292:
4452:(Report). ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.
1993:
of existing geothermal electric plants is on average 122 kg of
1891:
concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower.
1788:
of electricity, which was 7.8% of world electricity. With about 100
1705:, but have not yet been deployed on a large-scale commercial basis.
3936:
3529:"Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change"
2740:"Understand Hydropower energy through Data | Low-Carbon Power"
2845:
2138:
2069:
1882:
1758:
1732:
1623:
1523:
1468:
1102:
829:
781:
527:
38:
4413:
2561:"Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options | UNECE"
4363:. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series (Third ed.).
4332:
4292:
4260:
2167:
1915:
1754:
1686:
often makes nuclear plants politically difficult to implement.
882:
835:
625:
4073:"Prediction of energy consumption world-wide - Time for change"
3057:"New study: Nuclear power is humanity's greenest energy option"
3698:
Nyenah, Emmanuel; Sterl, Sebastian; Thiery, Wim (1 May 2022).
3384:
3353:
3038:
Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters
1785:
3036:
Schlömer, S.; Bruckner, T.; Fulton, L.; Hertwich, E. et al. "
2624:"Amid Economic Concerns, Carbon Capture Faces a Hazy Future"
1120:
emissions per kWh, EU28 countries, according to UNECE 2020.
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
1643:, making it the second largest source after hydropower.
1635:
has been used since the 1950s as a low-carbon source of
3408:
3406:
2931:"Why Nuclear Power Must Be Part of the Energy Solution"
2726:
Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet
2131:
in the coming year for all 27 countries in the union.
1465:
Differentiating attributes of low-carbon power sources
3675:. DTU Technical University of Denmark. Archived from
3222:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?"
2034:
Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources
1473:
Worldwide low-carbon electricity generation by source
43:
Share of primary energy from low-carbon sources, 2018
3554:"What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?"
2461:"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Web site"
3860:, vol. 28, no. 3, Klamath Falls, Oregon:
1922:of California. Other large CSP plants include the
1098:
environmental impact of reservoirs#Greenhouse gases
4357:Kutscher, C.F.; Milford, J.B.; Kreith, F. (2019).
3147:"Nuclear energy - The solution to climate change?"
1595:France derives 79% of its electricity from nuclear
27:Power produced with lower carbon dioxide emissions
1572:significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
3437:
3435:
3350:"Nuclear fusion is 'a question of when, not if'"
3473:"Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity"
2846:"Live CO₂ emissions of electricity consumption"
3837:Geothermal Energy: International Market Update
3793:Geothermal Energy: International Market Update
3503:"Global wind industry breezes into new record"
1548:, and possibly high emissions in the tropics.
877:Currently commercially available technologies
4152:; Bauer, Nico; Ueckerdt, Falko; Malik, Aman;
3381:"Major breakthrough on nuclear fusion energy"
2090:greenhouse gas concentrations, contribute to
1602:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
694:
8:
1719:Several countries are attempting to develop
747:Low carbon power generation sources include
3628:. Global Wind Energy Council. 19 March 2020
2754:Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed
2154:is predicted to increase from 123,000
3889:Bertani, Ruggero; Thain, Ian (July 2002),
1555:is by far the world's largest producer of
1500:
1114:
840:
701:
687:
62:
46:
4181:
4048:"EIA - International Energy Outlook 2017"
3723:
3594:
3294:European Commission Joint Research Centre
3162:
2380:
2084:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1930:(150 MW), both in Spain. The over 200 MW
817:Power sources by greenhouse gas emissions
796:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
763:. The term largely excludes conventional
4415:Sustainable energy – without the hot air
4360:Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems
2429:
2427:
2074:Greenhouse gas emissions by sector. See
1899:into electricity, either directly using
1843:have less visual impact and have higher
3803:
3801:
3334:
3329:Locatelli, Giorgio; Mignacca, Benito. "
3315:
3206:
3131:
2324:
54:
4352:from the original on 20 November 2020.
3982:
3980:
3113:
2812:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2805:
2719:
2717:
1737:Wind power stations in Xinjiang, China
1433:integrated gasification combined cycle
196:List of low-energy building techniques
4327:from the original on 26 January 2017.
4148:Bertram, Christoph; Luderer, Gunnar;
3891:"Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO
3704:Environmental Research Communications
3453:from the original on 23 November 2021
3234:from the original on 29 November 2020
2599:"Is Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy?"
2506:from the original on 14 December 2018
2097:As a percentage of all anthropogenic
1985:Geothermal power is considered to be
1934:in the United States, and the 214 MW
1742:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
7:
4440:from the original on 28 August 2021.
4287:from the original on 27 August 2021.
3906:International Geothermal Association
3849:Rybach, Ladislaus (September 2007),
3483:from the original on 19 October 2021
3360:from the original on 25 January 2021
3220:Ritchie, Hannah (10 February 2020).
3185:
3081:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2020).
3041:
2723:International Energy Agency (2007).
2332:
2330:
2328:
4459:from the original on 21 March 2021.
3303:from the original on 26 April 2021.
1684:Public opposition to nuclear energy
3858:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
3379:Amos, Jonathan (9 February 2022).
3267:from the original on 28 April 2021
2967:"Nuclear Power in the World Today"
2947:from the original on 9 August 2021
2588:eq/kWh" (UNECE 2020 section 4.4.1)
2538:from the original on 23 April 2021
2308:Renewable energy commercialization
2125:European Union hopes to sign a law
1784:In 2022, wind supplied over 2,304
1618:Sustainable energy § Nuclear power
804:United Nations Environment Program
724:produced with substantially lower
25:
4381:from the original on 6 June 2020.
3560:. 12 January 2018. Archived from
3391:from the original on 1 March 2022
3348:McGrath, Matt (6 November 2019).
3253:Timmer, John (21 November 2020).
3095:from the original on 20 July 2021
2977:from the original on 16 July 2021
2910:from the original on 21 July 2021
2410:. 2010. p. 6. Archived from
2283:Business action on climate change
2129:net-zero greenhouse gas emissions
2041:captures carbon dioxide from the
1895:Solar power is the conversion of
800:World Meteorological Organization
4386:Letcher, Trevor M., ed. (2020).
3414:"Global Electricity Review 2024"
3017:from the original on 2 July 2021
2929:Rhodes, Richard (19 July 2018).
2382:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x
2338:"Global Electricity Review 2021"
2267:
2253:
2239:
2225:
1616:This section is an excerpt from
1107:Lifecycle GHG emissions, in g CO
822:This section is an excerpt from
667:
654:
653:
131:Energy efficiency implementation
3835:Geothermal Energy Association.
3791:Geothermal Energy Association.
2896:Roser, Max (10 December 2020).
2109:) accounts for 72 percent (see
1819:source, and has a much smaller
728:over the entire lifecycle than
387:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3862:Oregon Institute of Technology
3331:Small Modular Nuclear Reactors
3055:Bailey, Ronald (10 May 2023).
2941:Yale School of the Environment
1707:Nuclear power based on thorium
1398:offshore, concrete foundation
1:
2630:. 23 May 2012. Archived from
2369:Journal of Industrial Ecology
216:Passive solar building design
4339:efforts to eradicate poverty
2898:"The world's energy problem"
2697:10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.029
2499:. IPCC. 2014. p. 1335.
1668:nuclear weapon proliferation
1068:Pre‐commercial technologies
3851:"Geothermal Sustainability"
3164:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112363
1967:is in use in 70 countries.
1932:Agua Caliente Solar Project
1928:Andasol solar power station
1924:Solnova Solar Power Station
1811:Wind power is considered a
1406:offshore, steel foundation
1089:
1086:
1083:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1009:
999:
996:
993:
983:
980:
977:
967:
964:
961:
950:
947:
944:
933:
930:
927:
916:
913:
910:
896:
893:
890:
798:(IPCC), established by the
674:Renewable energy portal
392:Renewable energy transition
18:Low carbon power generation
4501:
4303:Cambridge University Press
4271:Cambridge University Press
4183:10.1038/s41558-021-00987-x
2039:Carbon capture and storage
2031:
2028:Carbon capture and storage
1959:Geothermal electricity is
1952:
1903:(PV), or indirectly using
1876:
1792:added during 2021, mostly
1741:
1615:
1559:in the world, followed by
1489:Carbon capture and storage
1445:natural gas combined cycle
1427:carbon capture and storage
821:
772:carbon capture and storage
29:
3626:"Global Wind Report 2019"
2971:World Nuclear Association
2363:Warner, Ethan S. (2012).
2288:Climate change mitigation
2076:World Resources Institute
2022:Rance Tidal Power Station
1841:Wind farms sited offshore
1821:impact on the environment
1773:, generally grouped into
1503:
1384:
1313:
1292:
1258:
1225:
1136:
1124:
1067:
876:
236:Sustainable refurbishment
4128:EnergySavingTrust.org.uk
3943:14 November 2007 at the
3725:10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb
2152:World energy consumption
2099:greenhouse gas emissions
2061:Outlook and requirements
1905:concentrated solar power
1697:reactors are capable of
1451:concentrated solar power
990:Concentrated solar power
726:greenhouse gas emissions
221:Sustainable architecture
176:Glass in green buildings
166:Environmental technology
96:Compact fluorescent lamp
4124:"Air source heat pumps"
3756:"Energy Sources: Solar"
3443:"Wind Power – Analysis"
2850:electricitymap.tmrow.co
2202:, partly because their
1837:dispatchable generation
1699:recycling nuclear waste
1652:land per unit of energy
1111:eq. per kWh, UNECE 2020
542:Human-powered transport
246:Tropical green building
181:Green building and wood
2628:NationalGeographic.com
2531:. pp. 1306–1308.
2148:
2079:
2078:for detailed breakdown
1955:Geothermal electricity
1892:
1738:
1711:Small modular reactors
1629:
1533:
1474:
1112:
846:equivalent (including
838:
787:
714:Low-carbon electricity
638:Personal rapid transit
380:Tidal stream generator
241:Thermal energy storage
161:Environmental planning
44:
4162:Nature Climate Change
3596:10.1093/biosci/biu224
2417:on 11 February 2014.
2190:Energy infrastructure
2142:
2073:
1961:electricity generated
1886:
1854:are cheaper than new
1777:and connected to the
1736:
1627:
1575:water-using sectors.
1527:
1472:
1106:
833:
785:
482:Sustainable transport
427:Floating wind turbine
256:Zero heating building
171:Fossil fuel phase-out
42:
3760:Department of Energy
3296:. 2021. p. 53.
2936:Yale Environment 360
2752:Duncan Graham-Rowe.
2664:on 27 September 2013
1909:photoelectric effect
1823:compared to burning
1806:limit climate change
742:limit climate change
616:Personal transporter
511:Wind-powered vehicle
355:Marine current power
261:Zero-energy building
121:Efficient energy use
4410:MacKay, David J. C.
4174:2021NatCC..11..193B
3716:2022ERCom...4e5011N
3679:on 24 February 2020
3673:"Global Wind Atlas"
3337:, pp. 151–169.
3318:, pp. 146–147.
3209:, pp. 147–149.
2794:on 11 February 2014
2759:, 24 February 2005.
2441:. 13 September 2016
2147:emissions by region
1943:photovoltaic plants
1936:Charanka Solar Park
1703:geological disposal
1520:Hydroelectric power
1121:
859:
303:Carbon-neutral fuel
231:Sustainable habitat
86:Building insulation
74:Energy conservation
50:Part of a series on
4485:Low-carbon economy
4480:Energy development
4475:Sustainable energy
4390:(Third ed.).
2729:(PDF), OECD, p. 3.
2603:large.Stanford.edu
2313:Sustainable energy
2303:Energy development
2247:Environment portal
2149:
2080:
2048:Sleipner gas field
1991:emission intensity
1965:geothermal heating
1938:in India, are the
1893:
1852:onshore wind farms
1739:
1630:
1534:
1475:
1457:photovoltaic power
1415:List of acronyms:
1115:
1113:
841:
839:
788:
318:Geothermal heating
146:Energy saving lamp
56:Sustainable energy
45:
32:sustainable energy
4425:978-0-9544529-3-3
4418:. UIT Cambridge.
4401:978-0-08-102886-5
4374:978-0-429-93916-7
4312:978-1-107-05821-7
4280:978-1-107-02340-6
4154:Edenhofer, Ottmar
4079:. 18 January 2007
4077:TimeForChange.org
3795:May 2010, p. 4-6.
3477:Our World in Data
3227:Our World in Data
3088:Our World in Data
3010:Our World in Data
2903:Our World in Data
2471:on 25 August 2006
2298:Emissions trading
2275:Technology portal
2135:Electricity usage
1926:(150 MW) and the
1715:learning-by-doing
1691:costs remain high
1641:low-carbon energy
1508:
1507:
1413:
1412:
1366:, ground-mounted
1344:, ground-mounted
1322:, ground-mounted
1094:
1093:
765:fossil fuel plant
738:energy transition
711:
710:
308:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
4492:
4460:
4458:
4451:
4441:
4405:
4382:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4328:
4288:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:on 14 March 2009
4024:. Archived from
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3994:. Archived from
3984:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3899:
3895:Emission Survey"
3886:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3864:, pp. 2–7,
3855:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3805:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3598:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3564:on 22 June 2019.
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3507:Energy Live News
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3083:"Nuclear Energy"
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:. 11 August 2021
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2787:. Archived from
2786:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2660:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2233:Economics portal
2230:
2229:
2204:capacity factors
2004:
2003:
2002:
1949:Geothermal power
1845:capacity factors
1827:. Wind power is
1817:renewable energy
1676:fissile material
1557:hydroelectricity
1501:
1484:low-carbon power
1122:
860:
730:power generation
718:low-carbon power
703:
696:
689:
676:
672:
671:
662:
657:
656:
494:Electric vehicle
343:Run-of-the-river
328:Hydroelectricity
313:Geothermal power
274:Renewable energy
226:Sustainable city
201:Low-energy house
141:Energy recycling
66:
47:
21:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4426:
4408:
4402:
4385:
4375:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4331:
4313:
4291:
4281:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4150:Creutzig, Felix
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4052:www.eia.DOE.gov
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3998:on 14 July 2007
3986:
3985:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3945:Wayback Machine
3935:
3931:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:May 2010, p. 7.
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3509:. 25 March 2022
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3044:, p. 1335.
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
2997:Ritchie, Hannah
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2782:"Archived copy"
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2344:. 28 March 2021
2336:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2212:
2196:stranded assets
2192:
2146:
2137:
2108:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2011:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1957:
1951:
1940:world's largest
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1802:Paris Agreement
1779:electrical grid
1747:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1621:
1611:
1581:
1522:
1513:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1421:pulverized coal
1377:, roof-mounted
1355:, roof-mounted
1333:, roof-mounted
1131:
1119:
1110:
942:– Utility scale
857:
845:
827:
819:
780:
707:
666:
665:
652:
645:
644:
484:
474:
473:
276:
266:
265:
251:Waste-to-energy
206:Microgeneration
136:Energy recovery
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4442:
4424:
4406:
4400:
4383:
4373:
4354:
4329:
4311:
4289:
4279:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4222:
4197:
4168:(3): 193–196.
4156:(March 2021).
4140:
4115:
4090:
4064:
4039:
4009:
3976:
3948:
3929:
3918:
3892:
3881:
3841:
3828:
3797:
3784:
3772:
3747:
3690:
3664:
3639:
3617:
3589:(3): 290–301.
3567:
3545:
3520:
3494:
3464:
3431:
3402:
3371:
3340:
3335:Letcher (2020)
3321:
3316:Letcher (2020)
3306:
3278:
3245:
3212:
3207:Letcher (2020)
3190:
3178:
3137:
3134:, p. 135.
3132:Letcher (2020)
3122:
3106:
3073:
3047:
3028:
2988:
2958:
2921:
2888:
2862:
2837:
2820:
2773:
2761:
2745:
2731:
2713:
2702:
2675:
2658:www.Issues.org
2645:
2634:on 25 May 2012
2615:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2549:
2517:
2482:
2452:
2423:
2396:
2355:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2261:History portal
2250:
2236:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:will decline.
2200:stranded costs
2191:
2188:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2111:Greenhouse gas
2106:
2103:carbon dioxide
2092:climate change
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2029:
2026:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1953:Main article:
1950:
1947:
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1833:energy storage
1831:, so it needs
1753:is the use of
1748:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1721:nuclear fusion
1622:
1614:
1609:
1591:European Union
1580:
1577:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1466:
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1008:
1002:
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915:
912:
909:
907:combined cycle
899:
898:
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889:
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
855:
843:
828:
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815:
811:Kyoto Protocol
802:(WMO) and the
792:global warming
779:
776:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
680:
679:
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663:
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642:
641:
640:
630:
629:
628:
621:Rail transport
618:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Roller skating
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
567:Cycle rickshaw
564:
554:
549:
539:
538:
537:
532:
531:
530:
523:Human-electric
518:Hybrid vehicle
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
502:
501:
485:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
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469:
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459:
454:
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439:
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429:
424:
419:
409:
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399:
397:Renewable heat
394:
389:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
362:
357:
352:
351:
350:
345:
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258:
253:
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218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
186:Green building
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
156:Energy storage
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
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3195:
3191:
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3182:
3179:
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3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Energy Policy
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3089:
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3032:
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2989:
2976:
2973:. June 2021.
2972:
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2758:
2757:New Scientist
2755:
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2089:
2088:anthropogenic
2085:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:is a form of
2015:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:United States
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:Mojave Desert
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:photovoltaics
1898:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
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1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:United States
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:wind turbines
1768:
1764:
1760:
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1665:
1664:nuclear waste
1660:
1657:
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1634:
1633:Nuclear power
1626:
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1613:
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1598:
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1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:Nuclear power
1579:Nuclear power
1578:
1576:
1573:
1568:
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1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
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1538:
1537:Hydroelectric
1531:
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1439:supercritical
1436:
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842:Life cycle CO
837:
832:
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812:
807:
805:
801:
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793:
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777:
775:
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766:
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757:nuclear power
754:
750:
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731:
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704:
699:
697:
692:
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684:
682:
681:
675:
670:
664:
661:
651:
650:
649:
648:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:Rapid transit
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
599:Skateboarding
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
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550:
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543:
540:
536:
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529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
506:Solar vehicle
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:Green vehicle
487:
486:
483:
478:
477:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
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445:
443:
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423:
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410:
408:
405:
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398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Tidal barrage
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
360:Marine energy
358:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:
262:
259:
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254:
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249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Passive house
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
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79:
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69:
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53:
49:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4414:
4387:
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4337:
4297:
4265:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4210:Utility Dive
4209:
4200:
4165:
4161:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4021:
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:the original
3991:
3967:. Retrieved
3963:
3951:
3932:
3921:
3910:, retrieved
3901:
3884:
3873:, retrieved
3857:
3844:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3810:
3787:
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:the original
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3586:
3580:
3570:
3562:the original
3557:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3533:ScienceDaily
3532:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3506:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3446:
3422:. Retrieved
3420:. 7 May 2024
3417:
3393:. Retrieved
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3343:
3324:
3309:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:Ars Technica
3258:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3225:
3215:
3181:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3125:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3050:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3008:
3005:"Energy mix"
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2934:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2901:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2823:
2796:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2776:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2734:
2725:
2705:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2657:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2627:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2540:. Retrieved
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2438:
2418:
2412:the original
2399:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2341:
2213:
2193:
2184:
2180:electric car
2176:mass transit
2173:
2150:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2096:
2081:
2052:
2037:
2012:
1984:
1974:(3,086 MW),
1969:
1958:
1913:
1894:
1849:
1825:fossil fuels
1810:
1783:
1749:
1695:Fast breeder
1688:
1661:
1645:
1631:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1550:
1542:fossil fuels
1540:compared to
1535:
1514:
1511:Technologies
1497:
1493:
1483:
1482:). The term
1476:
1414:
1116:Lifecycle CO
1095:
1054:Wind Onshore
858:eq) values.
808:
789:
746:
734:fossil fuels
717:
713:
712:
572:Kick scooter
557:Land vehicle
126:Energy audit
91:Cogeneration
36:
3938:2007-02-02.
3657:24 November
3538:24 November
3487:23 November
3457:23 November
3424:2 September
3395:10 February
3364:13 February
3114:MacKay 2008
3042:IPCC (2014)
2881:2 September
2691:: 210–221.
2570:26 November
2542:14 December
2510:14 December
2375:: S73–S92.
2293:Carbon sink
2160:quadrillion
2014:Tidal power
2009:Tidal power
1987:sustainable
1976:Philippines
1879:Solar power
1873:Solar power
1866:solar power
1813:sustainable
1724:mitigation.
1656:uranium ore
1227:Natural gas
1125:Technology
925:– Dedicated
753:solar power
722:electricity
577:Quadracycle
432:Forecasting
365:Tidal power
348:Small hydro
333:Micro hydro
286:Sustainable
151:Energy Star
4469:Categories
3652:Lazard.com
3610:9 November
3582:BioScience
3292:(Report).
3188:, 2.4.2.1.
3157:. 112363.
3116:, p.
3061:Reason.com
3001:Roser, Max
2319:References
2210:Investment
2158:(421
2127:mandating
2032:See also:
2018:hydropower
1860:gas plants
1775:wind farms
1751:Wind power
1744:Wind power
1729:Wind power
1680:accidental
1546:reservoirs
1530:Hoover Dam
1234:, without
1173:, without
1159:, without
1145:, without
1006:Hydropower
974:Geothermal
863:Technology
761:hydropower
749:wind power
609:Watercraft
587:Velomobile
547:Helicopter
375:Tidal farm
338:Pico hydro
323:Hydropower
106:Eco-cities
4434:262888377
4365:CRC Press
4321:892580682
4240:1 October
4192:1758-6798
4133:1 October
4108:1 October
4083:1 October
4057:1 October
4032:1 October
4002:1 October
3969:1 October
3870:0276-1084
3742:249227821
3734:2515-7620
3605:0006-3568
3186:IPCC 2018
3173:236254316
2798:17 August
2668:1 October
2638:1 October
2608:1 October
2565:unece.org
2475:1 October
2445:24 August
2391:153286497
2066:Emissions
1980:Indonesia
1835:or other
1804:goals to
1767:windpumps
1763:windmills
1672:accidents
1138:Hard coal
1096:see also
959:– rooftop
854:(g/kWh CO
759:and most
552:Hydrofoil
417:Community
191:Heat pump
101:Eco hotel
4454:Archived
4438:Archived
4412:(2008).
4392:Elsevier
4379:Archived
4347:Archived
4325:Archived
4285:Archived
4235:UNEP.org
3964:ORNL.gov
3941:Archived
3902:IGA News
3765:19 April
3683:28 March
3632:28 March
3481:Archived
3451:Archived
3389:Archived
3358:Archived
3298:Archived
3271:17 March
3265:Archived
3238:14 March
3232:Archived
3093:Archived
3015:Archived
3003:(2020).
2975:Archived
2945:Archived
2908:Archived
2808:cite web
2533:Archived
2501:Archived
2219:See also
2178:and the
2143:World CO
2043:flue gas
1897:sunlight
1829:variable
1796:and the
1794:in China
1637:baseload
1600:In 2021
1504:Source:
1390:onshore
1285:average
1264:660 MW
1128:g/kWh CO
1024:Offshore
957:Solar PV
940:Solar PV
769:flue gas
660:Category
582:Tricycle
467:Windpump
462:Windbelt
437:Industry
116:Ecolabel
111:Ecohouse
81:Arcology
4253:Sources
4215:7 April
4170:Bibcode
4103:DOE.gov
4022:DOE.gov
3992:WRI.org
3821:6 April
3712:Bibcode
3513:2 April
3099:19 July
2981:19 July
2951:24 July
2914:21 July
2875:UN News
2465:IPCC.ch
2348:7 April
1648:uranium
1480:uranium
1443:NGCC —
1431:IGCC —
1331:poly-Si
1320:poly-Si
1306:trough
1281:Nuclear
1272:360 MW
1248:, with
1215:, with
1201:, with
1187:, with
1073:Ocean (
1039:Nuclear
923:Biomass
778:History
604:Walking
562:Bicycle
535:Plug-in
499:Bicycle
457:Turbine
447:Outline
298:Biomass
281:Biofuel
4432:
4422:
4398:
4371:
4319:
4309:
4277:
4190:
3912:13 May
3904:(49),
3868:
3740:
3732:
3603:
3333:". In
3171:
3066:22 May
3040:". In
3021:9 July
2855:14 May
2685:Energy
2439:GOV.UK
2389:
2162:
1978:, and
1670:, and
1565:Canada
1561:Brazil
1449:CSP —
1425:CCS —
1298:tower
869:Median
852:median
848:albedo
736:. The
732:using
658:
452:Rights
293:Biogas
4457:(PDF)
4450:(PDF)
4350:(PDF)
4343:(PDF)
3960:(PDF)
3908:: 1–3
3898:(PDF)
3875:9 May
3854:(PDF)
3815:(PDF)
3738:S2CID
3418:Ember
3301:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3169:S2CID
2832:(PDF)
2792:(PDF)
2785:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2504:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
2415:(PDF)
2408:(PDF)
2387:S2CID
2342:Ember
1759:sails
1608:of CO
1553:China
1455:PV —
1437:SC —
1419:PC —
1260:Hydro
1151:1000
1075:Tidal
1016:2200
872:Max.
744:.
528:Twike
402:Solar
4430:OCLC
4420:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4333:IPCC
4317:OCLC
4307:ISBN
4293:IPCC
4275:ISBN
4261:IPCC
4242:2017
4217:2021
4188:ISSN
4135:2017
4110:2017
4085:2017
4059:2017
4034:2017
4004:2017
3971:2017
3914:2009
3877:2009
3866:ISSN
3823:2009
3782:pg31
3767:2011
3730:ISSN
3685:2020
3659:2021
3634:2020
3612:2022
3601:ISSN
3540:2021
3515:2022
3489:2021
3459:2021
3426:2024
3397:2022
3366:2021
3273:2021
3240:2021
3101:2021
3068:2023
3023:2021
2983:2021
2953:2021
2916:2021
2883:2021
2857:2020
2814:link
2800:2015
2771:pg25
2670:2017
2640:2017
2610:2017
2572:2021
2544:2018
2512:2018
2477:2017
2447:2023
2350:2021
2168:OECD
2123:The
2082:The
1916:SEGS
1889:PS10
1887:The
1856:coal
1765:and
1755:wind
1563:and
1528:The
1386:Wind
1375:CIGS
1364:CIGS
1353:CdTe
1342:CdTe
1288:5.1
1267:150
1254:130
1246:NGCC
1240:430
1232:NGCC
1221:330
1207:280
1199:IGCC
1193:370
1179:950
1165:850
1157:IGCC
1079:wave
1077:and
1049:110
1022:Wind
951:180
934:420
917:650
897:910
883:Coal
866:Min.
836:IPCC
626:Tram
442:Lens
422:Farm
412:Wind
407:Wave
4178:doi
3720:doi
3591:doi
3447:IEA
3385:BBC
3354:BBC
3159:doi
3155:155
3118:162
2693:doi
2377:doi
2198:or
2164:BTU
2156:TWh
2105:(CO
1858:or
1786:TWh
1409:13
1401:14
1393:12
1380:14
1369:11
1358:15
1347:12
1336:37
1325:37
1309:42
1301:22
1294:CSP
1275:11
1250:CCS
1236:CCS
1217:CCS
1203:CCS
1189:CCS
1175:CCS
1161:CCS
1147:CCS
1132:eq
1090:28
1084:5.6
1063:56
1057:7.0
1043:3.7
1033:35
1027:8.0
1010:1.0
1000:63
994:8.8
984:79
978:6.0
968:60
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