637:'High justice' and 'low justice' are also terms used in reference to justice in China, although from different premises. Delia Lin argues that 'the essence of high justice' in China rests on foundations of a presumed 'moral supremacy and legitimacy of the ruling party as the guardian of morality' (currently the Chinese Communist Party) while the rarely satisfied 'demand for fair and justice treatment of the nation's people falls into the realm of low justice'. The same set of terms, similarly juxtaposed, is employed by Lee Haiyan.
179:
414:
77:
36:
554:
High justice is held by all states and the highest vassals in the
European type of feudal society, but may also be acquired by other authorities as part of a high degree of legal autonomy, such as certain cities; which in time often obtained other high privileges originally reserved for high nobility
376:
A right of appeal was not automatically available, only when explicitly established, and if so not always to a court of the superior political level or a higher degree of the trio. In fact, feudal justice was a labyrinth of specific customs and rules in nearly endless variation, not governed by any
385:
While the right of justice is held by many "unique" courts, relatively strong states make it a pillar of their absolutist (re)emergence to establish numerous courts to administer justice in their name in different territorial circumscriptions, such as the royal (high) sheriffs in
England, or to
268:
by the maximal punishment the holders could inflict upon their subjects and other dependents. The scale of punishment generally matched the scale of spectacle (e.g. a public hanging = high justice), so that in France, Paul
Friedland argues: "The degree of spectacle originally the basis for a
381:
tended by nature to be quite conservative. In judicial matters—as in all spheres of life—feudal society did not see uniformity as either possible or necessarily desirable, each town and region has its customs and ways of doing things, and resented attempts to interfere with them.
703:
Lin, Delia. “High
Justice versus Low Justice: The Legacy of Confucian and Legalist Notions of Justice.” In Justice: The China Experience, edited by Elisa Nesossi, Flora Sapio, Sarah Biddulph, and Susan Trevaskes, 67–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
351:
As a rule, each court administered justice in general (criminal cases were generally not separate from civil actions and other types of justice, while certain matters were separated such as
340:
suggest a strict subordination, this was not quite the case; a case could often be brought in any of several courts, with the principle of "prevention" (in the etymological sense of Latin
269:
distinction between high and low justice", with an intervening level of 'middle justice', characterised by limited or modest spectatorship, added around the end of the fourteenth century.
94:
49:
512:) together with the heraldic banner of the fief. Some feudal houses adopted a red field symbolic of the blood banner into their coat of arms, the so-called
571:
was an "equal" enclave in the territorial jurisdiction of the neighboring feudal (temporal or ecclesiastical) Lord, sometimes even extending rather like a
761:
141:
113:
200:
120:
240:
222:
160:
63:
55:
474:
127:
361:(e.g., of clerics to be judged in canon courts by other clergy, sometimes under ecclesiastical law, the origin of the English
98:
373:, which is really the official recording of deeds (unilateral or bilateral) such as marital agreements, wills, grants, etc.
109:
486:
408:
508:("blood flag") was a solid red flag. It was presented to feudal lords as a symbol of their power of high jurisdiction (
352:
716:
Lee Haiyan, A Certain
Justice: Toward an Ecology of the Chinese Legal Imagination, University of Chicago Press, 2023.
193:
187:
87:
756:
204:
687:
134:
386:
impose an appeal (at least unifying the law as such) to a royal court, as to the various French provincial
609:
273:
683:
751:
305:
593:
614:
560:
653:
Paul
Friedland, Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France, OUP, 2012.
619:
585:
584:
held high justice. Up to the 18th century, for example, the blood court of much of what is now the
537:
289:
741:
597:
446:
377:
clear legal logic, and subject to significant historical evolution in time. However, the largely
320:
and severe corporal punishment, which was reserved to authorities holding high justice, or the
490:
458:
413:
366:
293:
746:
589:
525:
450:
357:
663:
556:
462:
533:
285:
543:
Often it is proudly displayed, in the form of relevant status symbols. Thus permanent
735:
674:
by
Christoph Friedrich Grieb (1863) translates the term simply as "a criminal court".
624:
521:
378:
313:
309:
401:
345:
355:), as long as the matter was not reserved for a higher court or by virtue of some
369:). In addition to civil and criminal trials, the notion of justice also included
564:
547:
are often erected in prominent public places; the very word for them in French,
281:
76:
17:
362:
304:, and freeholders on their land. Middle justice would involve full civil and
563:
as such even aspired to such "parliamentary" representation, or the right to
469:
along with their fiefs. The first codification of capital punishment was the
705:
555:
and sometimes high clergy. Other such privileges could include a seat in a
517:
466:
388:
257:
596:. The self-administration of the blood court was an important factor of
529:
261:
544:
454:
317:
301:
265:
418:
348:
to the court in which the case was first filed or otherwise brought.
573:
726:
Rituals of
Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987
581:
297:
277:
172:
70:
29:
692:
465:. From the 13th century, it was transferred to the king's
292:. It was held by many lesser authorities, including many
559:
or a similar feudal representative assembly, before the
551:, is derived from the Latin "potentia" meaning "power".
437:(lit. "blood justice", "blood-court"; sometimes also
532:from ca. 1240, and was later incorporated into the
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
567:coins. These privileges indicating its so-called
400:"High justice" redirects here. For the book, see
592:, even in the territory ruled by the counts of
672:Dictionary of the English and German Languages
312:, and notably excluding the right to pass the
8:
493:, all regional codes were superseded by the
445:) is the highest penal authority, including
276:actions, including voluntary justice, minor
272:Low justice regards the level of day-to-day
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
706:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108115919.003
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:
186:This article includes a list of general
646:
429:("right of the sword") or in German as
633:High justice and low justice in China
481:. Both codes formed the basis of the
7:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Legal hierarchy in Western feudalism
479:Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis
461:, high justice was reserved to the
260:to indicate descending degrees of
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
728:, Oxford University Press (1996).
495:Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana
477:in 1499, followed in 1507 by the
457:that symbolize it. In the early
417:Hand of justice displayed at the
45:This article has multiple issues.
256:are notions dating from Western
177:
75:
34:
483:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
662:"blood-court" is a literal of
296:, who sat in justice over the
110:"High, middle and low justice"
1:
485:(CCC), passed in 1532 under
449:, as held by a sovereign—the
425:High justice, also known as
409:Capital punishment in Germany
344:, "to come before") granting
254:High, middle and low justices
762:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
528:used the blood banner as a
778:
441:, lit. "neck-justice", or
406:
399:
328:Pyramid of feudal justice
453:and hand of justice are
324:("right of the sword").
207:more precise citations.
667:
610:Landgericht (medieval)
422:
416:
407:Further information:
306:criminal jurisdiction
284:generally settled by
615:Private jurisdiction
504:("blood banner") or
264:power to administer
95:improve this article
538:flag of Switzerland
510:Blutgerichtsbarkeit
471:Halsgerichtsordnung
431:Blutgerichtsbarkeit
332:Although the terms
290:corporal punishment
724:Richard J. Evans,
598:Imperial immediacy
447:capital punishment
443:peinliches Gericht
423:
294:lords of the manor
491:Habsburg monarchy
459:Holy Roman Empire
371:voluntary justice
367:benefit of clergy
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
769:
757:Early modern law
717:
714:
708:
701:
695:
681:
675:
660:
654:
651:
628:
586:canton of ZĂĽrich
451:sword of justice
358:privilegium fori
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
203:this article by
194:inline citations
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Low jurisdiction
777:
776:
772:
771:
770:
768:
767:
766:
732:
731:
721:
720:
715:
711:
702:
698:
682:
678:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
635:
622:
606:
411:
405:
398:
330:
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
199:Please help to
198:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
775:
773:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
734:
733:
730:
729:
719:
718:
709:
696:
676:
655:
645:
644:
642:
639:
634:
631:
630:
629:
620:Zwing und Bann
617:
612:
605:
602:
577:in Antiquity.
534:flag of Schwyz
397:
394:
329:
326:
310:capital crimes
282:petty offences
249:
248:
231:
230:
213:September 2008
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
774:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
727:
723:
722:
713:
710:
707:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
640:
638:
632:
626:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:forest canton
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
410:
403:
395:
393:
391:
390:
383:
380:
379:customary law
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:death penalty
311:
308:, except for
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
195:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
752:Medieval law
725:
712:
699:
694:(1774–1786).
691:
679:
671:
658:
649:
636:
579:
572:
568:
561:third estate
553:
548:
542:
514:Regalienfeld
513:
509:
505:
501:
499:
494:
482:
478:
475:Maximilian I
470:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:
402:High Justice
396:High justice
387:
384:
375:
370:
356:
350:
346:jurisdiction
341:
337:
333:
331:
321:
271:
253:
252:
237:
219:
210:
191:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
684:Halsgericht
668:Blutgericht
623: [
439:Halsgericht
435:Blutgericht
205:introducing
736:Categories
641:References
594:Greifensee
580:Not every
502:Blutbanner
473:passed by
427:ius gladii
389:parlements
363:common-law
342:praevenire
322:ius gladii
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
742:Feudalism
588:lay with
518:Talschaft
506:Blutfahne
497:in 1768.
489:. In the
487:Charles V
353:canon law
300:, unfree
288:or light
258:feudalism
151:June 2007
56:talk page
604:See also
536:and the
530:war flag
365:concept—
262:judicial
747:Justice
688:Adelung
670:; The
569:liberty
549:potence
545:gallows
467:vassals
455:regalia
421:, Paris
318:torture
302:tenants
266:justice
201:improve
135:scholar
664:German
590:Kyburg
526:Schwyz
516:. The
419:Louvre
280:, and
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
627:]
574:polis
524:) of
298:serfs
286:fines
278:pleas
274:civil
142:JSTOR
128:books
582:Vogt
565:mint
557:diet
500:The
463:king
336:and
334:high
114:news
690:,
686:in
338:low
97:by
738::
666::
625:de
600:.
540:.
433:,
392:.
316:,
59:.
520:(
404:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
197:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.