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The 88 used an ingenious system of having a twin chassis, one inside the other. The inner chassis would hold the cockpit and would be independently sprung from the outer one, which was designed to take the pressures of the ground effects. The outer chassis did not have discernible wings, and was in
451:
onto the track surface. This had the side effect of rendering the car without any sort of suspension, causing the driver to be buffeted even more than before. However, the performance gains were such that other teams were soon following suit - although most had difficulty in replicating the
Brabham
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had been designed at the time when skirts were still legal, in the same layout as the 88 but only one prototype had been built. The performance gains were relatively small but significant over conventional ground effects cars. When the skirts were banned, Wright studied the car and its performance
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Other teams were outraged at this exploitation of the regulations and protests were lodged with the FIA, on the grounds that the twin chassis tub breached the rules in terms of moveable aerodynamic devices. The FIA upheld the protests and consequently banned the car from competing. Chapman was
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involved in cornering and braking. The FIA banned the moveable skirts fitted to the bottom of the cars' sidepods that were vital for achieving consistent ground effect and regulated a mandatory ground clearance of 6 cm, in the interests of driver safety.
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Chapman was thus forced to update two of his Lotus 87 chassis as replacements for his thwarted brainchild. The Lotus 88 remains a curiosity from a bygone age of F1. Some of the 88's aerodynamics and layout were worked into the successful
410:. The Lotus 88 made its debut at the first practice session of the 1981 season opener, the US Grand Prix West at Long Beach. Although the Lotus 88 was not allowed to race, it was the first Formula One car to use a
499:
adamant the car was legal and challenged the other teams and the FIA at every turn, but the decision stood. It reached the point where if the Lotus 88 were entered in the
British Grand Prix at
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effect one huge ground effect system, beginning just behind the nose of the car and extending all the way inside the rear wheels, thereby producing massive amounts of downforce.
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reported the car was pleasing to drive and responsive. To make the aerodynamic loads as manageable as possible, the car was constructed extensively in
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without skirts. The loss in performance was largely negligible, so the 88 was quickly designed as a re-engineered 86.
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By 1981 the ground effect cars were so efficient and so fast that the drivers were suffering from the tremendous
491:, making it the first Formula One car to use the material in large quantity, followed very shortly after by the
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made its first appearance at the third Grand Prix of the season in
Argentina.
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system and used a simple switch to lower the car. Chapman had other ideas.
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Hamilton, Maurice, ed. (1981). "1981 Formula 1 car specifications".
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which compressed under aerodynamic loading and lowered the
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chassis and debut at a Grand Prix event. The carbon fibre
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2,993 cc (2.993 L; 182.6 cu in)
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The twin chassis internal structure of the Lotus 88
406:in an effort to maximise the downforce produced by
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190:Top rocker arms, lower wishbones, inboard springs
926:"10 Technologies Banned from Formula One Racing"
443:were the first to circumvent the rules by using
515:Complete Formula One World Championship results
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8:
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904:. Hazleton Publishing Ltd. pp. 33–40.
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71:Learn how and when to remove this message
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34:This article includes a list of general
3250:Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
955:Lotus 88 article at www.f1technical.net
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3498:1981 Formula One World Championship
208:Front: 1,778 mm (70.0 in)
331:1981 United States Grand Prix West
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3661:Formula One cars that never raced
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210:Rear: 1,600 mm (63 in)
25:
1:
3260:Opel Speedster/Vauxhall VX220
3651:1981 Formula One season cars
220:2,178 mm (85.7 in)
16:Formula One motor racing car
475:The car was powered by the
261:585 kg (1,290 lb)
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3671:Controversial racing cars
3666:Formula One controversies
3517:Alfa Romeo 179B/179C/179D
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855:All points scored by the
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445:hydropneumatic suspension
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182:Twin-chassis construction
91:
511:which followed in 1982.
172:Technical specifications
3275:Lotus-Radford Type 62-2
3245:Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1
55:more precise citations.
3656:Lotus Formula One cars
479:engine. Lotus drivers
460:
97:
3496:that competed in the
458:
100:A Lotus 88 driven by
96:
3630:Williams FW07B/FW07C
3220:Talbot Sunbeam Lotus
2088:Constructors' titles
282:Competition history
88:
3283:Concept cars
3230:Hennessey Venom GT
3215:Ford Cortina Lotus
3204:Related cars
2035:Formula One titles
1429:Emerson Fittipaldi
1166:Emerson Fittipaldi
461:
187:Suspension (front)
98:
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3582:McLaren M29C/M29F
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3430:Lotus Engineering
3414:Group Lotus
3380:Key figures
3357:Future cars
2820:Racing cars
2814:
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2669:Grand tourer
2446:Sports racer
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1034:Notable personnel
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477:Ford Cosworth DFV
382:is an innovative
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195:Suspension (rear)
81:
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73:
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3595:Osella FA1B/FA1C
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3420:Official website
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603:Essex Team Lotus
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386:car designed by
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291:Team Essex Lotus
287:Notable entrants
89:
83:Racing car model
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51:this article by
42:inline citations
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297:Notable drivers
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3329:Esprit Concept
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2020:
2019:
2014:
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1999:
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1989:
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1792:Formula Junior
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1401:Mario Andretti
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1194:Johnny Herbert
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1110:Mario Andretti
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949:External links
947:
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932:. 14 July 2019
930:Digital Trends
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3615:Toleman TG181
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3610:Theodore TY01
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3600:Renault RE20B
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3547:Ferrari 126CK
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3537:Brabham BT49C
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3386:Colin Chapman
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3304:Elise Concept
3302:
3300:
3299:Elite Concept
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2650:Europa S
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1972:Sports racing
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1890:Tasman Series
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1741:Formula Three
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1362:Derek Warwick
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1292:Nelson Piquet
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1236:Nigel Mansell
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1180:Mika Häkkinen
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1041:Frank Coppuck
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1025:Colin Chapman
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913:
911:0-905138-17-1
907:
903:
901:
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890:
883:
879:
878:Brabham BT46B
876:
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871:
870:
866:
864:
862:
858:
853:
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840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
829:
827:
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819:
817:
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813:
811:
810:Nigel Mansell
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531:
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496:
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486:
482:
481:Nigel Mansell
478:
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466:
457:
453:
450:
446:
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435:
433:
424:
422:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:ground effect
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Colin Chapman
385:
381:
367:
364:
361:
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357:
354:
349:
339:
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322:
321:Nigel Mansell
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138:Colin Chapman
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112:
108:
103:
95:
90:
75:
72:
64:
61:February 2010
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
3605:Renault RE30
3567:Lotus 88/88B
3566:
3542:Ensign N180B
3370:
3363:
3294:Elan Concept
3240:Isuzu Piazza
3060:
3050:
2803:
2187:
1864:Formula 5000
1828:Formula Ford
1593:
1583:
1457:Jochen Rindt
1376:Alex Zanardi
1348:John Surtees
1334:Ayrton Senna
1320:Jochen Rindt
1066:Peter Wright
1046:Frank Dernie
934:. Retrieved
929:
920:
898:
892:
849:
847:
767:
712:
707:
621:
518:
505:
497:
489:carbon fibre
474:
470:
464:
463:The earlier
462:
449:Brabham BT49
439:
431:
428:
412:carbon fibre
392:Peter Wright
379:
377:
242:Transmission
231:Cosworth DFV
67:
58:
39:
18:
3625:Tyrrell 011
3620:Tyrrell 010
3588:McLaren MP4
3572:Ligier JS17
3270:Proton EMAS
1675:Formula Two
1484:Formula One
1443:Graham Hill
1208:Graham Hill
760:John Player
501:Silverstone
493:McLaren MP4
419:McLaren MP4
384:Formula One
148:Predecessor
133:Designer(s)
122:Constructor
116:Formula One
102:Takuma Sato
53:introducing
3645:Categories
3435:Team Lotus
3425:Lotus Cars
3401:Dany Bahar
3324:Esprit M70
3196:E23 Hybrid
2173:Lotus Cars
1222:Jacky Ickx
1061:Peter Warr
999:Team Lotus
900:Autocourse
884:References
763:Team Lotus
204:Axle track
126:Team Lotus
36:references
3577:March 811
3522:Arrows A3
3406:Len Terry
3391:Tony Rudd
2583:Elan M100
1415:Jim Clark
1138:Jim Clark
1071:Len Terry
1012:Personnel
857:Lotus 81B
415:monocoque
396:Tony Rudd
216:Wheelbase
162:Successor
3562:Lotus 87
3557:Lotus 81
3489:previous
3440:Lotus F1
3371:Type 135
3364:Type 134
3255:Kia Elan
3225:DeLorean
3171:T128 LMP
2836:Mark III
2805:Electric
2565:Roadster
2558:3-Eleven
2551:2-Eleven
2175:timeline
936:14 March
873:Lotus 78
867:See also
861:Lotus 87
611:Cosworth
541:Drivers
535:Engines
532:Entrant
509:Lotus 91
465:Lotus 86
380:Lotus 88
276:Goodyear
272:Michelin
250:5-speed
198:As front
111:Category
87:Lotus 88
3590:(MP4/1)
3532:ATS HGS
3505: »
3487:«
3319:Emotion
3309:CityCar
3166:T128 F1
2841:Mark IV
2831:Mark II
2749:Carlton
2740:Cortina
2735:Cortina
2678:Elan +2
2528:Mark VI
1089:Drivers
1018:Founder
902:1981-82
589:Points
441:Brabham
434:-forces
248:Hewland
178:Chassis
104:in 2015
49:improve
3527:ATS D4
3314:Eterne
2846:Mark V
2826:Mark I
2802:
2800:
2790:Eletre
2726:Saloon
2643:Esprit
2638:Europa
2463:Eleven
2213:2020s
2210:2010s
2207:2000s
2204:1990s
2201:1980s
2198:1970s
2195:1960s
2192:1950s
908:
538:Tyres
425:Design
353:F/Laps
258:Weight
252:manual
246:Lotus/
226:Engine
38:, but
3334:Ethos
2762:Emeya
2711:Excel
2706:Eclat
2683:Elite
2662:Evija
2655:Evora
2627:Emira
2622:Exige
2604:Elite
2597:Coupé
2588:Elise
2533:Seven
529:Year
404:Lotus
348:Poles
341:Races
327:Debut
267:Tyres
3503:next
3494:Cars
3344:M250
3339:Etna
3176:T129
3161:T127
3156:T125
3111:100T
2611:Elan
2574:Elan
2544:340R
2453:VIII
2188:Type
2127:1978
2122:1973
2117:1972
2112:1970
2107:1968
2102:1965
2097:1963
2077:1978
2072:1972
2067:1970
2062:1968
2057:1965
2052:1963
1975:cars
1924:cars
1893:cars
1867:cars
1831:cars
1795:cars
1744:cars
1678:cars
1639:100T
1487:cars
1476:Cars
938:2024
906:ISBN
859:and
730:DNP
615:3.0
608:Ford
598:1981
592:WCC
483:and
398:and
378:The
344:Wins
312:12.
300:11.
3349:M90
3289:APX
3191:E22
3186:E21
3181:E20
3151:119
3146:115
3141:114
3136:112
3131:109
3126:107
3121:102
3116:101
3106:99T
3101:98T
3096:97T
3091:96T
3086:95T
3081:94T
3076:93T
2769:SUV
1961:96T
1664:112
1659:109
1654:107
1649:102
1644:101
1634:99T
1629:98T
1624:97T
1619:95T
1614:94T
1609:93T
1539:56B
830:PO
792:PO
727:PO
724:PO
713:7th
703:CPL
698:CAN
693:ITA
688:NED
683:AUT
678:GER
673:GBR
668:FRA
663:ESP
658:MON
653:BEL
648:SMR
643:ARG
638:BRA
633:USW
613:DFV
586:15
583:14
580:13
577:12
574:11
571:10
521:key
402:of
3647::
3071:92
3066:91
3061:88
3056:87
3051:86
3046:81
3041:80
3036:79
3031:78
3026:77
3021:76
3016:74
3011:73
3006:72
3001:70
2996:69
2991:66
2986:64
2981:63
2976:61
2971:59
2966:56
2961:49
2956:48
2951:44
2946:43
2941:42
2936:41
2931:39
2926:38
2921:34
2916:33
2911:32
2906:31
2901:29
2896:27
2891:25
2886:24
2881:22
2876:21
2871:20
2866:18
2861:17
2856:16
2851:12
2507:62
2500:47
2493:40
2488:30
2483:23
2478:19
2473:17
2468:15
2458:IX
2440:4
2425:9
2395:9
2365:9
2335:9
2305:9
2275:9
2245:9
2017:53
2012:47
2007:40
2002:30
1997:23
1992:19
1987:17
1982:15
1956:64
1951:56
1946:42
1941:38
1936:34
1931:29
1910:67
1905:39
1900:32
1879:70
1874:68
1853:69
1848:61
1843:59
1838:51
1817:27
1812:22
1807:20
1802:18
1781:69
1776:59
1771:55
1766:41
1761:35
1756:31
1751:22
1730:69
1725:59
1720:48
1715:44
1710:41
1705:35
1700:32
1695:18
1690:16
1685:12
1604:92
1599:91
1594:88
1589:87
1584:86
1579:81
1574:80
1569:79
1564:78
1559:77
1554:76
1549:72
1544:63
1534:49
1529:43
1524:33
1519:25
1514:24
1509:21
1504:18
1499:16
1494:12
928:.
863:.
851:^1
708:22
617:V8
568:9
565:8
562:7
559:6
556:5
553:4
550:3
547:2
544:1
523:)
495:.
394:,
390:,
235:V8
166:91
156:87
154:/
152:81
3478:e
3471:t
3464:v
2437:3
2434:2
2431:1
2428:0
2422:8
2419:7
2416:6
2413:5
2410:4
2407:3
2404:2
2401:1
2398:0
2392:8
2389:7
2386:6
2383:5
2380:4
2377:3
2374:2
2371:1
2368:0
2362:8
2359:7
2356:6
2353:5
2350:4
2347:3
2344:2
2341:1
2338:0
2332:8
2329:7
2326:6
2323:5
2320:4
2317:3
2314:2
2311:1
2308:0
2302:8
2299:7
2296:6
2293:5
2290:4
2287:3
2284:2
2281:1
2278:0
2272:8
2269:7
2266:6
2263:5
2260:4
2257:3
2254:2
2251:1
2248:0
2242:8
2239:7
2236:6
2233:5
2230:4
2227:3
2224:2
2221:1
2218:0
2165:e
2158:t
2151:v
983:e
976:t
969:v
940:.
914:.
770:G
624:M
519:(
432:g
368:0
365:0
362:0
359:0
274:/
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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