33:
107:
87:
686:
805:
716:'s expeditionary forces to Saint Domingue. Two further squadron, one from Lorient comprising one ship, two frigates and 1200 soldiers, and the other from Rochefort with six ships, six frigates, two corvettes and 3000 soldiers, joined his fleet off Brest. Conflicts over command led Villaret to return to France with the majority of the fleet.
756:
Upon his return to France, Villaret's conduct was condemned by an inquiry council; he requested in vain a Court-martial to clear his name, and he lived in disgrace for two years. Napoleon granted him a pardon in 1811: "Bravery and fidelity plead in favour of the vice-admiral (...) did his faults lose
600:, Villaret-Joyeuse tried to engage the small British squadron blockading Belle Île. Unable to bring them to battle, Villaret attempted to return to Brest, but contrary winds forced him towards Lorient. Close to Lorient, Villaret-Joyeuse was discovered by British admiral
727:, he faced the threats of slave-uprisings, yellow fever and the possibility of invasion. On 3 November 1802, Villared founded a 94-strong force of Gendarmerie at Martinique, and on 8 July 1803, a company of black Chasseurs Volontaires de la Martinique.
563:
Supported by Saint-André, Villaret-Joyeuse kept his command despite the tactical defeat. He blamed his losses on the conduct of several of his captains who had failed to fulfil their duties. On 27 September 1794, Villaret-Joyeuse was promoted to
417:
after a five-hour fight. When
Villaret surrendered his sword, Graves allegedly told him "Sir, you have given us a fairly beautiful frigate, but you made us pay dearly for her!"; some authors add that Graves returned Villaret his sword.
697:
In 1801, Bonaparte ended
Villaret-Joyeuse's exile and returned him to active command. Initially, Napoleon wanted Villaret-Joyeuse to prepare an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope, then head into the Indian Ocean. With the
298:
in 1809. Returned to France, Villaret fell in disfavour for his perceived weak defence during the invasion. After two years, Napoléon pardoned him and appointed him governor of Venice. Villaret died there of edema on 24 July 1812.
791:
before joining the Navy; however, Villaret is listed on none of the lists of
Gendarmes in the relevant years. Some authors further state that Villaret had to leave the Gendarmes after killing an opponent in a
584:. Although the cruise did lead to the capture of a number of British merchant ships, the French fleet was battered by storms in which several ships were sunk and all the surviving ships suffered heavy damage.
555:
to wait for the arrival of
Vanstabel's convoy. On 28 May, the French and British fleets came in contact 100 leagues off Ushant, and began seeking each other in the fog; the engagement culminated in the
402:
and warn the French blockading squadron, composed of two ships of the line and two frigates, of the imminent arrival of a superior
British force. Three days after her departure, on 11 April 1783,
643:, then considered to constitute the Royalist party, he gave several speeches about the colonies, speaking against the emancipation of slaves. He also lobbied in favour of strengthening the Navy.
1284:
1294:
1269:
757:
the colony? At most, they shortened its keeping for a few days." As
Napoleon prepared for the invasion of Russia, he appointed Villaret General governor of Venice in the
1274:
560:. Although suffering severe losses, he rallied his remaining ships and rescued several of his ships; most importantly, the grain convoy reached Brest unmolested.
244:. After serving in the Indies under Suffren, he rose in rank during the early stages of the French Revolution. He was in command of the French fleet during the
1171:
1279:
784:
A number of legends have been reported as truths on
Villart-Joyeuse. He is often said to have come from a noble family; this appears to be false.
514:, Villaret reorganised and revitalised the Brest fleet. Among other measures, Saint André and Villaret-Joyeuse founded a naval artillery school.
731:
601:
1299:
753:. After the British were able to bring up their heavy artillery, the month-long siege ended on 24 February with the surrender of Villaret.
713:
363:
356:
706:. In December 1801, Villaret set out with ten French and five Spanish ships and nine frigates and corvettes, with his flag on the 120-gun
350:
1235:
532:
In the summer of 1794, Villaret sailed with 23 ships of the line and 16 frigates to protect a 170-ship food convoy under Rear-admiral
32:
1202:
393:
612:, several of Villaret's ships disobeyed his orders and sailed away, with three ships of the line being captured by the British.
413:, under Captain Graves; after trying without success to elude his much stronger opponent, Villaret was forced into battle, and
536:, incoming from the United States. The convoy was necessary to relieve France from famine after a disastrous harvest, and the
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38:
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broke out among many ships in the fleet, Villaret was one of the few officers who maintained order aboard his ship.
320:
1264:
761:, and commander of the 12th military division. Villaret retained this position until 24 July 1812, when he died of
616:
577:
380:
264:
153:
143:
1165:
735:
703:
679:
478:
287:
248:, where despite being handed a heavy tactical defeat, he ensured the passage of a vital grain convoy to France.
187:
160:
1183:
Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers
473:
443:
Villaret was promoted to
Lieutenant in 1784 for his service. After the war, Villaret served in the harbour of
283:
but went into hiding long enough for his sentence to be commuted to exile to Oléron, where he went willingly.
632:
597:
487:
330:
268:
256:
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to the fleet were to stall the
British forces and prevent them from intercepting the convoy at all costs.
533:
527:
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245:
165:
852:
Some biographers give a date of 1750 (Levot, p.541). Granier quotes the registers of Sainte-Marie parish.
338:
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537:
433:
175:
663:
486:, he was tasked with watching the coasts of Morbihan and Loire, to prevent the British from aiding the
315:, to the family of a fiscal officer. Unable to enter the elite naval schools, he entered the navy as a
472:
On 14 March 1792, he swore the "civic oath" to the
Republic, while his brother emigrated. Promoted to
1259:
1254:
814:
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437:
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291:
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545:
290:, and was appointed captain general of Martinique and Sainte-Lucie alongside the colonial prefect,
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666:; then, Villaret willingly surrendered himself. He remained on Oléron until the advent of the
92:
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773:
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425:, the British squadron was unable to locate the French ships, which had already departed.
260:
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319:
in 1768. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1773, he served as a lieutenant on the 32-gun frigate
1164:
804:
623:'s army in Ireland; opposed to the project, Villaret was replaced with Morard de Galle.
275:, a party promoting colonies and slavery, and harbouring Royalist sympathies. After the
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690:
640:
462:
272:
1218:
Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins
1248:
1212:
1160:
659:
723:
and Sainte-Lucie". Taking control of Martinique in September in accordance with the
647:
620:
565:
326:
130:
593:
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appointed him to command the 25-ship Brest fleet. Setting his flag on the 120-gun
494:
329:. In 1778, unemployed in Pondicherry, he volunteered his services to the governor
1216:
1192:
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237:
112:
720:
392:
A few months after, Suffren appointed Villaret to the 20-gun the corvette
636:
605:
592:
In June 1795, he sailed with nine ships to relieve a small squadron near
366:, who made him his aide in 1782. He was later transferred to the frigate
286:
Reinstated in 1801, Villaret took command of the naval component of the
651:
444:
312:
280:
719:
In April 1802, Bonaparte appointed Villaret him "Capitaine-General of
766:
615:
In 1796, Villaret-Joyeuse was appointed to command the fleet for the
552:
399:
74:
702:, Bonaparte decided to attempt to regain control of Haiti with the
803:
762:
684:
544:
had set out to prevent it from reaching France; the orders of the
1228:
L'Amiral Villaret-Joyeuse : des Antilles à Venise 1747-1812
793:
308:
241:
58:
263:. He was relieved when he refused to serve for the disastrous
469:, he helped the governor transport troops around the island.
465:. Arriving shortly before the slave revolt that launched the
808:
Villaret de Joyeuse's name inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
383:
on 20 June 1783, Suffren gave him command of the frigate
455:
In 1791, Villaret was appointed to command the frigate
830:
Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour – 2 February 1805
772:
To honour him, Napoleon had his name engraved on the
429:
was not commissioned in the Royal Navy and was sold.
827:
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour - 14 June 1804
504:
In 1794, Villaret was promoted to Rear-admiral, and
223:
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136:
126:
118:
98:
80:
64:
45:
23:
1186:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Regnault éditeur.
738:who sailed into the Caribbean in 1805 during the
421:Villaret was taken prisoner. Despite the loss of
37:Portrait of Villaret-Joyeuse, painted in 1839 by
865:", "controller of Royal domains" (Granier, p.87)
796:, either and the age of 16 or at the age of 18.
476:in 1792, he was given the command of the 74-gun
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482:in 1793; in May 1793, part of a squadron under
294:. He served in this capacity until the British
1285:French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
977:
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969:
967:
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953:
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949:
689:Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, portrait by
580:ordered him to attack British commerce in the
432:Villaret was released in June 1783, after the
251:He led the French fleet during the disastrous
1007:
1005:
1003:
787:Another legend holds that he enlisted in the
658:ordered those who had escaped deportation to
8:
1175:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
257:a British fleet from successfully retreating
1180:Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel (1835).
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650:, Villaret was sentenced to deportation to
551:The Brest fleet departed and sailed to the
493:When the rest of the Brest fleet sailed to
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31:
20:
1295:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
1270:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
1166:"Villaret de Joyeuse, Louis Thomas"
349:In 1781, Villaret commanded the fireship
236:(29 May 1747 – 24 July 1812) was a
678:For broader coverage of this topic, see
674:Saint-Domingue expedition and Martinique
877:
845:
240:officer and politician. He was born at
1275:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
745:In January 1809, a British expedition
631:In 1796, Villaret was elected to the
604:'s fleet, guarding the expedition to
7:
227:Thérèse Félicité de Villars de Roche
1230:(in French). Bernard Giovanangeli.
267:. Villaret was then elected at the
749:and laid siege to the fortress at
307:Louis-Thomas Villaret was born in
16:French Navy officer and politician
14:
279:, Villaret was to be deported to
654:; he went into hiding until the
234:Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
105:
85:
25:Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
259:, with his last battle being a
1280:French Governors of Martinique
370:, and became First Officer on
1:
1021:. 10 January 1784. p. 1.
619:, an attempt to land General
524:Atlantic campaign of May 1794
518:Atlantic campaign of May 1794
1197:. Paris: Osprey Publishing.
730:He cooperated with Admirals
398:. He ordered him to sail to
1300:French proslavery activists
863:contrôleur du domaine royal
759:Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
712:, ferrying 7000 of General
1316:
677:
578:Committee of Public Safety
521:
144:American Revolutionary War
704:Saint-Domingue expedition
680:Saint-Domingue expedition
288:Saint-Domingue expedition
188:Saint-Domingue expedition
161:French Revolutionary Wars
30:
1226:Ortholan, Henri (2006).
1194:Napoleon's Overseas Army
1191:Chartrand, Rene (1989).
582:Croisière du Grand Hiver
572:Croisière du Grand Hiver
253:Croisière du Grand Hiver
171:Croisière du Grand Hiver
1172:Encyclopædia Britannica
635:as a representative of
633:Council of Five Hundred
461:to transport troops to
376:in Suffren's squadron.
269:Council of Five Hundred
1221:(in French). Bertrand.
809:
694:
610:Second Battle of Groix
558:Glorious First of June
528:Glorious First of June
436:, and was awarded the
337:, earning the rank of
255:and failed to prevent
246:Glorious First of June
193:Invasion of Martinique
166:Glorious First of June
807:
688:
639:. As a member of the
538:British Channel Fleet
362:He then served under
345:Service under Suffren
176:First Battle of Groix
119:Years of service
1290:French Navy admirals
1031:Troude, vol.2, p.227
835:Notes and references
815:Order of Saint Louis
648:Coup of 18 Fructidor
617:Expédition d'Irlande
598:Cornwallis's Retreat
488:Revolt in the Vendée
438:Order of Saint Louis
434:Treaty of Versailles
335:siege of Pondicherry
292:Charles-Henri Bertin
277:Coup of 18 Fructidor
265:Expédition d'Irlande
149:Siege of Pondicherry
546:National Convention
506:Jeanbon Saint André
406:spotted the 64-gun
381:battle of Cuddalore
339:capitaine de brûlot
296:captured Martinique
154:Battle of Cuddalore
1018:The London Gazette
810:
747:invaded Martinique
740:Trafalgar Campaign
695:
467:Haitian Revolution
415:struck his colours
208:Order of St. Louis
1265:Deaths from edema
824:– 11 October 1803
576:In December, the
499:Quibéron mutinies
451:French Revolution
231:
230:
219:
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93:Kingdom of France
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1117:Hennequin, p.220
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822:Legion of Honour
725:Treaty of Amiens
668:French Consulate
656:French Directory
627:Political career
271:. He joined the
261:defeat off Groix
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588:Battle of Groix
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522:Main articles:
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484:Morard de Galle
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183:Napoleonic Wars
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1237:978-2909034850
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1213:Levot, Prosper
1209:
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1163:, ed. (1911).
1161:Chisholm, Hugh
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820:Knight of the
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817:– 15 July 1783
813:Knight of the
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751:Fort-de-France
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662:exiled to the
641:Club de Clichy
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1081:Levot, p.543
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1063:Levot, p.542
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997:Roche, p.321
943:Levot, p.544
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664:Île d'Oléron
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566:Vice-admiral
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232:
137:Battles/wars
131:Vice-admiral
70:(1812-07-24)
68:24 July 1812
18:
1260:1812 deaths
1255:1747 births
1013:"No. 12509"
333:during the
238:French Navy
218:Grand-croix
211:Grand-croix
122:1778 — 1797
113:French Navy
56:29 May 1747
1249:Categories
873:References
776:in Paris.
736:Villeneuve
721:Martinique
646:After the
495:Belle-Isle
379:After the
359:'s fleet.
317:volontaire
81:Allegiance
52:1747-05-29
789:Gendarmes
732:Missiessy
608:. During
596:. During
594:Belle Île
542:Lord Howe
534:Vanstabel
224:Spouse(s)
1215:(1866).
1147:Ortholan
637:Morbihan
606:Quiberon
511:Montagne
497:and the
458:Prudente
373:Brillant
368:Dauphine
322:Atalante
99:Service/
800:Honours
714:Leclerc
652:Cayenne
474:Captain
445:Lorient
410:Sceptre
386:Bellone
364:Suffren
357:Suffren
325:in the
313:Gascony
281:Cayenne
1234:
1201:
780:Legacy
767:Venice
691:Maurin
660:Guyane
553:Azores
479:Trajan
427:Naïade
423:Naïade
404:Naïade
400:Madras
395:Naïade
303:Career
204:Awards
110:
101:branch
90:
75:Venice
39:Guérin
840:Notes
763:edema
709:Océan
621:Hoche
1232:ISBN
1199:ISBN
794:duel
734:and
526:and
408:HMS
309:Auch
242:Auch
127:Rank
65:Died
59:Auch
46:Born
765:in
355:in
1251::
1169:.
1140:^
1100:^
1086:^
1052:^
1036:^
1015:.
1002:^
986:^
962:^
948:^
896:^
880:^
769:.
742:.
670:.
568:.
490:.
447:.
440:.
389:.
341:.
311:,
1240:.
1207:.
861:"
693:.
682:.
54:)
50:(
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