358:, he describes his arrival at the company in April 1993, when an active plan was in place to dis-aggregate the company. The prevailing wisdom of the time held that IBM's core mainframe business was headed for obsolescence. The company's own management was in the process of allowing its various divisions to rebrand and manage themselves — the so-called "Baby Blues." Then-CEO John Akers decided that the logical and rational solution was to split IBM into autonomous business units (such as processors, storage, software, services, printers,) that could compete more effectively with competitors that were more focused and agile and had lower cost structures. Gerstner reversed this plan, realizing from his previous experiences at RJR and American Express that there remained a vital need for a broad-based information technology integrator. He discovered that the biggest problem that all major companies faced in 1993 was integrating all the separate computing technologies that were emerging at the time, and saw that IBM's unique competitive advantage was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers – a company that could represent more than piece parts or components—something he only learned by going beyond just listening to the proponents of different technologies within IBM. His choice to keep the company together was the defining decision of his tenure, as these gave IBM the capabilities to deliver complete IT solutions to customers. Services could be sold as an add-on to companies that had already bought IBM computers, while barely profitable pieces of hardware were used to open the door to more profitable deals.
370:
business operations. IBM's initial vision for how e-business could transform the world included electronic debit services that would allow customers to place orders online and eventually shop at virtual stores, creating virtual databases of movies, books, and music that would be available from anywhere in the world, and more. Soon after, Gerstner announced e-business as IBM's growth strategy and formed the IBM Internet
Division, led by Irving Wladawsky-Berger. In 1996, IBM's marketing department established the term e-business for any kind of business or commercial transaction conducted over the internet. Under Gerstner, e-business transformed IBM and within six years, they became the market leader in providing the products and services needed to transform any of their customers businesses into a network-centric e-business.
401:. After he arrived, over 100,000 employees were laid off from a company that had maintained a lifetime employment practice from its inception. Long allowed by their managers to believe that employment security had little reference to performance, thousands of IBM employees had grown lax, while the top-performing employees complained bitterly in attitude surveys. In the goal to create one common brand message for all IBM products and services around the world, under Gerstner's leadership the company consolidated its many advertising agencies down to just
390:, his colleagues were "unwilling or unable to accept" that it was a "resounding defeat" as it "was draining tens of millions of dollars, absorbing huge chunks of senior management's time, and making a mockery of our image". By the end of 1994, IBM ceased new development of OS/2 software. IBM withdrew from the retail desktop PC market entirely, which had become unprofitable due to price pressures in the early 2000s. Three years after Gerstner's 2002 retirement, IBM sold the PC division to
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through risk-free instruments like stock options, but through the process of putting their own money on the line through direct ownership of the company—became a critical part of the management philosophy I brought to IBM" has been criticized for IBM's management in the late 2000s becoming "fully isolated and immune from the long-term consequences of their decisions".
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could use a “helping hand” to restore their equilibrium. Gerstner
Philanthropies, which encompasses all of Gerstner's philanthropic giving, has made over $ 230 million in grants to date. Most recently, in 2023, over $ 29 million was granted across all program areas. In June 2023, Gerstner published an opinion piece in the
381:
that used the same Intel chips and
Microsoft operating system software simply undercut it and eroded market share. Outgoing IBM chairman and CEO Akers, a company lifer, was excessively immersed in its corporate culture, remaining loyal to traditional ways that masked the real threats. As an outsider,
369:
e-commerce and wanted to expand the application of the internet to more than just web-page browsing and consumer marketing. He argued that a network-centric approach would shift the workload from personal computers to larger enterprise-systems and allow the internet to be embedded into all aspects of
350:
Upon becoming chief executive of IBM, Gerstner declared: "the last thing IBM needs right now is a vision", as he instead focused on execution, decisiveness, simplifying the organization for speed, and breaking the gridlock. Many expected heads to roll, yet
Gerstner initially changed only the CFO, the
258:
in 1978 and headed its Travel
Related Services unit. Under his leadership, the company's market share increased significantly by 1985. He achieved this by finding new uses and users for the card, such as college students, physicians, and women, as well as persuading corporations to adopt the card as
424:
emerged and created new computer-based business empires. Gerstner was also the first highly-paid IBM CEO relative to his home-grown predecessors, earning a personal fortune of hundreds of millions in his role. His philosophy, quoted as "The importance of managers being aligned with shareholders—not
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Gerstner established the
Gerstner Family Foundation in 1989 and serves as the chairman. The Foundation primarily supports biomedical research, educational opportunities, environmental sustainability initiatives, and emergency assistance programs for people who have suffered a temporary setback and
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From 1993 to
Gerstner's retirement in 2002, IBM's market capitalization rose from $ 29 billion to $ 168 billion. Despite his success Gerstner also presided over the company's decline, relative to newer rivals, as it lost its once-dominant position in the IT industry. Microsoft grew beyond just PC
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As chairman and chief executive officer of the Travel
Related Services division, Gerstner spearheaded its successful "membership has its privileges" promotion. Not only was the division continually the most profitable in the company, but it also led the entire financial services industry. Despite
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347:). IBM then turned to Gerstner, an outsider with a record that suggested success whose older brother Richard had run the company's PC division until retiring due to health issues four years earlier. Gerstner was the first IBM CEO who was hired from outside the company.
234:
Gerstner was formerly the chairman of the board of directors of the Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard and is currently chairman emeritus of the board of the Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.
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of AmEx's Travel
Related Services in 1982, and president of the parent company in 1985. Although he claimed the position at the age of 43, Gerstner dismissed the speculation that his success was the product of being a
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In recognition of his work on behalf of public education, as well as his business accomplishments, Gerstner was awarded the designation of honorary Knight of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in June 2001.
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756:"Profile: The iconoclast at IBM: Lou Gerstner enacted unprecedented cuts at the giant computer firm last week, but he will need to do more than wield the axe to revive it. Rupert Cornwell reports"
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was not expected to retire for another 12 years. During Gerstner's 11-year tenure at American Express, membership had increased from 8.6 million to 30.7 million. He left AmEx in 1989 to succeed
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405:. Layoffs and other tough management measures continued in the first two years of his tenure, but the company was saved, and business success has continued to grow steadily since then.
497:, and the Distinguished Service to Science and Education award from the American Museum of Natural History. In 2008, Gerstner received the Legend in Leadership Award from the
718:"Profile: The iconoclast at IBM: Lou Gerstner enacted unprecedented cuts at the giant computer firm last week, but he will need to do more than wield the axe to revive it"
456:
firm. He served as chairman from January 2003 until October 2008 and upon retiring from that position, he continued as a senior advisor to Carlyle through September 2016.
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a more effective way of tracking business expenses. He also created exclusive versions of the card for higher-end clients, such as the Gold Card and the Platinum Card.
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Gerstner had no emotional attachment to long-suffering products IBM had developed to try to regain control of the PC market. Gerstner wrote that in spite of
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from April 1993 until 2002, when he retired as CEO in March and chairman in December. He is largely credited with turning IBM's fortunes around.
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He has received numerous awards for his work in education, among them the Cleveland E. Dodge Medal for Distinguished Service to Education from
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271:. Gerstner told Leslie Wayne, "I hear that and I can't accept that. A workaholic can't take vacations and I take four weeks a year."
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1003:"The Pain of Layoffs for Ex-Senior I.B.M. Workers; In Dutchess County, a Disorienting Time for Employees Less Hardened to Job Loss"
196:(born March 1, 1942) is an American businessman, best known for his tenure as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of
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809:"Why CEOs Fail It's rarely for lack of smarts or vision. Most unsuccessful CEOs stumble because of one simple, fatal shortcoming"
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In his memoir, Gerstner described the turnaround as difficult and often wrenching for an IBM culture that had become insular and
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377:(PC) into a mainstream product, the company could no longer monopolize its market. A proliferation of cheaper IBM-compatible
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Gerstner held the position of chairman of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard from January 2013 - through May 2021.
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was forced to resign. The board initially looked within the computer industry for his successor. However Apple's
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Gerstner, L. (2002). Who says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. pg 172.
669:"RJR Nabisco Hires Gerstner as CEO : American Express President Termed an Expert Marketer"
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Chairman, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (2014-present)
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A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution
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in 1999 for technical leadership in enhancing the competitiveness of U.S. industry.
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1144:"Eric Schmidt appointed incoming Chair of the Broad Institute Board of Directors"
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these successes, Gerstner hit a ceiling at American Express, as chief executive
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988:"Technology News, Analysis, Comments and Product Reviews for IT Professionals"
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One of the strategic visions that Gerstner set for IBM in 1993 was to make
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International and Comparative Business: Foundations of Political Economies
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As sales and profits rebounded, Gerstner was promoted to chairman and
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IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade
608:"Gerstner Sloan Kettering School of Biomedical Sciences Leadership"
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expanded their market share, and entirely new entities such as the
244:
Reinventing Education: Entrepreneurship in America's Public Schools
1883:
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Shannon, Victoria; Tribune, International Herald (June 20, 2001).
1043:
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883:"For a pioneer of technology, 100 years of "Think" - Yahoo! News"
2107:
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1021:"Louis Gerstner III, Son of Celebrated IBM Chairman, Dies at 41"
414:
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in April 1993. Under pressure from investors, his predecessor
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1254:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
444:
In January 2003, Gerstner assumed the position of chairman of
304:
224:
197:
123:
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1195:"Our Impact & Approach | Gerstner Family Foundation"
3007:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
180:
3002:
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
475:
In 1991, Gerstner received the Golden Plate Award of the
141:
Leading IBM's historic corporate turnaround in the 1990s
331:
were not interested (other rumored candidates included
1787:
625:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp. 88–89.
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its heart and soul. He believed in the potential of
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1374:
Full Biographical Profile of Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
948:"Akers: A Nice Guy Who Lost His Compass (Jan 1993)"
830:
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386:'s technical superiority to the dominant Microsoft
175:
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112:
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2947:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
1094:"Louis V. Gerstner Jr. lays out his post-IBM life"
2041:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1059:"The Decline and Fall of IBM | I, Cringely"
962:"How Lou Gerstner Got IBM to Dance - GOOD2WORK"
807:Charan, Ram; Colvin, Geoffrey (June 21, 1999).
1221:"Opinion | Stop Homelessness Before It Starts"
688:Hill, Charles W. L.; Jones, Gareth R. (2011).
1803:
1454:
692:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 120.
373:While IBM had been credited with turning the
8:
1369:Official biography of Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
919:IBM100 - e-business - Transforming the World
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283:as chairman and chief executive officer of
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1389:Website for the Gerstner Family Foundation
409:software in the 1990s, hardware companies
303:Gerstner was hired as chairman and CEO of
42:
31:
1718:The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman
1384:The Carlyle Group's biography of Gerstner
351:HR chief, and three key line executives.
1219:Jr, Louis V. Gerstner (June 29, 2023).
1122:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. p. 67.
855:
853:
510:
737:"IBM fires Akers and slashes dividend"
151:The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
2176:Center for The Business of Government
495:Teachers College, Columbia University
482:Gerstner was elected a member of the
7:
2962:American technology chief executives
2864:
1001:Berger, Joseph (December 22, 1993).
775:"He Loves to Win. At I.B.M., He Did"
648:"American Express's Ace in the Hole"
207:, and also held senior positions at
1558:Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment
1355:Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner
754:Cornwell, Rupert (August 1, 1993).
716:Cornwell, Rupert (August 1, 1993).
527:"How Lou Gerstner Got IBM To Dance"
525:DiCarlo, Lisa (November 11, 2002).
1039:"IBM at 100: A prosperous failure"
690:Essentials of Strategic Management
25:
1845:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
735:Black, Larry (January 27, 1993).
623:Corporate Culture and Performance
2874:
2873:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2543:Sabre airline reservation system
2389:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
1772:
1771:
1328:Gerstner, Jr., Louis V. (2002).
667:Jesus Sanchez (March 14, 1989).
2056:Information Management Software
1754:Virtual Reality (advertisement)
1330:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?
1262:American Academy of Achievement
484:National Academy of Engineering
477:American Academy of Achievement
356:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?
2977:Harvard Business School alumni
2809:International chess tournament
2589:Globally integrated enterprise
2579:Commercial Processing Workload
907:IBM100 - e-business - Overview
773:Lohr, Steve (March 10, 2002).
646:Leslie Wayne (June 30, 1985).
240:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance
1:
3012:People from Mineola, New York
2997:McKinsey & Company people
2548:Scanning tunneling microscope
203:Gerstner was formerly CEO of
49:
2967:Chaminade High School alumni
1749:Three World Financial Center
1170:"Gerstner Family Foundation"
2416:Canada Head Office Building
2406:Cambridge Scientific Center
2298:Science Research Associates
2066:Mainframe operating systems
1379:IBM's biography of Gerstner
1317:. MBI Concepts Corporation.
287:following its $ 25 billion
3038:
3017:21st-century American Jews
2957:20th-century American Jews
2477:Virtual Universe Community
2198:International subsidiaries
2118:Service Automation Manager
1313:Peter E. Greulich (2014).
1277:"Tech Brief:IBM'S ROYALTY"
1174:Gerstner Family Foundation
836:"Broken Promises...at IBM"
238:Gerstner is the author of
194:Louis Vincent Gerstner Jr.
64:Louis Vincent Gerstner Jr.
2849:
1767:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1405:
499:Yale School of Management
122:Former Chairman and CEO,
116:Former Chairman and CEO,
41:
3022:The Carlyle Group people
2972:Dartmouth College alumni
2503:Automated teller machine
2457:The Great Mind Challenge
1840:Mergers and acquisitions
921:. Retrieved June 7, 2020
909:. Retrieved June 7, 2020
621:Kotter, John P. (1992).
2952:American Express people
2462:Linux Technology Center
1744:Small Business Saturday
1073:"Why IBM is in Decline"
293:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
264:chief executive officer
229:Harvard Business School
2787:Dynamic infrastructure
2752:Big Blue sports teams
2558:Universal Product Code
1553:Railway Express Agency
1353:Robert Slater (1999).
862:"Why Did IBM Survive?"
557:"IBM Corp. Turnaround"
215:. He is a graduate of
213:McKinsey & Company
18:Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
2919:Vacuum tube computers
2803:IBM and the Holocaust
2768:Common Public License
2653:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2436:Academy of Technology
1891:Power microprocessors
1729:World Monuments Watch
1604:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
1599:James D. Robinson III
277:James D. Robinson III
217:Chaminade High School
2533:Magnetic stripe card
2482:World Community Grid
2358:Toronto Software Lab
2014:Carbon Design System
1969:Cell microprocessors
1533:Ameriprise Financial
1118:McCann, Leo (2014).
840:www.businessweek.com
819:on January 18, 2014.
582:"Board of Directors"
254:Lou Gerstner joined
223:(1963) and holds an
146:Board member of
27:American businessman
2797:GUIDE International
2659:Samuel J. Palmisano
2518:Electronic keypunch
2342:One Atlantic Center
2312:Weather Underground
2308:The Weather Company
1656:Charlene Barshefsky
1589:Howard L. Clark Sr.
1431:Samuel J. Palmisano
1406:Business positions
1258:www.achievement.org
1225:Wall Street Journal
1098:The Washington Post
846:on August 17, 2000.
465:Wall Street Journal
403:Ogilvy & Mather
2899:Personal computers
2889:Midrange computers
2879:Navigational boxes
2772:IBM Public License
2747:A Boy and His Atom
2705:Michelle J. Howard
2647:John Fellows Akers
2629:T. Vincent Learson
2336:1250 René-Lévesque
2076:Planning Analytics
1548:Merchants Despatch
1504:Traveler's cheques
1348:. Harper Business.
1344:Doug Garr (1999).
1281:The New York Times
1148:broadinstitute.org
1007:The New York Times
779:The New York Times
653:The New York Times
102:Harvard University
2929:
2928:
2894:Operating systems
2756:American football
2725:Joseph R. Swedish
2720:Martha E. Pollack
2623:Thomas Watson Jr.
2584:Customer engineer
2508:Cynefin framework
2394:Hakozaki Facility
2353:Rome Software Lab
2321:
2320:
2150:
2149:
2103:Rational Software
2002:
2001:
1984:Personal Computer
1979:Midrange computer
1785:
1784:
1724:Salad Oil scandal
1671:Vernon Jordan Jr.
1437:
1436:
1428:Succeeded by
1129:978-1-4129-4875-3
968:on March 25, 2012
893:on June 18, 2011.
699:978-1-133-38712-1
674:Los Angeles Times
446:The Carlyle Group
375:personal computer
221:Dartmouth College
191:
190:
130:The Carlyle Group
128:Former Chairman,
93:Dartmouth College
81:Mineola, New York
16:(Redirected from
3029:
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2867:
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2857:
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2617:Thomas J. Watson
2538:Relational model
2487:Think conference
2368:330 North Wabash
2288:Microelectronics
2161:
2086:Quantum Platform
2031:Cognos Analytics
1869:
1862:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1775:
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1696:Robert D. Walter
1686:Edward D. Miller
1619:Kenneth Chenault
1609:Sanford I. Weill
1538:First Data Corp.
1477:Payment products
1470:American Express
1463:
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1411:Preceded by
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1150:. April 22, 2021
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964:. Archived from
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889:. Archived from
879:
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860:Denning, Steve.
857:
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842:. Archived from
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815:. Archived from
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333:Eckhard Pfeiffer
289:leveraged buyout
256:American Express
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209:American Express
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2553:Financial swaps
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588:. July 10, 2023
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2599:Think slogan
2440:Deep Thunder
2246:Kaleida Labs
2241:AIM alliance
1926:Q System Two
1921:Q System One
1716:
1701:Ron Williams
1691:Frank Popoff
1661:Ursula Burns
1614:Harvey Golub
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1489:Charge cards
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1199:Gerstner.org
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120:(1989-1993)
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2942:1942 births
2914:Typewriters
2820:Mathematica
2761:Rugby union
2700:Alex Gorsky
2667:(2012–2020)
2661:(2002–2011)
2655:(1993–2002)
2649:(1985–1993)
2643:(1981–1985)
2637:(1973–1981)
2631:(1971–1973)
2625:(1956–1971)
2619:(1914–1956)
2567:Terminology
2523:Floppy disk
2467:SkillsBuild
2430:Initiatives
2411:IBM Hursley
2385:Facilities
2036:Connections
1906:FlashSystem
1734:65 Broadway
1676:Jan Leschly
1584:J. C. Fargo
1574:Henry Wells
1394:Appearances
792:October 10,
388:Windows 3.0
285:RJR Nabisco
205:RJR Nabisco
153:(2013-2021)
132:(2003-2008)
118:RJR Nabisco
53: 1995
2936:Categories
2909:System/370
2904:System/360
2695:David Farr
2594:e-business
2496:Inventions
2445:Develothon
2326:Facilities
2186:Promontory
2181:Consulting
1681:Rick Levin
1647:(Chairman)
1594:Ralph Reed
1567:Executives
1499:ExpressPay
1425:1993-2002
1421:CEO of IBM
592:August 22,
505:References
399:balkanized
363:e-business
325:Bill Gates
309:John Akers
269:workaholic
149:Chairman,
70:1942-03-01
2777:Deep Blue
2683:directors
2142:WebSphere
2081:PureQuery
1989:Selectric
1964:Blue Gene
1879:Mainframe
1637:directors
1634:Corporate
1526:companies
1514:Plum Card
1289:0362-4331
1233:0099-9660
1025:Bloomberg
787:0362-4331
762:. London.
743:. London.
724:. London.
566:April 26,
536:April 26,
379:PC clones
329:Microsoft
319:chairman
227:from the
183:.gerstner
89:Education
48:Gerstner
2859:Category
2826:IBM Plex
2681:Board of
2574:Big Blue
2374:Honolulu
2283:Merative
2268:EduQuest
2251:Taligent
2220:Research
2157:entities
2155:Business
2096:OpenQASM
2024:Cloudant
1994:ThinkPad
1917:Quantum
1865:Hardware
1857:Products
1777:Category
1524:Spun-off
1294:July 26,
1179:April 8,
972:June 18,
429:Post-IBM
317:Motorola
219:(1959),
168:Children
2869:Commons
2836:ScicomP
2379:Seattle
2332:Towers
2278:Lexmark
2273:Kyndryl
2215:Red Hat
2164:Current
2135:Granite
2130:Watsonx
2046:Fortran
1974:PowerPC
1901:Storage
1872:Current
1835:History
1827:History
1759:Kabbage
1204:May 22,
1154:June 1,
1103:May 31,
561:HBR.org
452:global
176:Website
2841:Unions
2452:Fellow
2263:Cognos
2236:AdStar
2229:Former
2193:Kenexa
2171:Apptio
2125:Watson
2091:Qiskit
1957:Former
1946:Condor
1936:Osprey
1911:DS8000
1398:C-SPAN
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1078:Forbes
934:
866:Forbes
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531:Forbes
471:Honors
433:": -->
419:Google
392:Lenovo
337:Compaq
323:, and
160:Spouse
83:, U.S.
2739:Other
2210:Press
2203:India
2019:Cloud
2007:Other
1941:Heron
1931:Eagle
1884:IBM Z
1710:Other
1044:ZDNet
411:Apple
2884:FOSS
2609:CEOs
2513:DRAM
2108:SPSS
2051:ILOG
1334:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1296:2023
1285:ISSN
1240:2023
1229:ISSN
1206:2024
1181:2019
1156:2022
1124:ISBN
1105:2022
974:2011
932:ISBN
794:2023
783:ISSN
694:ISBN
627:ISBN
594:2023
568:2012
538:2012
448:, a
435:edit
415:Dell
413:and
384:OS/2
339:and
211:and
185:.org
60:Born
1819:IBM
1396:on
813:CNN
367:B2B
343:of
335:of
327:of
305:IBM
299:IBM
291:by
225:MBA
198:IBM
181:www
124:IBM
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