690:. The ceremony went ahead without Papal dispensation which was required given the close relation. Disgusted that the marriage had been conducted in the Protestant fashion and without Papal approval voiced his disapproval to Charles and refused to attend the wedding. At court Coligny was pushing aggressively for war with Spain, believing it would unite the Protestants and Catholics behind the king. Montpensier was among the super-majority on the council who felt the kingdom was in no position to conduct a war with Spain. While maintaining his ultra-Catholicism, he disassociated himself from the Guise at this time, finding his relationship with them inconvenient while they were in the political wilderness.
609:, Jeanne having several suspected perpetrators arrested, while Montpensier sought their release. The crown decided in favour of Jeanne and Montpensier was relieved of his office after a stream of frustrated missives reached the court. He was granted permission to resign the super-governorship in favour of his son. Upon the death of his brother the same year, he took up La Roche-sur-Yon's governorship of Dauphiné, though he only held the role for two years before resigning it in favour of his son as he had his Anjou governorship.
49:
528:, which rose up in rebellion during the first French War of Religion. Upon overseeing the re-taking of the town Montpensier had many of the towns Protestants murdered. Montpensier counselled the town leaders to exclude Protestants from office to avoid a repeat of the coup. He was pleased with their progress in bringing order back to the town, praising the town authorities for the work they had done in 1564. With the rebel momentum dissipating after July 1562, Montpensier and
505:
thousands of
Protestants assembled and besieged him in one of his residences, he capitulated and released the Protestants he had imprisoned. He was summoned to court, where he was chastised for his arresting of the Protestants. Frustrated at his inability to command respect in his territories Montpensier requested permission from the court to retire to his estates, as his orders were disobeyed and he was unable to satisfy his clients requests.
822:
he had held during Saint
Bartholomew and the early wars. This passionate speech was unable to stop the outbreak of conflict once more. He further presented a remonstrance to the kings council, signed by 24 nobles opposing the resumption of war. Henri thanked him for the remonstrance but indicated he had to follow the will of the majority of his council and the estates, which had voted for war. The war was short, concluded by the
821:
who were once again flirting with rebellion, and the king. His efforts, including a plea before the estates general that war would solve nothing, and that toleration was necessary at least for the short term to stop the kingdom collapsing. This represented a dramatic political shift from the position
775:
flight from court a favourable peace for the
Malcontents would be granted. Montpensier had by this time departed from his combat in the west to bring reinforcements to the king, which led to all his work in the west being undone by new rebellion. During his time in Poitou he had successfully reduced
556:
would fight its registration as they had past edicts that granted toleration. To ensure that it would be pushed through two princes of the blood were selected to present it to the body, Cardinal
Bourbon and Montpensier. The court registered the edict, though not without protest. Throughout the 1560s
665:
which had risen in favour of Condé. He was joined in this attack by Anjou who brought the main royal army, however progress was minimal. The viscounts of southern France rose to supplement Condé's army shortly thereafter, and while some reached him, Montpensier bested a column of reinforcements in
830:
By 1579 the south of France was struggling under the burden of having seen decades of civil war. Armed peasant bands of both religions were arming for self defence and taking the fight to the nobility. Henri tasked
Catherine with heading south to bring some peace and order to the troubled region.
719:, an agent of Montpensier, Puygaillard tried to orchestrate a massacre of the local Protestants, deputising Monsereu who travelled house to house killing prominent Protestant leaders, eventually inspiring a crowd to follow his actions before the local authorities restored order a few hours later.
585:
in 1563. To this end he supported their petition to the king demanding the right to pursue justice against the
Admiral, but the crown was not interested in allowing this vendetta to progress and refused. In 1565 frustrated at the failure to achieve satisfaction via legal methods the Guise family
504:
In July 1561, Montpensier travelled to
Touraine, to oversee the burial of his mother. As he travelled through the territory it became apparent to him that many were openly practicing Protestantism in his territory. In response he had over one hundred Protestants imprisoned at Chinon. In response
248:
rose up in opposition to it, with the support of the Guise. Montpensier had by now tired of the militant
Catholicism he had held for the past decades, and through his support behind toleration and peace, arguing unsuccessfully that it was the only policy that would save France in front of the
710:
which implied
Charles wanted him to follow 'his example' in Paris, and murder the Protestants of Nantes. The mayor however was cautious, keeping the letter a secret until such time he had direct orders from the king which confirmed that he did not in fact want a massacre. In
862:, keen for advantage for the fledgeling state was open to the idea of Alençon becoming king of the Netherlands. In 1582 Alençon was installed as king, however his position was tenuous given the continued fighting with Spain. To support him in his hold on the state,
666:
PĂ©rigord on 25 October in combination with
Marshal Cossé. By now his position was overextended and he was harried by the main Protestant army, pursued until he had joined Anjou's main force at Châtelleraut in November 1568. In 1569 he oversaw the capture of
638:
led the force out against Condé, besting him in a pyrrhic battle in which the constable was killed. To replace him the court wished to avoid a powerful noble independent of the crown holding the critical military office. As a result the king's brother
194:
after having subdued the town. In the peace that followed he allied himself with the Guise in their vendetta with the Montmorency, supporting them through both legal and extra-legal means. In 1565 his brother died, and he become governor of
199:, relinquishing this governorship too in 1567 to his son. During the second civil war he again fought for the crown, besting Protestants that sought to join the main force besieging Paris. On the death of Montmorency he guided the young
660:
The peace that followed the second civil war proved illusory and soon the French wars of religion had resumed. Having fled the court, Condé now operated out of western France. Montpensier launched a surprise attack on the town of
439:
In the immediate aftermath of the attempt on the castle of Amboise, flying columns were sent out under several military leaders to crush subsidiary uprisings in various towns. Montpensier was sent with troops to restore order in
764:, Montpensier and himself. In January 1575 Montpensier had been campaigning around La Rochelle, seizing critical subsidiary towns around the major centre of resistance to the crowns authority. Montpensier drove his army into
826:
a few months later in September 1577. His political shift towards toleration brought him benefit in his long running feud for precedence with the Guise, as he was granted seniority of position in ceremonies over the house.
651:
and Montpensier were assigned to guide his military decision making. Montpensier led the vanguard as Anjou's army moved out of Paris in pursuit of the fleeing Condé who was leading his forces towards the German border.
177:
in 1560, a territory he would govern for the next five years before handing it over to his son in 1565. By 1561 he was becoming increasingly alienated from the crown's religious policy and moved into opposition with
693:
As Jeanne d'Albret neared death, she drew up a will, outlining how her sons would maintain her faith. Montpensier was chosen as one of the executors of the will, alongside Cardinal Bourbon and Admiral Coligny.
625:
had sought to capture the king and kill his prominent ultra Catholic advisers, civil war resumed. With Condé attempting to secure a quick victory through a siege of Paris, Montpensier in conjunction with
706:
in Paris, some notables at the court sought to take advantage of the chaos to spread the massacre out into the provinces where they held office. A letter was sent from Montpensier to the mayor of
496:
ascended to the throne. While the Guise were no longer central in the new administration, the Bourbon-Montpensiers were courted by Catherine as a key part of her regency government.
265:
in support of Alençon's kingship there. He died that year. Henri who had agreed to let his son inherit his governorship of Brittany reneged and provided the province to the ultra
203:
in his leadership of the army. In the third civil war he again defeated a Protestant army of the south trying to link up with the main body. He also committed another massacre at
847:. By this point however he was becoming seriously ill, and he had to withdraw from the planned delegation, his son being entrusted with leading the delegation in his stead.
727:
The civil wars were now no longer so clearly delineated on religious grounds, and when a conspiracy arose to jailbreak Condé and Navarre, many Catholic notables including
869:
With the death of Montpensier the same year, his grandson had been due to inherit his governorship of Brittany. However Henri overruled the plan, granting the region to
2824:
797:
began forming across France in opposition to its terms. Henri wrote frustratedly to Montpensier in his capacity as governor of Brittany chastising those who joined in
190:
the following year he fought for the crown, heading out at the head of a flying column after the security of Paris was assured, brutally massacring the Protestants of
253:. His realignment brought him benefits, precedence over the Guise in ceremony. In 1581 he was tasked with leading a mission to England to secure a marriage between
436:
was published from the castle, offering amnesty to those convicted of heresy under certain conditions, the first step towards toleration the crown had undertaken.
670:
from the Protestant rebels. In charge of the town he allowed his troops to massacre the population. Upon the death of governor Martigues during the siege of
452:, his cousins Montpensier and La Roche-sur-Yon. To this end two super-governorships were created for the princes. For Montpensier a governorship centred on
674:, Montpensier became governor of Brittany. In 1575 it was agreed that upon his death his grandson would be able to inherit the governorship automatically.
2535:
578:
282:
129:
832:
2575:
2859:
2854:
2864:
2844:
870:
687:
683:
622:
445:
266:
162:. His liberty restored he found himself courted by the new regime as it sought to steady itself and isolate its opponents in the wake of the
2849:
338:
484:. To support him in administering this super-governorship, the sieur de Savigny was delegated as lieutenant-general for the territories.
158:, military commander and governor. He began his military career during the Italian Wars, and in 1557 was captured after the disastrous
2814:
561:
siding with the extreme Catholic wing of the council. Despite his extreme-Catholic affiliation, his kinship ties with the Protestant
2084:
843:
In 1581 Montpensier was again tasked to play the diplomat. This time to head to England to negotiate a marriage between Alençon and
448:
was likely involved, and as instability continued to rock France in the following months, they sought to isolate him from the other
330:
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119:
87:
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159:
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219:
404:
286:
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Despite the failure of the mission to England, Alençon still had hopes of becoming a king, and his attention turned to
508:
Increasingly alienated from the crown by their toleration policy, he associated himself with the rapprochement between
2693:
1909:
1883:
627:
582:
509:
208:
183:
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meant that he campaigned for his reinstatement as governor of Normandy, the duke would be restored to his office.
2809:
2058:
644:
367:
671:
212:
791:
784:. At this time Montpensier found himself in a dispute of privileges with the Guise, over who had precedence in
648:
562:
243:
1812:
Conflict of Loyalties: Politics and Religion in the Career of Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France, 1519–1572
421:
261:, he proved too ill however and had to send his son in his stead. In 1582 his son conducted an army into the
2345:
1941:
433:
250:
187:
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family, who faced opposition from several factions to their ascendency. This opposition coalesced into the
844:
814:
772:
761:
728:
334:
302:
258:
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163:
48:
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2829:
1668:
Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy
753:
493:
449:
385:
298:
109:
83:
1769:. Vol. 25: Two English Treatises on the State of France, 1580–1584. Cambridge University Press.
573:
He found himself again in alliance with the Guise family in the vendetta they were pursuing against
366:
Anne de Bourbon (1540–1572), married on 6 September 1561 François de Clèves, duke de Nevers, son of
640:
635:
532:
were sent out at the head of flying columns to consolidate the royal hold of the Loire and Poitou.
513:
481:
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in which an attempt was made to kidnap the king and kill the Guise brothers. During the crisis the
380:
306:
294:
200:
179:
155:
151:
99:
73:
39:
1794:
One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
2601:
859:
823:
818:
492:
With the premature death of François shortly after Condé's arrest, in December 1560, his brother
389:
598:
529:
2003:
1839:
The Kings Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576
863:
781:
618:
591:
322:
239:
94:
606:
602:
549:
465:
357:
290:
167:
1830:
The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
801:
in his territory. Henri urged Montpensier to do what he could to suppress these attempted
473:
461:
361:
61:
17:
756:, France once more found itself pulled into civil war. Henri III, recently returned from
545:
453:
425:
174:
166:. At this time Montpensier supported liberalising religious reform, as typified by the
516:
in 1561, joining them in their agreement to protect the Catholic faith from 'heresy'.
2803:
2657:
242:
before being recalled to Paris. With a favourable peace declared for the Protestants
866:
and Montpensier's son were tasked with reinforcing him, they arrived on 1 December.
630:
blocked attempts to supplement his forces, defeating an army intended for him from
541:
469:
851:
732:
301:, Countess of Bar-sur-Seine, daughter of John IV de Longwy, Baron of Pagny, and
262:
196:
1653:
Benedict, Philip (1978). "The Saint Bartholomew's Massacres in the Provinces".
356:
Françoise de Bourbon (1539–1587), married in 1559 to Henri Robert de La Marck,
173:
The Guise administration granted him a large super-governorship centred on the
403:
Louis took part in a number of wars against Charles V. He fought again at the
329:
to his mother. After her death in 1561, he re-married on 4 February 1570, to
309:. On the occasion of his marriage, the King of France returned the lands of
234:. During the fifth civil war he fought in the west, reducing the towns of
1695:
Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France
777:
667:
662:
631:
605:. This climaxed after the murder of the Protestant lieutenant-general of
457:
235:
204:
139:
1713:
The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
590:
of nobles to pursue their vendetta. Noble supporters included Chavigny,
477:
1686:
Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
765:
760:
prepared several armies to meet the opposition, under the command of
736:
716:
712:
707:
525:
444:. Successfully besting this challenge, the Guise were conscious that
441:
326:
289:, whose lands were confiscated after his treason. As a member of the
231:
227:
223:
191:
1722:
The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State
855:
318:
314:
1776:
Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560-1600
1677:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
524:
In his role as governor he held responsibility over the town of
407:
where his horse was killed under him and he was taken prisoner.
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
480:. His brother meanwhile received a governorship centred on the
731:
joined them in the plan. The plan was discovered however and
813:
Montpensier acted as a diplomat in the negotiations between
1767:
Foreign Intelligence and Information in Elizabethan England
548:. With the first civil war being brought to a close by the
634:. When a large enough royal army was assembled in Paris,
424:
came to the throne. His government was controlled by the
682:
The following year, 1570, a marriage was agreed between
150:(10 June 1513 – 23 September 1582) was the second
1803:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
597:
In his capacity as governor of Anjou, he clashed with
594:
and Montpensier. However this would also go nowhere.
394:
Louise de Bourbon (1548–1586), Abbess of Faremoutier.
1749:
Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589
341:. His first marriage afforded him a dowry of 60,000
215:, Montpensier took up his governorship of Brittany.
388:(1547–1582), Abbess of Jouarre, married in 1571 to
135:
125:
115:
93:
79:
67:
55:
32:
1855:Ancestors of Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier
1704:Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History
771:They would be unable to achieve victory, and with
420:After the abrupt death of Henri II his young son
373:Jeanne de Bourbon (1541–1620), Abbess of Jouarre;
390:William "the Silent" of Nassau, Prince of Orange
283:Louise de Bourbon, first Duchess of Montpensier
1706:(2nd ed.). Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
8:
279:Louis de Bourbon, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon
1785:Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d'Albret 1528-1572
2747:31. Anna, Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
1860:
1851:
1576:
1516:
1468:
1432:
1108:
222:, unsuccessfully trying to incubate it in
47:
29:
2536:Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier
854:which had declared its independence from
831:Accompanying her on her mission were the
2145:10. Louis de Beauvau, Seneschal of Anjou
1504:
1408:
1288:
1024:
1012:
1000:
976:
2825:Military personnel from Moulins, Allier
2576:Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
1636:
1588:
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1048:
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988:
964:
928:
882:
2673:
2555:
2551:
2539:
2442:
2402:25. Marie de Berry, Duchess d'Auvergne
2325:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier
2210:
2104:
2100:
2088:
1983:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1740:The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598
1624:
1600:
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1528:
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1348:
1276:
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889:
285:. By his mother, he was the nephew of
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2027:
2017:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1821:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition
1760:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1758:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age
952:
752:In the wake of the Conspiracy of the
552:the crown had great concern that the
7:
1612:
1552:
1540:
1492:
1480:
1300:
1252:
1096:
577:. The family blamed Coligny for the
339:Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne
170:he was present for the creation of.
148:Louis de Bourbon, Duc de Montpensier
702:In the confusion that followed the
287:Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon
579:assassination of the duke of Guise
25:
2085:Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon
1796:. University of California Press.
120:Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon
586:turned to the idea of forming a
557:he was a regular feature of the
345:, his second a dowry of 200,000
601:over the implementation of the
1724:. Manchester University Press.
643:was chosen. Still a teenager,
305:, illegitimate half-sister of
100:Françoise, Duchess of Bouillon
1:
2860:Court of Francis II of France
2855:Court of Charles IX of France
2427:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
2372:Louis I, Count of Montpensier
1841:. Cambridge University Press.
1715:. Cambridge University Press.
1670:. Cambridge University Press.
735:was tasked with heading into
704:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
698:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
311:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
220:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
110:Charlotte, Princess of Orange
106:François, Duke of Montpensier
2865:Court of Henry III of France
2845:16th-century peers of France
1702:George, Hereford B. (1885).
1684:Diefendorf, Barbara (1991).
405:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
2850:Court of Henry II of France
2694:Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
1968:Jean VIII, Count of VendĂ´me
1832:. Chicago University Press.
1819:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
1787:. Harvard University Press.
1765:Potter, David, ed. (2004).
540:In 1563, Louis reconquered
2881:
2667:
2633:29. Barbara of Brandenburg
2553:
2545:
2436:
2323:
2319:
2251:11. Marguerite de Chambley
2204:
2102:
2094:
1977:
1884:John I, Count of La Marche
1871:
1867:
1756:Pitts, Vincent J. (2009).
1688:. Oxford University Press.
1679:. Oxford University Press.
768:at the kings instruction.
352:Louis and Jacqueline had:
186:. As France fell into the
18:Louis, Duke of Montpensier
2815:House of Bourbon (France)
2734:
2726:
2701:
2679:
2675:
2639:
2620:
2612:
2583:
2561:
2557:
2517:
2499:
2491:
2466:
2448:
2444:
2408:
2389:
2381:
2353:
2331:
2327:
2285:
2267:
2259:
2234:
2216:
2212:
2179:
2161:
2153:
2128:
2110:
2106:
2066:
2044:
2036:
2011:
1989:
1985:
1949:
1927:
1919:
1891:
1875:
1814:. Geneva: Librairie Droz.
1720:Jouanna, Arlette (2007).
617:After the failure of the
297:. In 1538, Louis married
218:In 1572 he supported the
211:died during the siege of
46:
37:
1828:Thompson, James (1909).
1823:. Yale University Press.
1697:. Yale University Press.
1693:Harding, Robert (1978).
1675:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1666:Carroll, Stuart (2005).
790:With peace established,
649:Jacques, Duke of Nemours
2718:15. Margaret of Bavaria
2346:John I, Duke of Bourbon
1910:Louis, Count of VendĂ´me
1792:Roelker, Nancy (1996).
1783:Roelker, Nancy (1968).
1774:Roberts, Penny (2013).
1747:Knecht, Robert (2016).
1738:Knecht, Robert (2010).
1729:Knecht, Robert (1998).
510:François, Duke of Guise
188:French Wars of Religion
184:François, Duke of Guise
160:battle of Saint-Quentin
103:Anne, Duchess of Nevers
1801:Salmon, J.H.M (1975).
1655:The Historical Journal
919:, p. table XXVII.
873:an ally of the Guise.
645:Artus de Cossé-Brissac
613:Second war of religion
335:Henry I, Duke of Guise
255:Elizabeth I of England
2840:Princes of the Dombes
2483:13. Gabrielle La Tour
2196:5. Isabel de Beauveau
1778:. Palgrave Macmillan.
809:Political realignment
748:Fifth war of religion
656:Third war of religion
636:Constable Montmorency
520:First war of religion
430:Conspiracy of Amboise
416:Conspiracy of Amboise
331:Catherine de Lorraine
277:Louis was the son of
273:Early life and family
164:Conspiracy of Amboise
88:Catherine de Lorraine
2820:Dukes of Montpensier
2604:, Marquess of Mantua
1942:Catherine de VendĂ´me
1837:Wood, James (2002).
1810:Shimizu, J. (1970).
1731:Catherine de' Medici
450:Princes of the Blood
411:Reign of François II
386:Charlotte de Bourbon
299:Jacqueline de Longwy
226:while succeeding in
84:Jacqueline de Longwy
1805:. Metheun & Co.
1711:Holt, Mack (2002).
1615:, pp. 148–149.
1579:, pp. 265–271.
1027:, pp. 120–121.
991:, pp. 114–125.
672:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
514:Anne de Montmorency
488:Reign of Charles IX
381:Duke of Montpensier
377:François de Bourbon
303:Jeanne of AngoulĂŞme
295:Prince of the Blood
213:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
180:Anne de Montmorency
156:Prince of the Blood
152:Duke of Montpensier
40:Duke of Montpensier
27:Duke of Montpensier
2602:Federico I Gonzaga
2028:9. Jeanne de Laval
824:Treaty of Bergerac
743:Reign of Henri III
739:to restore order.
554:Parlement of Paris
456:was combined with
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2004:Guy XIII de Laval
1051:, pp. 48–49.
860:William of Orange
835:and Montpensier.
619:Surprise of Meaux
592:Jean IV de Brosse
399:Reign of Henri II
145:
144:
130:Louise de Bourbon
71:23 September 1582
16:(Redirected from
2872:
2810:House of Bourbon
1861:
1852:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
893:
887:
833:Cardinal Bourbon
758:Poland-Lithuania
603:Edict of Amboise
583:siege of Orléans
563:Duke of Bouillon
550:Edict of Amboise
482:Duchy of Orléans
434:Edict of Amboise
358:Duke of Bouillon
291:House of Bourbon
168:Edict of Amboise
51:
33:Louis de Bourbon
30:
21:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2800:
2799:
2798:
1849:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1577:Sutherland 1980
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1517:Sutherland 1980
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1469:Sutherland 1980
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1433:Sutherland 1980
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1109:Diefendorf 1991
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
896:
888:
884:
879:
852:the Netherlands
841:
811:
750:
745:
725:
700:
688:Marie de Clèves
686:and his cousin
680:
658:
615:
599:Jeanne d'Albret
571:
538:
530:Jacques d'Albon
522:
502:
490:
418:
413:
401:
362:Prince of Sedan
275:
251:Estates General
108:
104:
102:
86:
72:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:, p. 122.
1629:
1627:, p. 178.
1617:
1605:
1603:, p. 157.
1593:
1591:, p. 172.
1581:
1569:
1567:, p. 152.
1557:
1545:
1533:
1531:, p. 146.
1521:
1519:, p. 244.
1509:
1507:, p. 498.
1497:
1495:, p. 173.
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 228.
1461:
1459:, p. 101.
1449:
1447:, p. 179.
1437:
1435:, p. 225.
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 222.
1401:
1399:, p. 145.
1389:
1387:, p. 144.
1377:
1375:, p. 389.
1365:
1363:, p. 134.
1353:
1351:, p. 153.
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 221.
1317:
1305:
1293:
1291:, p. 396.
1281:
1279:, p. 174.
1269:
1257:
1245:
1243:, p. 172.
1233:
1231:, p. 124.
1221:
1209:
1207:, p. 222.
1197:
1195:, p. 120.
1185:
1183:, p. 232.
1173:
1171:, p. 130.
1161:
1159:, p. 125.
1149:
1147:, p. 147.
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 286.
1113:
1101:
1089:
1087:, p. 134.
1077:
1075:, p. 137.
1065:
1063:, p. 106.
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
931:, p. 117.
921:
894:
892:, p. 330.
881:
880:
878:
875:
864:baron de Biron
840:
837:
810:
807:
749:
746:
744:
741:
724:
721:
699:
696:
679:
676:
657:
654:
614:
611:
570:
567:
537:
534:
521:
518:
501:
498:
489:
486:
417:
414:
412:
409:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
383:
374:
371:
364:
307:King Francis I
274:
271:
175:Duchy of Anjou
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
97:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2658:Clara Gonzaga
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:Anne de Laval
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 85.
1554:
1549:
1546:
1543:, p. 84.
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:Thompson 1909
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1483:, p. 36.
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 76.
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:Benedict 1978
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1339:, p. 63.
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:, p. 20.
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:, p. 22.
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:Thompson 1909
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1267:, p. 34.
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:, p. 67.
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:, p. 41.
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1135:, p. 96.
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1111:, p. 72.
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:, p. 12.
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:, p. 51.
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:Thompson 1909
1021:
1018:
1015:, p. 73.
1014:
1013:Thompson 1909
1009:
1006:
1003:, p. 63.
1002:
1001:Thompson 1909
997:
994:
990:
985:
982:
979:, p. 36.
978:
977:Thompson 1909
973:
970:
967:, p. 38.
966:
961:
958:
955:, p. 13.
954:
949:
946:
943:, p. 60.
942:
937:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
886:
883:
876:
874:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
838:
836:
834:
828:
825:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
795:
788:
787:
783:
779:
776:the towns of
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
709:
705:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
664:
655:
653:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
559:conseil privé
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
506:
499:
497:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
410:
408:
406:
398:
393:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:(1542–1592),
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
70:
66:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2303:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1751:. Routledge.
1748:
1742:. Routledge.
1739:
1733:. Routledge.
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1637:Harding 1978
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1589:Carroll 2005
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1397:Jouanna 2007
1392:
1385:Jouanna 2007
1380:
1373:Roelker 1968
1368:
1361:Carroll 2005
1356:
1344:
1337:Jouanna 2007
1332:
1325:Harding 1978
1320:
1313:Jouanna 2007
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1205:Harding 1978
1200:
1193:Harding 1978
1188:
1181:Roelker 1968
1176:
1169:Carroll 2005
1164:
1157:Carroll 2005
1152:
1145:Carroll 2005
1140:
1128:
1121:Roelker 1996
1116:
1104:
1092:
1085:Roberts 2013
1080:
1068:
1061:Carroll 2005
1056:
1049:Harding 1978
1044:
1037:Harding 1978
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
989:Carroll 2009
984:
972:
965:Shimizu 1970
960:
948:
936:
929:Harding 1978
924:
885:
868:
849:
842:
829:
812:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
770:
751:
726:
701:
692:
681:
659:
616:
596:
587:
572:
558:
553:
539:
523:
507:
503:
491:
438:
419:
402:
351:
346:
342:
333:, sister of
276:
244:
217:
172:
147:
146:
59:10 June 1513
38:
2835:1582 deaths
2830:1513 births
1625:Knecht 2016
1601:Knecht 2016
1565:Knecht 2016
1529:Knecht 2016
1457:Knecht 2016
1445:Knecht 1998
1421:Knecht 2016
1349:Knecht 1998
1277:Salmon 1975
1265:Knecht 2016
1241:Salmon 1975
1229:Knecht 1998
1217:Knecht 2010
1133:Knecht 1998
1073:Salmon 1975
941:Potter 2004
917:George 1885
890:Knecht 1998
845:Elizabeth I
754:Malcontents
733:Montpensier
723:Malcontents
293:, he was a
263:Netherlands
154:, a French
2804:Categories
953:Pitts 2009
877:References
786:Parlement.
500:Alienation
494:Charles IX
313:, and the
1613:Holt 2002
1553:Holt 2002
1541:Holt 2002
1493:Wood 2002
1481:Wood 2002
1301:Wood 2002
1253:Wood 2002
1097:Wood 2002
792:Catholic
773:Alençon's
628:Martigues
621:in which
542:AngoulĂŞme
470:VendĂ´mois
368:Francis I
281:, and of
209:Martigues
74:Champigny
1847:Ancestry
839:Diplomat
815:Damville
782:Fontenay
778:Lusignan
729:Damville
678:Marriage
668:Mussidan
663:Poitiers
632:Provence
569:Vendetta
458:Touraine
422:François
315:Counties
240:Fontenay
236:Lusignan
205:Mussidan
197:Dauphiné
140:Catholic
136:Religion
1647:Sources
871:Mercœur
819:Navarre
607:VendĂłme
581:at the
575:Coligny
478:Amboise
337:and of
323:Beaujeu
267:Mercœur
259:Alençon
207:. When
62:Moulins
803:Ligues
799:Ligues
794:Ligues
766:Poitou
737:Poitou
717:Angers
713:Saumur
708:Nantes
546:Cognac
526:Angers
466:Perche
442:Angers
347:livres
343:livres
327:Dombes
245:Ligues
232:Angers
228:Saumur
224:Nantes
192:Angers
126:Mother
116:Father
80:Spouse
856:Spain
762:Guise
684:Condé
641:Anjou
623:Condé
588:Ligue
536:Peace
474:Blois
462:Maine
454:Anjou
446:Condé
426:Guise
319:Forez
201:Anjou
95:Issue
2692:30.
2600:14.
2574:28.
2370:12.
2344:24.
2057:19.
2002:18.
1940:17.
1882:16.
1659:21 2
817:and
780:and
715:and
544:and
512:and
476:and
360:and
325:and
257:and
238:and
230:and
182:and
68:Died
56:Born
2656:7.
2534:3.
2425:6.
2302:1.
2083:2.
1966:4.
1908:8.
317:of
2806::
1657:.
897:^
858:.
805:.
647:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
349:.
321:,
269:.
1661:.
370:;
20:)
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