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368:, red and gold. Louis Malet de Gravile had his illuminated manuscripts, and the buildings he built or repaired, profusely decorated with his coat of arms. It is often displayed together with one or several anchors, symbols indicating his elevated rank as Admiral of France. That he entertained a personal interest in heraldry is further reflected by his ownership of the oldest preserved illustrated
2339:
807:
Against this backdrop, Louis Malet de
Graville undertook several projects to modernise his estates and try to stimulate the economy, though it was not necessarily an immediate reaction to wartime destruction from his side. The estates belonging to his family had also suffered from the long absence of
639:
which was being planned at the time. His opposition appears to have been a mix of genuine concern about leaving France exposed to
English and German incursions, and part of a power-play at court. His critical stance further distanced him to the young king and his entourage. In early 1494 he therefore
97:
Louis XI took him under his wing, and the two developed a close relationship. Louis Malet de
Graville rose through the ranks and was given sensitive assignments by the king. He undertook diplomatic missions and participated in military operations. After the death of the king, he continued to serve
667:
Though he was to some extent sidelined, his experience and political weight made him to a certain degree indispensable to the crown. He was relatively quickly reimposed as governor of
Normandy, and soon also of Picardy, and entrusted the defence of the realm in the absence of the king in Italy.
631:
whom Louis Malet de
Graville had recently been instrumental in defeating. The disputing factions thus reconciled, but also brought a certain antagonism towards Louis to the court. He lost the governorship of Normandy, and a quiet agreement was made among several high-ranking members of court,
827:
in
Normandy, were repaired, rebuilt or enlarged thanks to support from Louis Malet de Graville between 1470 and 1516. Malet de Graville furthermore engaged in updating the legal framework surrounding the estates, putting local managers in place and reorganising archives. He also built town
672:, he participated in some of the Italian expeditions, and in 1504 was called upon to make a review of the finances of the realm. Following the death of Charles II d'Amboise in 1511, he was again handed the office of Admiral of France. Upon the death of Louis XII, he entered the service of
544:. The couple ruled the country between 1483 and 1491. During this time, Louis developed a close relationship with Anne, became a central member of the royal council and second in power only to the regents themselves. His steadfast support to the regents during the unrest known as the "
456:, a delicate journey indicating that Louis enjoyed a high degree of trust from the king early on. From the following year, Louis is noted with the same titles as his father once had at the court, counsellor and chamberlain. In 1475 he was promoted to the important post of head of the
955:
for example wrote enthusiastically about it as early as 1860. There still exist 33 works which can safely be attributed to the library of Louis Malet de
Graville, but it certainly contained many more. Many of his books were later inherited by his daughter Anne, and her son-in-law
85:
In 1463 Louis de Malet's father was taken prisoner by
English troops. Louis Male de Graville therefore took over some of his father's appointments and began a successful career at the centre of French politics. He would eventually serve four French kings: Louis XI, Charles VIII,
583:; the latter also included the right to a very profitable percentage of the value of all captured goods. The admiral was supported by a general lieutenant, as well as lieutenants in all ports. In practice his authority only included the coastal waters of Normandy and
808:
his father in
English captivity. Through various projects, starting from the 1480s, Malet de Graville aimed to confirm the ownership of his land, to increase its yield and his income, and to promote an image of himself as a benevolent lord, helping the population.
840:
which are still standing. The impact of the reconstruction efforts of Louis Malet de
Graville were thus substantial. In Milly-la-ForĂȘt, for example, he financed the construction of the market hall, repaired the church and enlarged the castle he had bought there.
495:
writes, and in the absence of Malet's own father, the two appear to have developed a kind of father-son-relationship. Louis XI bestowed on Louis Malet de Graville the unusual privilege of the right to hunt in the woods of the royal domain.
429:, failed, and Jean was taken prisoner by the English in 1463. He would not be released until 1478. With his father absent, Louis took over some of his appointments and began a successful career at the centre of French politics.
747:
1490â1540), was a writer, courtier, intellectual and book collector in her own right. Her marriage in 1507 or 1508 with her cousin Pierre de Balsac caused a major conflict with her father, who for a time had her disinherited.
145:. However, his experience and political weight made him to a certain degree indispensable to the crown, and he soon regained many of the positions he had briefly lost. He died on 30 October 1516 at his castle in Marcoussis.
406:. His mother was Marie de Montauban. There is no evidence as to what kind of education Louis received, but it seems plausible he was taught by private tutors at home and later at court. He appears to not have mastered
295:
next to the castle. The first family member of the French side whose life is known in somewhat more detail was Jean III de Malet de Graville, who was sentenced to death and executed in 1356 for having conspired with
110:. He developed a close relationship with Anne, became a central member of the royal council and second in power only to the regents themselves. His steadfast support to the regents during the unrest known as the "
122:, secured their benevolence. In 1483 he was given the office of Admiral of France, a prestigious and lucrative position. Louis Malet de Graville was furthermore made governor of Normandy; captain of the ports of
751:
Louis Malet de Graville spent an itinerant life, dividing his time between the court and his many estates in Paris, Ăle-de-France and Normandy. He also had two residences in Paris. His main residence was the
148:
Besides his political and military career, Louis Malet de Graville organised modernisation and reconstruction efforts at his holdings, in an attempt to stimulate the economy following the devastation of the
710:
Louis Malet de Graville married Marie de Balsac in the 1470s and the couple had five children: two sons, Louis and Joachim, who died young, and three daughters, Louise, Jeanne and Anne. Marie's father
484:
Louis XI appreciated Malet de Graville's intelligence as well as his flexible and conciliatory character. The king appears to have taken Louis "under his wing", as Louis Malet de Graville's biographer
927:
Louis Malet de Graville also commissioned sculpted tombstones for his parents, by sculptor Oudart Trubert, in the church in Graville. He probably also commissioned the tombstone for his grandfather
2263:"[Review of:] Mathieu Deldicque, Le dernier commanditaire du Moyen Ăge: L'amiral de Graville. Vers 1440â1516, Villeneuve-d'Ascq (Presses universitaires du Septentrion) 2021"
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Many of these reconstruction efforts were centred on his main estate in Marcoussis, but he undertook reconstruction works in many places. For example, the churches in Arpajon,
304:. Despite this discgrace, the family soon regained the trust of the royal family. Louis Malet de Graville's grandfather, Jean V Malet de Graville, was one of the companions of
920:. It has since been moved to the town church in Malesherbes. French historian Catherine Grodecki has described it as one of the most beautiful Entombments from the end of the
222:
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In 1491, the erstwhile rebellious Duke of Orléans was released from captivity and reconciled with the royal family. The same year, King Charles VIII married
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of the books he commissioned, it was clearly also an expression of his art patronage. Louis' interest in book collecting was apparently shared by his wife.
563:
became vacant, it was offered to Louis. He would retain it until his death, with the exception of the years 1508â1511, when it was held by his relative
905:, ordered in 1495 and installed in the chapel of his castle in Malesherbes. The Entombment was made by a sculptor resident in Paris but probably from
398:
Louis Malet de Graville was most probably born in the 1440s. He was the second son of Jean VI Malet de Graville (died 1475), who was counsellor and
477:, another central part of French politics at the time. He also participated in the military operations following the death of the Duke of Burgundy
2084:
Deldicque, Mathieu (2015). "La commande artistique de l'amiral Louis Malet de Graville (v. 1440â1516) : la recherche d'une autre modernitĂ©".
463:
2284:"Jean VI Malet de Graville et la fondation de la foire de Chùtres (1470-1475) : entre procédure institutionnelle et privilÚges personnels"
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2160:
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at Biblissima, a French observatory for medieval and Renaissance written cultural heritage in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period.
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1353:
469:, i.e., the royal lifeguard. In 1467 he was entrusted another delicate assignment which he carried out successfully, namely to convince
226:
55:
960:. His library consisted almost exclusively in books written in French, and history was apparently his favourite subject, with works on
437:
Louis Malet de Graville thus stepped into his father's shoes as an aide to King Louis XI. He was introduced to the court by his uncle,
784:
In France, the second half of the 15th century was a time of reconstruction following the devastation brought upon the country by the
668:
Already in 1496 he was already back at his seat on the royal council. After the death of Charles VIII and the ascent to the throne of
513:
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to cede part of his inheritance to the French king. The same year, Louis was assigned to be one of the judges in the process against
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2013:
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The activity of Louis Malet de Graville also extended to commissioning works of art. Among these is a sculpture group depicting
19:
165:
constructed. Louis Malet de Graville was also active as an art patron, and not least book collector. He commissioned several
599:
were under the authority of regional admirals. Louis was furthermore made governor of Normandy, and captain of the ports of
980:
aristocracy. Notably, the library of Louis Malet de Graville contained almost no religious books. One exception is his own
443:
2349:
636:
141:
During a period from 1491, he was partially side-lined at court, and in 1494 retired for a period to his main estate at
2395:
2380:
2023:
Bouchard, Mawy (2018). "The Power of Reputation and Skills according to Anne de Graville". In Broomhall, Susan (ed.).
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119:
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2312:"Les étangs de Marcoussis. Un exemple d'exploitation piscicole dans la région parisienne à la fin du XVe siÚcle"
952:
309:
792:, had brought destruction to the areas where Louis Malet de Graville owned land. For example, the churches in
320:. He married Jacqueline de Montaigu, whereby the family came into possession of considerable holdings also in
2147:"Courtisans Ă Paris autour de 1500 : l'exemple de l'amiral Louis Malet de Graville et de son entourage"
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around 1493â1494. The depiction of the man in the centre may be a portrait of Louis Malet de Graville.
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2127:
935:, and is known to have had several, including one set designed by the aforementioned Coëtivy Master.
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517:
448:. A first recompense for his services to the king is dated 1470. In 1472, he undertook a trip to the
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2172:"Le "Maßtre Nicolas d'Amiens" et la mise au tombeau de Malesherbes. à propos d'un document inédit"
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324:. By the middle of the 15th century the family had amassed large estates, notably in Normandy and
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of Malet de Graville's family depicts three golden clasps or buckles on a red background; or, in
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59:
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His father, Jean VI, had participated in the French attempt to secure the throne of England for
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2231:"Une famille d'artistes d'origine troyenne Ă Paris Ă la fin du XVe sciĂšcle : les Trubert"
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in 1360, with 900 people inside, and still not fully repaired by the end of the 15th century.
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Actes du colloque "La France et l'Europe autour de 1500, croisements et Ă©changes artistiques"
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Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de Corbeil, de l'Essonne et du Hurepoix
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The coat of arms of Malet de Gravile in one of the illuminated manuscripts he commissioned
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169:, often sumptuously decorated and of large format, especially on historical subjects and
687:
2123:
Le dernier commanditaire du Moyen Ăge : l'amiral de Graville : vers 1440-1516
771:
which contained a monkey, a bear and several birds. His favourite pastime was hunting.
767:. He had a lavish lifestyle in accordance with his position; he is known to have had a
533:
288:
103:
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in 1477, with the objective of securing former Burgundian lands for the French crown.
82:
1490â1540), was a writer, courtier, intellectual and book collector in her own right.
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981:
238:
2311:
2146:
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had been burnt by English troops; the church in Arpajon was destroyed by troops of
659:, and focused much of his energy on reconstruction projects and commissioning art.
345:
214:
1994:
Adams, Tracy (2018). "Anne de France and Gift-Giving". In Broomhall, Susan (ed.).
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in 1066, was an ancestor. At around the same time, another forefather accompanied
992:(United States). However, given the sumptuous decoration, large format and rich
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24:
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2096:
2098:Ătre mĂ©cĂšne Ă l'aube de la Renaissance : l'amiral Louis Malet de Graville
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Reconstruction works by Louis Malet de Graville: the example of Milly-la-ForĂȘt
824:
764:
703:
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including his earlier benefactor Anne of France, to not support the admiral.
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2187:
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well-represented in his library. The second most well-represented genre was
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768:
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He died on 30 October 1516 at his castle in Marcoussis, ChĂąteau de Montagu.
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575:. The duties included upholding maritime justice and the suppression of
403:
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245:, the family developed two branches, one French and one English. Another
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823:, Marcoussis and Milly-la-ForĂȘt, all south of Paris, as well as that of
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2204:
Anne de Graville and Women's Literary Networks in Early Modern France
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French military officer, Admiral of France, politician and art patron
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2155:(in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. 319â332.
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of high quality has been recognised for a long time; medievalist
635:
Furthermore, Louis Malet de Graville was fiercely opposed to the
217:. Tradition holds that one of his forefathers was a companion of
1384:
1382:
1380:
42:(Around 1440 â 30 October 1516) was a French military officer,
62:
in 1066. Louis Malet de Gravile's father was a counsellor and
1264:
1262:
508:
The arms of Malet de Graville surrounded by the chain of the
410:, as all books in the library he would later collect were in
46:, politician and art patron. He came from an old family from
2350:
Illuminated manuscripts connected to Louis Malet de Graville
897:, sculpture group ordered in 1495 by Louis Malet de Graville
528:
Following the death of Louis XI, France entered a period of
1354:"Charles VIII. In The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance"
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1333:
1296:
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1249:
1247:
1210:
1208:
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1177:
567:. It was a prestigious and lucrative position, one of the
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1150:
1148:
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1075:
1073:
1071:
360:. It dates to at least the 13th century, and derives its
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Louis Malet de Graville came from an old noble family of
1423:
1421:
540:(who at the time was only 13 years old) and her husband
976:. In other words, his tastes were typical for the old
947:
of his times. That his library was remarkably rich in
249:, probably of the English branch, was a signatory of
2090:(in French). Paris: Ecole du Louvre. pp. 35â43.
1702:"Eglise notre dame de l'assomption Ă Milly-la-fĂŽret"
221:, the first ruler of Normandy. More certain is that
579:, support to seamen, and the validation of seized
524:) previously in Louis Malet de Graville's library.
452:, possibly to negotiate with the rebellious Count
1977:
1905:
1890:
1758:
1649:
1634:
1610:
1598:
1550:
1535:
1285:
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1113:
832:, ordered the clearing of old and digging of new
721:had also served close to Louis XI, and her uncle
552:, organising the military campaign together with
118:, organising the military campaign together with
2095:Deldicque, Mathieu; LeprĂȘtre, Elisabeth (2017).
2029:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 241â262.
943:Louis Malet de Graville was one of the greatest
836:, and in Arpajon and Milly-la-ForĂȘt built large
291:. The family also established the still extant
2026:Women and Power at the French Court, 1483-1563
2000:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 65â85.
1997:Women and Power at the French Court, 1483-1563
1586:
1562:
1388:
279:), by the 11th century. There they resided as
197:of the Malet de Gravile family; today part of
8:
1038:
1024:
1018:
459:Gentilshommes ordinaires de la Maison du Roi
676:, who became the fourth monarch he served.
385:, which was part of his extensive library.
706:, Louis Malet de Graville's main residence
500:Regency and promotion to Admiral of France
2130:: Presses universitaires du Septentrion.
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
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1770:
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1199:
1187:
1093:"Ătre mĂ©cĂšne Ă l'aube de la Renaissance"
1782:
1673:
1095:. Musées d'Art et d'Histoire (Le Havre)
1055:
1010:
843:
1704:. Office de Tourisme de Milly-la-ForĂȘt
1661:
1427:
931:in Marcoussis. Louis was also fond of
611:. In 1493 he was made a knight of the
153:. He had churches repaired and mills,
2386:French book and manuscript collectors
1878:
1854:
1487:
739:The youngest daughter of the couple,
569:Great Officers of the Crown of France
7:
909:, Adrien Wincart, to designs by the
2235:BibliothĂšque de l'Ăcole des chartes
227:companions of William the Conqueror
56:companion of William the Conqueror
29:Statuts de l'ordre de Saint-Michel
14:
788:. Also other conflicts, like the
512:on the sail of a ship; full-page
2337:
873:
861:
849:
516:from an illuminated manuscript (
256:The French branch established a
193:, founded next to the ancestral
1040:de gueules Ă trois fermaux d'or
433:Political career under Louis XI
2202:L'Estrange, Elizabeth (2023).
559:In 1483, when the position of
402:to King Charles VII and later
1:
1978:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1906:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1891:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1759:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1650:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1635:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1611:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1599:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1551:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1536:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1286:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1169:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1138:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1126:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1114:Deldicque & LeprĂȘtre 2017
1026:grand maßtre des arbalétriers
744:
556:, secured their benevolence.
79:
2366:Court of Francis I of France
2170:Grodecki, Catherine (1996).
984:, which is preserved in the
308:and was given the titles of
247:William (or Guillaume) Malet
74:. Louis' youngest daughter,
2282:Theiller, Isabelle (2013).
2145:Deldicque, Mathieu (2022).
2120:Deldicque, Mathieu (2021).
571:and equal in status to the
50:; one of his ancestors was
2412:
1020:grand fauconnier de France
637:military campaign in Italy
2310:Wilmart, Mickaël (2001).
2054:"L'Amirauté en Normandie"
619:Temporary fall from grace
542:Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
425:. The expedition, led by
229:and who took part in the
108:Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
2261:Paviot, Jacques (2022).
2206:. Boydell & Brewer.
2052:Darsel, Joachim (1969).
953:Antoine Le Roux de Lincy
903:the Entombment of Christ
554:Louis II de la Trémoille
310:Grand Falconer of France
225:(died 1071), one of the
120:Louis II de la Trémoille
2344:Louis Malet de Graville
2247:10.3406/bec.2004.463336
2229:Hamon, Ătienne (2004).
2188:10.3406/bulmo.1996.4615
2070:10.3406/annor.1969.5015
1364:Oxford University Press
949:illuminated manuscripts
828:fortifications, mills,
536:, sister of the future
358:gules, three buckles or
328:, south-west of Paris.
258:motte-and-bailey castle
195:motte-and-bailey castle
167:illuminated manuscripts
40:Louis Malet de Graville
1039:
1025:
1019:
990:San Marino, California
898:
790:War of the Public Weal
780:Reconstruction efforts
707:
613:Order of Saint Michael
538:Charles VIII of France
525:
510:Order of Saint Michael
341:
260:at the estuary of the
206:
136:Order of Saint Michael
36:
2296:10.3917/rhis.134.0763
2212:10.1017/9781800109414
2035:10.1515/9789048533404
2006:10.1515/9789048533404
893:
868:The collegiate church
802:Edward III of England
690:
522:Le chevalier délibéré
507:
339:
318:Charles VII of France
314:Master of Crossbowmen
298:Charles II of Navarre
189:
58:who took part in the
22:
2346:at Wikimedia Commons
2152:Paris, ville de cour
2058:Annales de Normandie
1352:Campbell, G (2003).
972:, in particular the
691:Depiction (1656) of
565:Charles II d'Amboise
518:Olivier de la Marche
134:; and knight of the
2176:Bulletin Monumental
1956:, pp. 288â296.
1821:, pp. 334â335.
1809:, pp. 331â334.
1625:, pp. 319â330.
1577:, pp. 241â242.
1514:, pp. 332â333.
674:Francis I of France
573:Constable of France
471:Charles IV of Anjou
366:colours of Normandy
235:Godfrey of Bouillon
2396:French art patrons
2381:Admirals of France
986:Huntington Library
899:
786:Hundred Years' War
763:(since ruined) in
754:ChĂąteau de Montagu
708:
693:ChĂąteau de Montagu
627:, daughter of the
548:" and the ensuing
526:
475:Jacques d'Armagnac
450:County of Armagnac
375:Armorial Le Breton
342:
300:to overthrow King
293:Abbaye de Graville
231:Battle of Hastings
207:
191:Abbaye de Graville
151:Hundred Years' War
114:" and the ensuing
60:Battle of Hastings
37:
2342:Media related to
2162:978-2-7535-8548-5
2128:Villeneuve-d'Ascq
1980:, pp. 42â43.
1797:, pp. 79â87.
1773:, pp. 70â74.
1749:, pp. 71â79.
1652:, pp. 23â24.
1538:, pp. 22â23.
1502:, pp. 39â40.
1490:, pp. 77â76.
1478:, pp. 37â39.
1442:, pp. 32â34.
1403:, pp. 32â37.
1327:, pp. 27â28.
1271:, pp. 23â24.
1171:, pp. 13â14.
1140:, pp. 12â13.
1065:, pp. 53â56.
974:Matter of Britain
970:chivalric romance
732:was a writer and
712:Rauffet de Balsac
561:Admiral of France
550:FrenchâBreton War
486:Mathieu Deldicque
439:Jean de Montauban
423:Wars of the Roses
419:Margaret of Anjou
302:John II of France
285:dukes of Normandy
171:chivalric romance
116:FrenchâBreton War
44:Admiral of France
31:, illuminated by
2403:
2391:French courtiers
2341:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2288:Revue historique
2278:
2276:
2274:
2267:Francia-Recensio
2257:
2255:
2253:
2225:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2166:
2141:
2116:
2091:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2048:
2019:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1359:Oxford Reference
1349:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1015:
919:
877:
865:
853:
762:
746:
741:Anne de Graville
731:
723:Robert de Balsac
720:
701:
658:
629:Duke of Brittany
625:Anne of Brittany
494:
479:Charles the Bold
467:
447:
383:
274:
264:in Normandy, at
241:. Following the
106:and her husband
81:
76:Anne de Graville
23:Detail from the
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2334:
2321:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2228:
2222:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2169:
2163:
2144:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2051:
2045:
2022:
2016:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:, pp. 5â6.
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:L'Estrange 2023
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1563:L'Estrange 2023
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1389:L'Estrange 2023
1387:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
962:ancient history
941:
929:Jean de Montagu
913:
888:
881:
878:
869:
866:
857:
856:The market hall
854:
782:
777:
756:
725:
714:
695:
685:
665:
652:
640:retired to his
621:
502:
488:
461:
441:
435:
427:Pierre de Brézé
396:
391:
377:
372:of France, the
334:
289:Kings of France
275:(today part of
268:
243:Norman Conquest
184:
179:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2329:
2328:
2307:
2290:(4): 763â803.
2279:
2258:
2226:
2220:
2199:
2182:(4): 329â342.
2167:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2117:
2111:
2092:
2081:
2064:(4): 291â306.
2049:
2043:
2020:
2014:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1968:, p. 288.
1966:Deldicque 2021
1958:
1954:Deldicque 2021
1946:
1944:, p. 169.
1942:Deldicque 2021
1934:
1932:, p. 168.
1930:Deldicque 2021
1922:
1920:, p. 167.
1918:Deldicque 2021
1910:
1895:
1883:
1881:, p. 177.
1871:
1867:Deldicque 2015
1859:
1857:, p. 173.
1847:
1845:, p. 329.
1835:
1831:Deldicque 2015
1823:
1811:
1799:
1795:Deldicque 2021
1787:
1775:
1771:Deldicque 2021
1763:
1751:
1747:Deldicque 2021
1739:
1735:Deldicque 2021
1727:
1723:Deldicque 2021
1715:
1690:
1688:, p. 163.
1686:Deldicque 2021
1678:
1666:
1654:
1639:
1627:
1623:Deldicque 2022
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1540:
1528:
1524:Deldicque 2021
1516:
1504:
1500:Deldicque 2021
1492:
1480:
1476:Deldicque 2021
1468:
1464:Deldicque 2021
1456:
1452:Deldicque 2021
1444:
1440:Deldicque 2021
1432:
1430:, p. 291.
1417:
1413:Deldicque 2021
1405:
1401:Deldicque 2021
1393:
1376:
1344:
1340:Deldicque 2021
1329:
1325:Deldicque 2021
1317:
1313:Deldicque 2021
1305:
1301:Deldicque 2021
1290:
1273:
1269:Deldicque 2021
1258:
1254:Deldicque 2021
1243:
1239:Deldicque 2021
1231:
1227:Deldicque 2021
1219:
1215:Deldicque 2021
1204:
1202:, p. 764.
1192:
1190:, p. 332.
1173:
1161:
1157:Deldicque 2021
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1084:
1080:Deldicque 2021
1067:
1063:Deldicque 2021
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1030:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
940:
939:Book collector
937:
911:Coëtivy Master
895:The Entombment
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
872:
870:
867:
860:
858:
855:
848:
846:
798:Milly-la-ForĂȘt
781:
778:
776:
773:
684:
681:
664:
661:
620:
617:
534:Anne of France
501:
498:
434:
431:
395:
392:
390:
387:
350:heraldic terms
333:
330:
287:and later the
183:
180:
178:
175:
104:Anne of France
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2408:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:9781800109414
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2137:9782757433591
2133:
2129:
2126:(in French).
2125:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2112:9789461613950
2108:
2104:
2101:(in French).
2100:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:9789048533404
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2015:9789048533404
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1908:, p. 42.
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:, p. 28.
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1869:, p. 36.
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:Grodecki 1996
1839:
1836:
1833:, p. 35.
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:Grodecki 1996
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:Grodecki 1996
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:, p. 38.
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:, p. 70.
1736:
1731:
1728:
1725:, p. 79.
1724:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:, p. 24.
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:, p. 37.
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:, p. 21.
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 13.
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:Bouchard 2018
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:, p. 23.
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 42.
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:Grodecki 1996
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:, p. 40.
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 36.
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:, p. 32.
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:, p. 10.
1390:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1342:, p. 28.
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:, p. 27.
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:, p. 26.
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:, p. 20.
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:, p. 23.
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:, p. 51.
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:, p. 47.
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:, p. 48.
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Theiller 2013
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:Grodecki 1996
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:, p. 22.
1158:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1128:, p. 14.
1127:
1122:
1119:
1116:, p. 19.
1115:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:, p. 21.
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1004:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:book of hours
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:Claude d'Urfé
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
917:
912:
908:
904:
896:
892:
885:
876:
871:
864:
859:
852:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
772:
770:
766:
760:
755:
749:
742:
737:
735:
729:
724:
718:
713:
705:
699:
694:
689:
683:Personal life
682:
680:
677:
675:
671:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
633:
630:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
499:
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
460:
455:
451:
445:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
388:
386:
384:
381:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
331:
329:
327:
323:
322:Ăle-de-France
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:First Crusade
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:William Malet
220:
216:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
181:
176:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
93:
89:
83:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:William Malet
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2371:1440s births
2320:. Retrieved
2315:
2299:. Retrieved
2287:
2271:. Retrieved
2266:
2250:. Retrieved
2238:
2234:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2179:
2175:
2151:
2122:
2097:
2086:
2073:. Retrieved
2061:
2057:
2025:
1996:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1783:Wilmart 2001
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1681:
1676:, p. 4.
1674:Wilmart 2001
1669:
1664:, p. 2.
1657:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1565:, p. 9.
1558:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1408:
1396:
1367:. Retrieved
1357:
1347:
1320:
1308:
1234:
1222:
1195:
1164:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1058:
1033:
1013:
945:bibliophiles
942:
926:
900:
838:market halls
810:
806:
783:
750:
738:
709:
678:
666:
634:
622:
558:
527:
521:
483:
457:
436:
416:
397:
373:
357:
346:coat of arms
343:
255:
215:Pays de Caux
208:
163:market halls
147:
140:
96:
84:
39:
38:
28:
2376:1516 deaths
2241:: 163â189.
1662:Paviot 2022
1428:Darsel 1969
1037:In French:
1017:In French:
922:Middle Ages
914: [
821:Malesherbes
757: [
726: [
715: [
696: [
653: [
646:Malesherbes
489: [
462: [
442: [
421:during the
400:chamberlain
378: [
306:Joan of Arc
269: [
251:Magna Carta
98:during the
68:Charles VII
64:chamberlain
25:frontispice
2360:Categories
2318:(71): 7â18
2105:: Snoeck.
1879:Hamon 2004
1855:Hamon 2004
1488:Adams 2018
1000:References
966:chronicles
933:tapestries
886:Art patron
880:The castle
834:fish ponds
825:Ingouville
765:Marcoussis
704:Marcoussis
663:Last years
601:Saint-Malo
394:Early life
356:would be:
177:Background
159:fish ponds
143:Marcoussis
124:Saint-Malo
1050:Citations
830:dovecotes
769:menagerie
670:Louis XII
642:chĂąuteaux
514:miniature
389:Biography
364:from the
253:in 1215.
213:, of the
155:dovecotes
92:Francis I
88:Louis XII
2269:(4): 1â3
994:bindings
734:courtier
609:Honfleur
593:Brittany
589:Provence
587:, since
404:Louis XI
370:armorial
362:tincture
332:Heraldry
326:Hurepoix
316:by King
277:Le Havre
266:Graville
211:Normandy
203:Normandy
199:Le Havre
132:Honfleur
72:Louis XI
66:to King
48:Normandy
33:Jean Hey
1988:Sources
907:Antwerp
813:Dourdan
794:Arpajon
650:Montagu
597:Guyenne
585:Picardy
546:Mad War
530:regency
283:of the
281:vassals
237:on the
112:Mad War
100:regency
27:of the
2218:
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2041:
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1708:19 May
1369:10 May
978:feudal
817:HĂ©ricy
775:Legacy
605:Dieppe
581:prizes
577:piracy
532:under
454:John V
412:French
354:blazon
352:, its
182:Family
128:Dieppe
2322:8 May
2301:9 May
2273:8 May
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2193:8 May
2103:Ghent
1099:9 May
1005:Notes
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262:Seine
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