Lothian birth-cohort studies

390: 519: 431: 73:(SCRE), are the only attempts to date of any country to measure the intelligence of a complete year-of-birth in its population. By following up SMS participants in old age, the LBC studies have been able to effectively investigate long-term cognitive ageing and cognitive epidemiology due to the availability of a measure of participants' childhood intelligence. 450:

allele was associated with greater decline in abstract reasoning and verbal memory, but not verbal fluency, between age 79 and age 87. Additionally, in the LBC1936, the E4 allele has been associated with worse general cognitive ability at age 70, as well as with worse performance on some specific cognitive tests.

1870:

Davies, G; Tenesa, A; Payton, A; Yang, J; Harris, S E; Liewald, D; Ke, X; Le Hellard, S; Christoforou, A; Luciano, M; McGhee, K; Lopez, L; Gow, A J; Corley, J; Redmond, P; Fox, H C; Haggarty, P; Whalley, L J; McNeill, G; Goddard, M E; Espeseth, T; Lundervold, A J; Reinvang, I; Pickles, A; Steen, V M;

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In an early LBC1921 study, E4 allele status was unrelated to Moray House Test scores at age 11, but at age 80 those with an E4 allele scored lower than those without an E4 allele, indicating that the allele is a risk factor for cognitive decline. Later LBC1921 research found that possession of the E4

280:

The LBC1936 study began with the wider objective of investigating a diverse range of influences on cognitive ageing, including the effects of economic, medical, psychological and social variables. For Wave 2, a specific focus was placed on finding how the white matter of the brain becomes damaged and

92:

as part of the International Examination Inquiry. It aimed to find out how many children in Scotland were "mentally deficient" and gather information on the entire distribution of intelligence in Scottish pupils. It was conducted on 1 June 1932, and tested the intelligence of almost all of Scotland's

594:

extracted from measures of lung function, grip strength and walk time, was associated with successful cognitive ageing at age 79 in the LBC1921. Physical activity has also been associated with successful cognitive ageing in the LBC1936, as it remained associated with age 70 general cognitive ability

418:

Although age 11 intelligence is related to old age intelligence, it has been reported to be unrelated to change in intelligence between ages 79 and 87 in the LBC1921. This finding suggested that childhood intelligence is related to old age intelligence because of the stability of intelligence rather

405:

The LBC1921 took the Moray House Test at ages 11, 79, 87 and 90, and results at all four sittings were strongly correlated. The raw correlations between test scores at age 11 and at ages 79, 87 and 90 were .66, .51 and .55 respectively, and they rose to .73, .61 and .67 respectively after correction

1217:

Whalley, Lawrence J.; Murray, Alison D.; Staff, Roger T.; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J.; Fox, Helen C.; Lemmon, Helen; Duthie, Susan J.; Collins, Andrew R. (1 January 2011). "How the 1932 and 1947 mental surveys of Aberdeen schoolchildren provide a framework to explore the childhood origins of late

410:

in the LBC1921 sample. The range restriction-corrected correlation coefficients represent the best estimate of the stability of intelligence across the entire population of SMS1932 participants, and indicate that intelligence is a very stable trait. Even the corrected coefficients may underestimate

1920:

Deary, Ian J.; Yang, Jian; Davies, Gail; Harris, Sarah E.; Tenesa, Albert; Liewald, David; Luciano, Michelle; Lopez, Lorna M.; Gow, Alan J.; Corley, Janie; Redmond, Paul; Fox, Helen C.; Rowe, Suzanne J.; Haggarty, Paul; McNeill, Geraldine; Goddard, Michael E.; Porteous, David J.; Whalley, Lawrence

602:

in associations between intelligence and other variables. Reverse causation is implied if a contemporaneous association in old age is attenuated or eliminated after childhood intelligence is controlled for, which would suggest that the association existed partially or wholly due to the effects of

1289:

Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Bastin, Mark E.; Valdés Hernández, Maria C.; Maniega, Susana Muñoz; Royle, Natalie A.; Morris, Zoe; Clayden, Jonathan D.; Sandeman, Elaine M.; Eadie, Elizabeth; Murray, Catherine; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J. (December 2011). "Brain Aging, Cognition in Youth and Old Age and

1766:

Davies, G; Harris, S E; Reynolds, C A; Payton, A; Knight, H M; Liewald, D C; Lopez, L M; Luciano, M; Gow, A J; Corley, J; Henderson, R; Murray, C; Pattie, A; Fox, H C; Redmond, P; Lutz, M W; Chiba-Falek, O; Linnertz, C; Saith, S; Haggarty, P; McNeill, G; Ke, X; Ollier, W; Horan, M; Roses, A D;

32:-based participants in the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947 in old age. Scottish Mental Survey data has provided a measure of the intelligence of Lothian Birth Cohort participants at age 11, which has enabled the investigation of how childhood intelligence relates to cognition, 2145:

Lyall, Donald M.; Harris, Sarah E.; Bastin, Mark E.; Muñoz Maniega, Susana; Murray, Catherine; Lutz, Michael W.; Saunders, Ann M.; Roses, Allen D.; Valdés Hernández, Maria del C.; Royle, Natalie A.; Starr, John M.; Porteous, David. J.; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Deary, Ian J. (June 2014).

1722:

Luciano, Michelle; Gow, Alan J.; Harris, Sarah E.; Hayward, Caroline; Allerhand, Mike; Starr, John M.; Visscher, Peter M.; Deary, Ian J. (March 2009). "Cognitive ability at age 11 and 70 years, information processing speed, and APOE variation: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study".

1253:

Christensen, Helen; Mackinnon, Andrew J.; Korten, Ailsa; Jorm, Anthony F. (1 January 2001). "The "common cause hypothesis" of cognitive aging: Evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis".

2045:

Booth, Tom; Bastin, Mark E.; Penke, Lars; Maniega, Susana Muñoz; Murray, Catherine; Royle, Natalie A.; Gow, Alan J.; Corley, Janie; Henderson, Ross D.; Hernández, Maria del C. Valdés; Starr, John M.; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Deary, Ian J. (September 2013).

195:. The third and fourth waves of data collection were conducted with the main objective of testing the common cause hypothesis of cognitive ageing, which puts forward that age-related declines in physical and cognitive functioning share a common cause. 1637:

Corder, E.; Saunders, A.; Strittmatter, W.; Schmechel, D.; Gaskell, P.; Small, G.; Roses, A.; Haines, J.; Pericak-Vance, M. (13 August 1993). "Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families".

80:, was used in both Scottish Mental Surveys. It is a valid intelligence test that consists of 75 items of a variety of types including: following directions; word classification; analogies; practical items; reasoning; arithmetic; and spatial items. 68:

The Lothian Birth Cohort (LBC) studies of 1921 (LBC1921) and 1936 (LBC1936) are follow-up studies of, respectively, the Scottish Mental Surveys (SMSs) of 1932 (SMS1932) and 1947 (SMS1947). The Scottish Mental Surveys, which were undertaken by the

2001:

Penke, L.; Maniega, S. Muñoz; Bastin, M. E.; Valdés Hernández, M. C.; Murray, C.; Royle, N. A.; Starr, J. M.; Wardlaw, J. M.; Deary, I. J. (October 2012). "Brain white matter tract integrity as a neural foundation for general intelligence".

1085:

Deary, Ian J; Whalley, Lawrence J; Lemmon, Helen; Crawford, J. R; Starr, John M (1 February 2000). "The Stability of Individual Differences in Mental Ability from Childhood to Old Age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey".

2552:

Luciano, Michelle; Marioni, Riccardo E.; Gow, Alan J.; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J. (May 2009). "Reverse Causation in the Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen Levels and Cognitive Abilities in an Aging Sample".

1395:

McGurn, B.; Starr, J.M.; Topfer, J.A.; Pattie, A.; Whiteman, M.C.; Lemmon, H.A.; Whalley, L.J.; Deary, I.J. (13 April 2004). "Pronunciation of irregular words is preserved in dementia, validating premorbid IQ estimation".

1038:

Deary, Ian J.; Whiteman, Martha C.; Starr, John M.; Whalley, Lawrence J.; Fox, Helen C. (1 January 2004). "The Impact of Childhood Intelligence on Later Life: Following Up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947".

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brain scans from LBC1936 participants have been used to observe that the integrity of white matter tracts in the brain is linked to cognitive functioning and successful cognitive ageing. In one study, three general

2195:

Lyall, D M; Harris, S E; Bastin, M E; Muñoz Maniega, S; Murray, C; Lutz, M W; Saunders, A M; Roses, A D; Valdés Hernández, M del C; Royle, N A; Starr, J M; Porteous, D J; Wardlaw, J M; Deary, I J (September 2014).

1113:

Dreary, Ian J.; Lawn, Martin; Bartholomew, David J. (1 January 2008). "A conversation between Charles Spearman, Godfrey Thomson, and Edward L. Thorndike: The International Examinations Inquiry Meetings 1931–1938".

846:

Deary, Ian J.; Whiteman, Martha C.; Pattie, Alison; Starr, John M.; Hayward, Caroline; Wright, Alan F.; Carothers, Andrew; Whalley, Lawrence J. (1 January 2002). "Ageing: Cognitive change and the APOE ɛ4 allele".

1439:

Penke, Lars; Bates, Timothy C.; Gow, Alan J.; Pattie, Alison; Starr, John M.; Jones, Benedict C.; Perrett, David I.; Deary, Ian J. (1 January 2009). "Symmetric faces are a sign of successful cognitive aging".

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with intelligence in old age, and that this correlation exists because intelligence is highly stable trait, rather than because childhood intelligence is linked to rates of cognitive change during adulthood.

39:

Major cognitive ageing findings of the studies have concerned the stability of intelligence from childhood to old age, the influence of genetics on cognitive function and decline, and the role of the brain's

1146:

Deary, Ian J; Gow, Alan J; Taylor, Michelle D; Corley, Janie; Brett, Caroline; Wilson, Valerie; Campbell, Harry; Whalley, Lawrence J; Visscher, Peter M; Porteous, David J; Starr, John M (December 2007).

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Each wave of data collection typically includes: cognitive tests; socio-demographic information; health behaviours and health status; fitness measures; and physical measures. Metabolic and inflammatory

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load has also been considered a sign of successful cognitive ageing, because it was associated with higher general cognitive ability and faster processing speed at age 73 after age 11 intelligence was

128:

A core aim of the LBC studies is to explore causes of different cognitive ageing outcomes. They have also been used to facilitate a variety of psychosocial, medical and genetic investigations.

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As well as being used to research the topics of major findings outlined below, LBC data has been used in a diverse range of other investigations. For example, LBC1921 participants served as a

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Valdés Hernández, Maria del C.; Booth, Tom; Murray, Catherine; Gow, Alan J.; Penke, Lars; Morris, Zoe; Maniega, Susana Muñoz; Royle, Natalie A.; Aribisala, Benjamin S. (1 January 2013).

2097:"White Matter Integrity in the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum is Related to Successful Cognitive Aging and Partly Mediates the Protective Effect of an Ancestral Polymorphism in ADRB2" 100:

between family size and the intelligence of children. It was carried out on 4 June 1947, and tested the intelligence of 70,805 children, nearly all of Scotland's 1936-born population.

137: 464:

E4 allele was associated with deleterious cognitive change. Furthermore, a 2015 meta-analysis of GWA studies in 31 cohorts, including the two Lothian Birth Cohorts, found that the

2095:

Penke, Lars; Maniega, Susana Muñoz; Houlihan, Lorna M.; Murray, Catherine; Gow, Alan J.; Clayden, Jonathan D.; Bastin, Mark E.; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Deary, Ian J. (March 2010).

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Lothian Birth Cohort data has also been a part of GWA studies for various medical outcomes including cancer, stroke, lung function, arterial pressure and platelet formation.

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LBC1936 participant recruitment started in 2004. Potential participants were identified using the CHI and then sent a letter about the study from the Lothian Health Board.

389: 393:

Path diagram of raw correlations (displayed on the double-headed arrows) between Moray House Test scores at different ages (displayed within square boxes) in the LBC1921.

1988:

Penke, L., Maniega, S., Bastin, M. et al. Brain white matter tract integrity as a neural foundation for general intelligence. Mol Psychiatry 17, 1026–1030 (2012).

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The LBC1921 study's main initial aim was to find molecular genetic markers of healthy cognitive ageing. This included the investigation of the influence of the E4

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Gow, Alan J.; Corley, Janie; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J. (2012). "Reverse causation in activity-cognitive ability associations: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936".

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E4 allele's association with worse cognitive decline and function. A GWA study of longitudinal cohorts, including the LBC1921 and the LBC1936, found that the

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earlier intelligence. Reverse causation has been separately reported for relationships in the LBC1936 between intelligence and each of caffeine consumption,

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E4 allele carriers, and weaker white matter integrity has been shown to partially mediate some of the harmful effects of the E4 allele on cognitive change.

2698: 1823:"Genetic contributions to variation in general cognitive function: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in the CHARGE consortium (N=53 949)" 535:

of white matter tract integrity, a global trait of the brain, combined to explain 10% of the variance in general intelligence, and this effect was fully

70: 422:

The LBC1936 also re-sat the Moray House Test in old age. In this larger cohort, there was a strong correlation between scores at ages 11 and 70 of .67.

141: 1767:

Ponting, C P; Porteous, D J; Tenesa, A; Pickles, A; Starr, J M; Whalley, L J; Pedersen, N L; Pendleton, N; Visscher, P M; Deary, I J (January 2014).

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Studies of the LBC1921 have provided the longest-term estimates of the stability of intelligence. They have found that intelligence in childhood is

165: 2375:

Corley, Janie; Jia, Xueli; Kyle, Janet A. M.; Gow, Alan J.; Brett, Caroline E.; Starr, John M.; McNeill, Geraldine; Deary, Ian J. (February 2010).

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LBC1921 participant recruitment began in 1999. Participants were mainly recruited by tracing SMS1932 participants in the Edinburgh area using the

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The SMS1947 was commissioned to test the theory that average intelligence in the United Kingdom was lower in the new generation due to a negative

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Corley, Janie; Jia, Xueli; Brett, Caroline E.; Gow, Alan J.; Starr, John M.; Kyle, Janet A. M.; McNeill, Geraldine; Deary, Ian J. (March 2011).

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area-based follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys, the Aberdeen Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936, began in 1997 and 1999 respectively.

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of current smokers was 6.0 points lower than the mean IQ of ex-smokers and 6.5 points lower than the mean IQ of those who had never smoked.

630: 2198:"Are APOE ɛ genotype and TOMM40 poly-T repeat length associations with cognitive ageing mediated by brain white matter tract integrity?" 116:

building of the Moray House School of Education at the University of Edinburgh, which was being rented by the SCRE. Recruitment for the

2668: 2658: 2610:

Deary, I. J.; Gow, A. J.; Pattie, A.; Starr, J. M. (1 December 2012). "Cohort Profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936".

1683:"APOE E4 status predicts age-related cognitive decline in the ninth decade: longitudinal follow-up of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921" 1580:

Gow, Alan J.; Johnson, Wendy; Pattie, Alison; Brett, Caroline E.; Roberts, Beverly; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J. (1 January 2011).

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between childhood and old age intelligence in unrelated individuals, which was .62 and therefore indicated that most of the stable

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rather than specific abilities, though some associations with specific abilities remained after accounting for associations with

89: 28:

relates to intelligence and health in old age. The Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936 have, respectively, followed up

2048:"Brain white matter tract integrity and cognitive abilities in community-dwelling older people: The Lothian Birth Cohort, 1936" 188: 113: 2297:

Deary, I. J.; Whalley, L. J.; Batty, G. D.; Starr, J. M. (10 October 2006). "Physical fitness and lifetime cognitive change".

48:, which explores how intelligence relates to physical and mental health outcomes. The Lothian Birth Cohort studies are led by 2148:"Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes APOE and TOMM40, and brain white matter integrity in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936" 373:, is linked to successful cognitive ageing. Data from both Lothian Birth Cohorts has been used to study changes over time in 136:

have also been taken in both cohorts. The studies have been funded by a variety of sources, including but not limited to the

1469:"Intergenerational class mobility in Britain: A comparative look across three generations in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936" 2703: 453: 2663: 591: 556:

White matter integrity has also been shown to relate to cognitive change. Specifically, white matter integrity in the

354: 1582:"Stability and change in intelligence from age 11 to ages 70, 79, and 87: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936" 1581: 961: 787: 2436: 2688: 1149:"The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: a study to examine influences on cognitive ageing from age 11 to age 70 and beyond" 565: 527: 620: 1512: 1290:

Vascular Disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: Rationale, Design and Methodology of the Imaging Protocol".

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Data from both cohorts was also used, in combination with other data, to establish that intelligence is highly

489: 1080: 1078: 2632: 2521: 2464: 2404: 1958: 1606: 1540: 1496: 986: 812: 736: 2673: 412: 57: 1010:

http://www.lothianbirthcohort.ed.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=13

536: 443: 45: 25: 1871:

Ollier, W; Porteous, D J; Horan, M; Starr, J M; Pendleton, N; Visscher, P M; Deary, I J (October 2011).

584: 370: 539:

through processing speed. Later investigation of the associations of specific white matter tracts with

1937: 1873:"Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic" 1681:

Schiepers, O J G; Harris, S E; Gow, A J; Pattie, A; Brett, C E; Starr, J M; Deary, I J (March 2012).

1647: 1351: 856: 153: 133: 44:

integrity in successful cognitive ageing. The studies have also been at the vanguard of the field of

2096: 2437:"Is body mass index in old age related to cognitive abilities? The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Study" 500: 1922: 2578: 2534: 2477: 2417: 2322: 2127: 2027: 1971: 1748: 1619: 1553: 1421: 1315: 1064: 991: 890: 825: 407: 1513:"Personality traits in old age: Measurement and rank-order stability and some mean-level change" 1769:"A genome-wide association study implicates the APOE locus in nonpathological cognitive ageing" 518: 168:(CHI), and then asking general practitioners to contact the traced potential LBC participants. 2637: 2570: 2526: 2469: 2409: 2357: 2314: 2279: 2227: 2177: 2119: 2077: 2019: 1963: 1902: 1852: 1800: 1740: 1704: 1663: 1611: 1545: 1413: 1377: 1307: 1271: 1235: 1180: 1056: 942: 882: 817: 741: 599: 788:"The Stability of Intelligence From Age 11 to Age 90 Years: The Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921" 2693: 2627: 2619: 2562: 2516: 2508: 2459: 2451: 2399: 2391: 2377:"Caffeine Consumption and Cognitive Function at Age 70: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Study" 2349: 2306: 2269: 2261: 2217: 2209: 2167: 2159: 2111: 2067: 2059: 2011: 1953: 1945: 1892: 1884: 1842: 1834: 1790: 1780: 1732: 1694: 1655: 1601: 1593: 1535: 1527: 1491: 1483: 1449: 1405: 1367: 1359: 1299: 1263: 1227: 1170: 1160: 1123: 1095: 1048: 981: 973: 932: 924: 872: 864: 807: 799: 731: 721: 438:

The most consistent genetic finding from the LBC studies has been that the E4 allele on the

192: 176: 109: 604: 532: 499:. In addition, LBC1921 and LBC1936 data was used in calculating the first estimate of the 374: 366: 77: 2163: 1923:"Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age" 928: 2497:"Alcohol intake and cognitive abilities in old age: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study" 1941: 1651: 1355: 860: 571:

Additionally, white matter integrity in some brain areas has been found to be weaker in

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of the corpus callosum has been found to be a marker of healthy cognitive ageing. Lower

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Deary, I J; Pattie, A; Taylor, MD; Whiteman, MC; Starr, JM; Whalley, LJ (1 July 2003).

2222: 2197: 2172: 2147: 2072: 2047: 1897: 1872: 1847: 1822: 1795: 1768: 1453: 1409: 1372: 1339: 1175: 1148: 937: 912: 545:

and specific cognitive abilities found that most specific tract associations were with

184: 1202:

An Intelligent Scotland: Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson and the Scottish Mental Surveys

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In the LBC1921, smoking was linked to greater cognitive decline at age 80. The mean

2031: 1975: 1752: 1623: 894: 608: 378: 187:

for cognitive ageing. A later research focus was examining relationships involving

41: 21: 1068: 507:

in intelligence throughout life is attributable to genes rather than environment.

2566: 2395: 1487: 913:"Brain white matter damage in aging and cognitive ability in youth and older age" 398: 97: 1267: 1127: 1052: 977: 478:

genomic region were associated with general cognitive ability. Altogether, the

430: 2599: 2115: 1363: 1205: 446:, is also adversely linked to non-pathological cognitive function and change. 281:

what relationship white matter damage has with age-related cognitive decline.

803: 2435:

Corley, Janie; Gow, Alan J.; Starr, John M.; Deary, Ian J. (December 2010).

1659: 358: 49: 2641: 2574: 2530: 2473: 2413: 2361: 2318: 2283: 2265: 2231: 2181: 2123: 2081: 2023: 1967: 1906: 1856: 1804: 1744: 1708: 1615: 1549: 1417: 1381: 1340:"A strong link between speed of visual discrimination and cognitive ageing" 1311: 1275: 1239: 1184: 1165: 1060: 946: 886: 821: 745: 598:

One of the strengths of the LBC study designs is that they enable tests of

1667: 962:"Cognitive epidemiology: Its rise, its current issues, and its challenges" 2623: 1338:

Ritchie, Stuart J.; Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Deary, Ian J. (August 2014).

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gene, which had previously been known to be a risk factor for late-onset

362: 117: 1949: 1838: 1785: 1699: 1682: 2213: 2015: 1888: 29: 708:

Deary, I. J.; Gow, A. J.; Pattie, A.; Starr, J. M. (1 December 2012).

2512: 2455: 2353: 2063: 1989: 1736: 1597: 1531: 474: 172: 149: 877: 868: 595:

and processing speed after controlling for intelligence at age 11.

183:) gene on cognitive ageing as well as testing the effects of other 517: 480: 429: 388: 53: 1467:

Johnson, Wendy; Brett, Caroline E.; Deary, Ian J. (March 2010).

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CCACE (2015). The Scottish Mental Survey 1932 . Retrieved from

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Deary, Ian J.; Pattie, Alison; Starr, John M. (December 2013).

2604: 710:"Cohort Profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936" 1511:

Mõttus, René; Johnson, Wendy; Deary, Ian J. (March 2012).

1921:

J.; Starr, John M.; Visscher, Peter M. (February 2012).

906: 904: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1816: 1814: 138:

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

54:

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology

2243: 2241: 1141: 1139: 1137: 781: 779: 777: 775: 703: 701: 699: 697: 695: 693: 691: 689: 687: 685: 683: 681: 679: 677: 675: 673: 671: 522:

The structure of the white matter of the human brain.

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than because it protects against decline in old age.

2250:"Smoking and cognitive change from age 11 to age 80" 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 841: 839: 773: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 669: 667: 665: 663: 661: 659: 657: 655: 653: 651: 2254:

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 484:gene, 13 SNPs and four candidate genes, including 2633:20.500.11820/c5fd4b3e-33eb-448a-b766-8994ba950fc9 2522:20.500.11820/e9f5c51c-eeb2-4120-8d94-178c1e20b6b8 2465:20.500.11820/7c577ffc-a187-4b59-bfc6-ebe67b31b3b7 2405:20.500.11820/28a06884-4e3f-4600-9592-44784aa568b4 1959:20.500.11820/4d760b66-7022-43c8-8688-4dc62f6d7659 1607:20.500.11820/cb428643-c38c-4ca2-bb93-0ccc30c1fa3d 1541:20.500.11820/39c061a9-27f6-49a2-9b91-3c1293210310 1497:20.500.11820/c1a4facd-67f3-484b-8943-03f62e5babc0 987:20.500.11820/c9f124f0-2852-4fae-9576-dbbe66a30786 813:20.500.11820/7ecde7df-d0dd-409c-b542-7a74f3522bf3 737:20.500.11820/c5fd4b3e-33eb-448a-b766-8994ba950fc9 365:. LBC1921 data has also been used to find that 108:The SMS data was rediscovered by Ian Deary and 1196: 1194: 579:Health, health behaviours and cognitive ageing 93:1921-born population, 87,498 children in all. 626:Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research 8: 1041:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 353:in a study that validated of the use of the 112:in the late 1990s. The data had been in the 1206:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVGICGmdLiY 377:and to find strong rank-order stability of 492:predictors of general cognitive function. 71:Scottish Council for Research in Education 24:which primarily involve research into how 2631: 2520: 2463: 2403: 2273: 2221: 2171: 2071: 1957: 1896: 1846: 1794: 1784: 1698: 1605: 1539: 1495: 1371: 1174: 1164: 985: 936: 876: 811: 735: 725: 76:The Moray House Test No. 12, designed by 1821:Davies, G; et al. (February 2015). 636:Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth 411:the strength of the correlation, as the 283: 197: 84:Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947 647: 590:Physical fitness, indexed by a general 966:Personality and Individual Differences 2612:International Journal of Epidemiology 714:International Journal of Epidemiology 454:Genome-wide association (GWA) studies 7: 2164:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.006 929:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.032 631:Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study 2699:Science and technology in Scotland 2311:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238520.06958.6a 1990:https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.66 1454:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.001 1410:10.1212/01.wnl.0000103169.80910.8b 14: 415:of the test is likely below 1.0. 1304:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00683.x 960:Deary, Ian J. (September 2010). 36:and physical health in old age. 1292:International Journal of Stroke 1232:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.05.010 1218:onset disease and disability". 189:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 2684:Genetics in the United Kingdom 2679:Epidemiological study projects 361:cognition in individuals with 88:The SMS1932 was funded by the 1: 1100:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00031-8 2567:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a24fb9 2396:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c92a9c 1488:10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.010 1442:Evolution and Human Behavior 468:gene as well as SNPs on the 191:(SNPs) from genes linked to 144:, the Scottish Government's 18:Lothian birth-cohort studies 562:white matter hyperintensity 355:National Adult Reading Test 2720: 1268:10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.588 1128:10.1037/1093-4510.11.2.122 1053:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.130 978:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.012 607:, alcohol consumption and 528:magnetic resonance imaging 2669:Child welfare in Scotland 2659:Scottish medical research 2116:10.1007/s10519-009-9318-4 1364:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.012 621:Genetic Studies of Genius 490:statistically significant 385:Stability of intelligence 273:Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 160:Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 2202:Translational Psychiatry 2158:(6): 1513.e25–1513.e33. 804:10.1177/0956797613486487 290:Years of data collection 204:Years of data collection 142:Medical Research Council 1660:10.1126/science.8346443 406:for the restriction of 296:Number of participants 210:Number of participants 58:University of Edinburgh 2555:Psychosomatic Medicine 2384:Psychosomatic Medicine 2266:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.1006 1166:10.1186/1471-2318-7-28 523: 514:White matter integrity 435: 394: 166:Community Health Index 146:Chief Scientist Office 52:, the director of the 46:cognitive epidemiology 26:childhood intelligence 2600:Lothian Birth Cohorts 2152:Neurobiology of Aging 1200:Deary, I. J. (2012). 1116:History of Psychology 917:Neurobiology of Aging 792:Psychological Science 521: 433: 392: 375:social class mobility 371:fluctuating asymmetry 2704:Longitudinal studies 2444:Psychology and Aging 2342:Psychology and Aging 2004:Molecular Psychiatry 1877:Molecular Psychiatry 1827:Molecular Psychiatry 1773:Molecular Psychiatry 1725:Psychology and Aging 1687:Molecular Psychiatry 1586:Psychology and Aging 1520:Psychology and Aging 1256:Psychology and Aging 426:Genetic associations 293:Mean participant age 207:Mean participant age 154:Research into Ageing 90:Carnegie Corporation 2664:Society of Scotland 1950:10.1038/nature10781 1942:2012Natur.482..212D 1839:10.1038/mp.2014.188 1786:10.1038/mp.2012.159 1700:10.1038/mp.2010.137 1652:1993Sci...261..921C 1356:2014CBio...24.R681R 861:2002Natur.418..932D 501:genetic correlation 456:have confirmed the 444:Alzheimer's disease 399:strongly correlated 2624:10.1093/ije/dyr197 2214:10.1038/tp.2014.89 2016:10.1038/mp.2012.66 1889:10.1038/mp.2011.85 727:10.1093/ije/dyr197 524: 436: 395: 379:personality traits 2689:Human development 2104:Behavior Genetics 2010:(10): 1026–1030. 1936:(7384): 212–215. 1646:(5123): 921–923. 1350:(15): R681–R683. 1204:. Retrieved from 923:(12): 2740–2747. 798:(12): 2361–2368. 600:reverse causation 434:Apolipoprotein E. 369:, as measured by 342: 341: 270: 269: 2711: 2645: 2635: 2618:(6): 1576–1584. 2587: 2586: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2524: 2513:10.1037/a0021571 2492: 2486: 2485: 2467: 2456:10.1037/a0020301 2441: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2354:10.1037/a0024144 2337: 2331: 2330: 2305:(7): 1195–1200. 2294: 2288: 2287: 2277: 2260:(7): 1006–1007. 2245: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2064:10.1037/a0033354 2042: 2036: 2035: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1961: 1927: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1900: 1883:(10): 996–1005. 1867: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1737:10.1037/a0014780 1719: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1609: 1598:10.1037/a0021072 1577: 1562: 1561: 1543: 1532:10.1037/a0023690 1517: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1473: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1404:(7): 1184–1186. 1392: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1214: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1143: 1132: 1131: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1035: 1012: 1006: 1000: 999: 989: 957: 951: 950: 940: 908: 899: 898: 880: 843: 834: 833: 815: 783: 750: 749: 739: 729: 720:(6): 1576–1584. 705: 357:as a measure of 284: 198: 193:oxidative stress 177:Apolipoprotein E 110:Lawrence Whalley 104:Data rediscovery 20:are two ongoing 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2649: 2648: 2609: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2501:Neuropsychology 2494: 2493: 2489: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2052:Neuropsychology 2044: 2043: 2039: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1579: 1578: 1565: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1471: 1466: 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