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1282:(1659â1743) who came to Paris in 1681, and attracted the attention of Le Brun. Le Brun oriented him toward portrait painting, and he made a celebrated portrait of Louis XIV in 1701, surrounded by all the attributes of power, from the crown on the table to the red heels of his shoes. Rigaud soon had an elaborate workshop in place for making portraits of the nobility; he employed specialized artists to create the costumes and draperies, and others to paint the backgrounds, ranging from battlefields to gardens to salons, while he concentrated on the composition, colors and especially the faces.
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621:, especially the Colonnade, facing to the east. These were showcases of the new monumental style of Louis XIV. The old brick and stone of the Henry IV squares was replaced by the Grand Style of monumental columns, which usually were part of the façade itself, rather than standing separately. All the buildings around the square were connected and built to the same height, in the same style. The ground floor featured a covered arcade for pedestrians.
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689:(1684â1697), a real estate development of seven large buildings in three segments around a circular square, with a standing figure statue of Louis XIV (later replaced with an equestrian statue) planned for the centerpiece. This was built by an enterprising entrepreneur and nobleman of the court, Jean-Baptiste PrĂ©dot, combined with the architect Jules Haroudin-Mansart. The final urban project became the best-known, the
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693:, also by Hardouin-Mansart, between 1699 and 1702. Its centerpiece was an equestrian statue of Louis XIV (later replaced with a statue of Napoleon atop the Vendome Column). In another innovation, this project was partially financed by the sale of lots around the square. All of these projects featured monumental façades in the Louis XIV style, giving a particular harmony to the squares.
792:
columns, pilasters, niches, which extended up the walls and up upon the ceiling. The doors were surrounded with medallions, frontons and bas-reliefs. The fireplaces were smaller than those during the Louis XIII era, but more ornate, with a marble shelf supporting vases, below a carved frame with a painting or mirrors, all surrounded by a thick border of carved leaves or flowers.
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The
Gardens of Versailles, created by AndrĂ© Le NĂŽtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the French formal garden. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an eastâwest axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the
1270:
was founded, to take advantage of Rome's position as the leading art center of Europe, and to assure a stream of well-trained painters. Le Brun became the dean of French painters under Louis XIV, involved in architectural projects and interior design. His notable decorative works included the ceiling
791:
In the early Louis XIV style, the principle characteristics of decor were a richness of materials and an effort to achieve a monumental effect. The materials used included marble, often combined with multicolor stones, bronze, paintings, and mirrors. These were inserted into an extremely framework of
1690:
The themes and styles of the tapestry were largely similar to the themes in the paintings of the period, celebrating the majesty of the King and triumphal scenes of military victories, mythological and pastoral scenes. While at first they were made only for use of the King and nobility, the factory
293:
Based on the success of Vaux le
Vicomte, Louis XIV selected Le Vau to construct an immense new palace at Versailles, to augment a smaller palace transformed from a hunting lodge by Louis XIII. This gradually became, over the decades, the master work of the Louis XIV style. Following the death of Le
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The French faience industry received another huge boost when, late in Louis's reign in 1709, the king pressured the wealthy to donate their silver plate, previously what they normally used to dine, to his treasury to help pay for his wars. There was an "overnight frenzy" as the elite rushed to get
596:
Though Louis XIV was later accused of having ignored Paris, his reign saw several massive architectural projects which opened up space and ornamented the center of the city. The idea of monumental urban squares surrounded by uniform architecture had begun in Italy, like many architectural ideas of
795:
Decorative elements on the walls of the early Louis XIV style were usually intended to celebrate the military success, majesty and cultural achievements of the King. They often featured military trophies, with helmets, oak leaves symbolizing victory, and masses of weapons, usually made of glided
513:. The decor was carefully restrained, with light colors and sculptural detail in slight relief on the columns. The interior of the chapel opened up and lightened by the use of classical columns placed on the tribune, one level above the ground floor, to support the weight of the vaulted ceiling.
298:
took over the
Versailles project; he broke away from the picturesque projections and dome and made a more sober and uniform façade of columns, with a flat roof topped by a balustrade and row of columns (1681). He used the same style to harmonize the other new buildings he created at Versailles,
1687:, who served in that position from 1663 until 1690. The workshop worked closely with the major painters of the court, who produced the designs. After 1697 the enterprise was reorganized, and thereafter was devoted entirely to the production of tapestries for the King.
2078:. In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises: fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of
1706:, the royal draftsman and designer of the King, created a series of grotesque carpets for Aubusson. These tapestries sometimes celebrated contemporary themes, such as a late 17th to early 18th century tapestry done by Aubusson depicting Chinese astronomers at the
1580:
1444:. He originally made the outdoor statues in weather-resistant stucco, then replaced them with marble works when they were finished in 1705. His work of Neptune from Marly is now in the Louvre, and his statues of Pan and a Flora and Dryad are now found in the
480:, was comparable to those of other churches of the period, with ionic pilasters and penetrating vaults, and an interior that resembled the high baroque style. The dome, by Hardouin-Mansart, was more revolutionary, sitting upon a structure with the plan of a
1876:(1640â1711). He was also designer of the King's bedchamber and offices, and had an enormous influence upon what became known as Louis XIV style; his studio was located in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, along with those of the royal furniture designer
1762:
119:
1292:. His paintings, with their unusual light and dark effects, were unusually somber, the figures barely seen in the darkness, lit by torchlight, evoking meditation and pity. In addition to religious scenes, he did genre paintings, including the famous
219:(1630â1651). During the second period (1660â1690), under the personal rule of the King, the style of architecture and decoration became more classical, triumphant and ostentatious, expressed in the building of the Palace of Versailles, first by
899:
and other rare woods, a technique first used in
Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for Louis XIV. Furniture was inlaid with plaques of ebony, copper, and exotic woods of different colors.
1516:(1620â1694), who was a sculptor, painter, engineer and architect. He was born in Marseille, and first sculpted ornaments for ships under construction. He then travelled to Italy, where he worked as an apprentice on the Baroque ceilings of the
1288:(1593â1652) was another important figure in the Louis XIV style; he was given a title, named court painter of the King, and received high payments for his portraits, though he rarely ever came to Paris, preferring to work in his home town of
2053:
to design statues for the garden, and André Le NÎtre to create the gardens. For the first time the garden and the chùteau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chùteau to a copy of the
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it was moved to the
Tuileries Gardens, and is now inside the Louvre. He also made a series of greatly admired portrait sculptures of the leading statesmen and artists of the time; Louis XIV at Versailles, Colbert (for his tomb at the
886:
During the first period of the reign of Louis XIV, furniture followed the previous style of Louis XIII, and was massive, and profusely decorated with sculpture and gilding. After 1680, thanks in large part to the furniture designer
925:
or "confessional armchair", which had padded cushions on either side of the back of the chair. The console table also made its first appearance; it was designed to be placed against a wall. Another new type of furniture was the
2066:. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chĂąteau is at the center of this strict spatial organization which symbolizes power and success."
818:
In the late Louis XIV period, after 1690, new elements began to appear, that were less militaristic and more fantastic; particularly seashells, surrounded by elaborate sinuous lines and curves; and exotic designs, including
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and other centres shared these commissions, and others for large fittings and decorations for Louis's other palaces. Nevers garden vases in blue and white were prominently used in the gardens of the ChĂąteau de
Versailles.
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1846:
to Paris after his coronation in 1660 was celebrated by a grand event on a fairground at the gates of the city, where large thrones were constructed for the new monarchs. After the ceremony the site became known as the
1872:, which was responsible the decoration at royal ceremonies and spectacles, including ballets, masques, illuminations, fireworks, theater performances and other entertainments. This office was held from 1674 to 1711 by
1405:, whose work in Rome inspired sculptors all over Europe. He traveled to France; his proposal for a new façade of the Louvre was rejected by the King, who wanted a more specifically French style, but Bernini did make a
1381:
2090:. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects."
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for the images, which were also painted in many colours. The pieces were often extremely large and ornate, and apart from garden vases and wine-coolers, no doubt decorative rather than practical.
231:. The final period of Louis XIV style, from about 1690 to 1715, is called the period of transition; it was influenced by Hardouin-Mansart and by the King's designer of fetes and ceremonies,
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852:
223:
and then Jules
Hardouin-Mansart. Until 1680, furniture was massive, decorated with a profusion of sculpture and gilding. In the later period, thanks to the development of the craft of
538:
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was killed in a jousting accident. In the new, less dangerous version, riders usually had to pass their lance through the interior of a ring, or strike mannequins with the heads of
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and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official style during the reign of Louis XIV (1643â1715), imposed upon artists by the newly established
1884:
style of ornament, originally created in Italy by
Raphael, into French interior design. He used the grotesque stele not only on wall panels, but also on tapestries made by the
1428:
won him admission to the Royal
Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He was soon producing monumental sculpture to accompany the new buildings constructed by Louis XIV; he made a
2062:
of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by colored sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted
359:
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bronze or sculpted wood, in relief surrounded by marble. Other decorative elements celebrated the King personally: the head of the King was often represented as the sun god
1720:
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purchased the tapestry workshop of a family of
Flemish artisans and transformed it into a royal workshop for the manufacture of furniture and tapestries, under the name of
748:
1302:
wrote in 1951, "No other painter, not even Rembrandt, ever suggested such a vast and mysterious silence. La Tour is the only interpreter of the serene aspect of shadows."
1258:(1619â1683), who was also his finance minister. In 1663 Colbert reorganized the Royal furniture workshops, which made a wide variety of luxury goods, and added to it the
699:
274:
and completed in 1658. Louis XIV charged Fouquet with theft, put him prison, and took the building for himself. The design was strongly influenced by the classicism of
1266:, which had been founded by Cardinal Mazarin. Colbert also took a dominant role in architecture, taking the title of Superintendent of buildings in 1664. In 1666, the
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style, adopted the new French Court style, borrowing from metalwork and other decorative arts, and using prints after the new generation of court painters such as
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style imported from Italy. The early period saw the beginning of French classicism, particularly in the early works of Francois Mansart, such as the
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was another notable sculptor working on projects for Louis XIV. He made many statues and decorations for the Palace of Versailles, as well as the
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1813:, a series of exercises and games on horseback. These events were designed to replace the tournament, which had been banned after 1559 when King
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403:
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1109:, from perhaps 1695 onwards, was more successful, though it was only in the following reign that French porcelain was produced in quantity.
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617:, which featured, adjacent to it, an equestrian statue of Henry IV. The initial grand Paris projects of Louis XIV were new façades on the
203:
The Louis XIV style had three periods. During the first period, which coincided with the youth of the King (1643â1660) and the regency of
143:
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or card cheat, showing a young noble being cheated at cards while others look on passively. The writer and later French culture minister
227:, the furniture was decorated with different colors and different woods. The most prominent creator of furniture in the later period was
1831:, the son of Louis XIV. It was held on the square separating the Louvre from the Tuileries Palace, which afterwards became known as the
484:. The design used superimposed orders of columns, in the classical style, but the dome achieved greater height, by resting on a double
2634:
672:(1671â1679). Louis XIV then commissioned Hardouin-Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel featuring a striking dome, the
340:
1309:, toward more religious and meditative themes. He had all the paintings in his private room removed and replaced by a single canvas,
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383:
311:(completed 1687), single-story royal retreat with arched windows alternating with pairs of columns, and a flat roof and balustrade.
95:
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1532:. He travelled back and forth between Italy and France, painting, sculpting and wood-carving. He made his celebrated statue of
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1254:, Louis decided to take personal charge of all aspects of government, including the arts. His chief advisor on the arts was
919:, or sofa, appeared, in the form of a combination of two or three armchairs. New kinds of armchairs appeared, including the
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In addition to interior decoration, he designed the costumes and scenery for the royal theaters, including for the opera
1065:, should be protected and encouraged, sent designs, and given commissions by the king. Around 1670 the Poterat family of
279:
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The ceremonial entry of the King into Paris also became an occasion for festivities. The return of Louis XIV and Queen
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148:(Royal Academy of Architecture). It had an important influence upon the architecture of other European monarchs, from
2070:
Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the ChĂąteau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the
235:. The new style was lighter in form, and featured greater fantasy and freedom of line, thanks in part to the use of
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268:
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457:, make it the most Italianate and Baroque of Paris churches. It served as the prototype for the later domes of
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232:
278:. It combined a façade dominated and rhymed by colossal classical columns, beneath a dome, imported from the
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workshop, which produced works in the same style but with a low-warp process, with slightly lesser quality.
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In the first part of the reign, French painters were largely influenced by the Italians, particularly
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had a central section set back, placed between two columns of drawers, with four feet on each column.
282:, along with a number of original features, such as a semicircular salon which looked out on the vast
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workshops. His many varied other designs included the highly-ornate design of transom of the warship
1828:
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664:â a complex for war veterans consisting of residences, a hospital, and a chapel â was constructed by
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23:
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of the Palace of Versailles (1678â1684) was the summit of the early Louis XIV style. Designed by
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815:, it combined a richness of materials (marble, gold, and bronze) which reflected in the mirrors.
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In his final years, Louis XIV's tastes changed again, under the influence of his morganic wife,
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Another major new project undertaken by Louis was the construction of a new façade for the
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1730:
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988:
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509:, created between 1697 and 1710 by Hardouin-Mansart and his successor as court architect,
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1805:
In the early years of the King's reign, the most important public royal ceremony was the
432:
2668:
Moon, Iris, "French Faience", in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2016, New York: The
2045:, the superintendent of finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned
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and on a tiny scale; only nine small pieces are thought to survive. The next factory,
932:, a marble-topped table for holding dishes. Early varieties of the desk appeared; the
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322:, to submit a design, but in 1667 rejected it in favor of a more sober and classical
308:
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1505:, which were based both on a study of the original Greek models, and on the work of
1440:, and then a large number of statues for the new Park at Versailles and then at the
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1658:
1506:
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641:
529:
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318:. In 1665 Louis invited the most famous sculptor architect of the Italian Baroque,
264:
236:
220:
185:
2680:
European Porcelain in The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Highlights of the collection
1289:
800:, surrounded by palm leaves or gilded rays of light. An eagle usually represented
19:
1694:
The royal Gobelins manufactory had competition from two private enterprises, the
1880:. He was particularly responsible for introducing the a modified version of the
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1429:
1039:
1026:
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1262:. At the same time, with the assistance of Le Brun, Colbert took charge of the
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or drum, and the façade and dome itself were richly decorated with sculptures,
451:. Its picturesque tripartite façade, peristyle, detached columns, statues, and
2323:
2023:
and the principle of imposing order on nature. The most famous example is the
1683:. Colbert placed the workshop under the direction of the royal court painter,
1368:
1220:
1202:
1023:
820:
804:. Other ornamental details included gilded numbers, royal batons, and crowns.
656:, it would become the headquarters of the academies founded by the King.) The
208:
505:
The finest church interior of the late Louis XIV period is the chapel of the
128:, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King
2079:
1881:
1808:
1726:
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for the eastern façade of the Pavilion du Horloge of the Louvre, facing the
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1054:
323:
244:
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224:
129:
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2020:
2009:
One of the most enduring and popular forms of the Louis XIV style is the
1934:
1544:. He continued to live in the south of France, making notable statues of
1416:(pronounced "quazevo") (1640â1720) from Lyon. He studied sculpture under
1032:
597:
Baroque period. The first such square in Paris was the Place Royal (now
207:, architecture and art were strongly influenced by the earlier style of
2063:
1711:
1549:
1069:
received part of the large and prestigious commissions for Louis XIV's
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212:
153:
2031:, which inspired copies all across Europe. The first important garden
1231:, who specialized in landscapes and spent most of his career in Rome;
858:
Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun (1678â1684)
2083:
1818:
1792:
1662:
1482:
1082:
797:
427:
In the early period of his reign, Louis began building the church of
605:, completed later with an equestrian statue of Louis XIII; then the
259:
The model of civil architecture in the early part of the reign was
2213:(2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot, Paris (in French), pp. 54â55.
1710:
using new more accurate instruments brought to them by Europeans (
1066:
896:
891:, a more original and delicate style appeared, sometimes known as
624:
The first such complex of buildings built under Louis XIV was the
18:
1691:
soon began exporting its products to the other courts of Europe.
582:
Chapel of the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and
2479:
1131:
16:
Style of Louis XIV period; baroque style with classical elements
1536:
for the city hall of Toulon in 1665â1667, then was employed by
1243:, who studied with Poussin in Rome and were influenced by him.
1061:, made a note that the other leading centre of French faience,
496:
in niches, and ornaments of gilded bronze alternating with the
468:
The next major church built under Louis XIV was the church of
1864:
An office existed in the royal household of Louis XIV called
1371:, representing capture of fortress of Ghent by Louis XIV, by
326:, designed by a committee of three, comprising Louis Le Vau,
52:
2737:
Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours
2387:
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1401:
The most influential sculptor of the period was the Italian
1278:
The major painters of the later reign of Louis XIV included
72:
1124:; central dish is 58 cm across, the main scene is the
84:
55:
1409:
in 1665 which was greatly admired and imitated in France.
1186:
Large Nevers ewer with dancing bacchantes and satyrs, 1685
2428:"Coysevox, Charles Antoine". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911).
1827:
was held on June 5â6, 1662 to celebrate the birth of the
63:
1452:
was originally made for the ChĂąteau of Marly. After the
1420:
and copied in marble ancient Roman works, including the
1412:
One of the most prominent sculptors under Louis XIV was
1235:, who, along with his brothers, did mostly genre works;
903:
New and often enduring types of furniture appeared; the
2247:
2245:
2243:
652:, a chapel, and the library of Mazarin. (Later, as the
640:) (1662â1668), facing the Louvre. It was designed by
96:
81:
75:
60:
46:
1166:
Nevers pair of wine jugs, c. 1685, 56 cm high.
69:
49:
1512:Another notable sculptor of the Style Louis XV was
1424:. In 1776, his bust of the King's official painter
678:, which was added to complete the complex in 1708.
435:hospital. The design was worked on successively by
87:
66:
140:(Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and the
839:Early Louis XIV style; the Salon de VĂ©nus at the
1540:to make a statue of Hercules for his chĂąteau at
247:and coquille designs, which continued into the
1853:, or place of the Throne, until it became the
2441:"Puget, Pierre". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911).
1525:
1517:
1030:
907:, with two to four drawers, replaced the old
870:Bedchamber of the Queen, Palace of Versailles
8:
2032:
2010:
2001:
1987:
1889:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1832:
1822:
1806:
1729:visits the Gobelins with Colbert, design by
1500:
1466:
1433:
1293:
1070:
1029:), which had long made wares in the Italian
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2719:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2416:
2391:
2308:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2295:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2211:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
1615:, made for Marly, now in the Louvre. (1702)
1311:Saint Sebastien being tended by Saint Irene
136:Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture
1090:faience replacements of the best quality.
648:, and combined the new college donated by
164:. Major architects of the period included
2563:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
1986:BĂ©rain design for transom of the warship
2571:Bauer, Hermann; Prater, Andreas (2016),
1081:, which was demolished not long after.
476:(1680â1706). The nave of the church, by
2454:"Gobelin". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911).
2189:
2092:
1923:
1716:
1558:
1348:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds
1315:
1264:Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
1111:
938:
829:
695:
515:
336:
2712:(in French), Paris: Editions Sud Ouest
2700:, Volume 1, 1870, Le Brument (Rouen),
2652:Seventeenth-Century French Ceramic Art
2507:"BĂ©rain, Jean". Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
2494:"BĂ©rain, Jean". Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
2467:
2281:
2251:
2234:
2222:
1627:Louis XIV by Antoine Coysevox, now at
2678:Munger, Jeffrey, Sullivan Elizabeth,
2102:17th-century engraving of gardens of
1768:One of a set of five "Grotesques" by
1327:Saint Sebastian tended by Saint Irene
761:(1699â1702) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart
111:
7:
2682:, 2018, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
2654:, 1987, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
2567:, Citadelles et Mazenod, Paris, 2006
1223:. Notable French painters included
307:. Hardouin-Mansart constructed the
2074:, reflected in the mirrors of the
1351:by Georges de La Tour (late 1630s)
1101:, although production was only of
14:
2818:Ancien RĂ©gime French architecture
2627:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
1913:(1684), and for the opera-ballet
1313:(c. 1649) by Georges de La Tour.
196:at Versailles, and the Church of
2761:Dictionnaire Historique de Paris
2645:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
2548:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
2481:Dictionnaire historique de Paris
2272:Texier, Simon (2012), pp. 38â39.
2155:
2140:
2124:
2110:
2095:
2058:; and the space was filled with
1979:
1957:
1942:
1926:
1781:
1761:
1738:
1719:
1714:) which were installed in 1644.
1650:
1635:
1620:
1601:
1579:
1561:
1380:
1356:
1339:
1318:
1209:, 5 in (12.7 cm) tall.
1191:
1179:
1159:
1143:
1114:
1093:The reign also saw the earliest
995:
976:
961:
941:
863:
851:
832:
766:
747:
725:
698:
575:
556:
537:
518:
402:
382:
358:
339:
42:
2698:Histoire de la faĂŻence de Rouen
2575:(in French), Cologne: Taschen,
2263:Texier, Simon (2012), pp. 38â39
2082:, illustrated by the statue of
895:. It was based on the inlay of
681:The next major project was the
431:(1645â1710), the chapel of the
239:decoration, and greater use of
188:. Major monuments included the
2379:Munger & Sullivan, 135â137
2370:Munger & Sullivan, 138â142
2361:Munger & Sullivan, 135â137
1609:The King's Fame riding Pegasus
1450:The King's Fame riding Pegasus
1365:ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors
1059:Controller-General of Finances
144:Académie royale d'architecture
1:
2756:, Editions Ouest-France, 2003
2591:L'Art Classique et le Baroque
2432:(11th ed.). 1911. pp. 355â56
1748:, Gobelins after painting by
1275:in the Palace of Versailles.
2717:Renault, Christophe (2006),
2135:in the Gardens of Versailles
1964:BĂ©rain Set design for opera
1896:(1669), named for the King.
1795:mission to China (1697â1705)
280:Italian Baroque architecture
2823:French architectural styles
2763:. Le Livre de Poche. 2013.
2565:L'art des jardins en Europe
2403:cited in Bauer and Prater,
2166:at the Palace of Versailles
1911:Theater of the Palais Royal
1821:, Moors and Turks. A grand
1708:Beijing Ancient Observatory
1477:) in Paris; the playwright
1260:Gobelins tapestry workshops
1130:, after an illustration of
2844:
2670:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2609:Caractéristique des Styles
2198:Caractéristique des styles
1994:named for Louis XIV (1670)
1469:CollĂšge des Quatre-Nations
1246:With the death in 1661 of
1227:, who was living in Rome;
1207:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1152:The Drunkenness of Bacchus
1008:(1710â1720), Louvre Museum
879:
628:CollĂšge des Quatre-Nations
447:before being completed by
269:Superintendent of Finances
2708:Prevot, Philippe (2006),
2458:(11th ed.). 1911. p. 165
2445:(11th ed.). 1911. p. 637
2002:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1657:Perseus and Andromeda by
1526:
1518:
1501:
1467:
1434:
1387:Portrait of Louis XIV by
1031:
1004:
928:
922:fauteuil en confessionale
921:
915:
909:
775:
755:
733:
706:
683:
674:
660:HĂŽtel Royal des Invalides
658:
634:
626:
611:
470:
1485:and the garden designer
1459:Church of Saint Eustache
1432:for the royal chapel at
1150:Nevers wine-cooler with
2625:Fierro, Alfred (1996).
2607:Ducher, Robert (1988),
2589:Cabanne, Perre (1988),
2509:Encyclopedia Britannica
2496:Encyclopedia Britannica
2456:Encyclopedia Britannica
2443:Encyclopedia Britannica
2430:Encyclopedia Britannica
2417:Bauer & Prater 2016
2392:Bauer & Prater 2016
2049:to design the chĂąteau,
1933:Louis XIV in the Grand
1733:(between 1667 and 1672)
502:, or ribs of the dome.
316:east side of the Louvre
267:, built for the King's
2754:Architecture du jardin
2735:Texier, Simon (2012),
2647:, Hazan, Paris, 2007.
2088:fountain of the garden
2033:
2011:
1988:
1917:by Lully's successor,
1890:
1823:
1807:
1294:
1268:French Academy in Rome
1071:
741:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
670:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
592:The Grand Style: Paris
568:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
526:Church of Val de Grace
498:
492:
486:
437:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
423:Religious architecture
415:Pierre-Alexis Delamair
395:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
296:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
170:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
142:
134:
27:
2739:, Paris: Parigramme,
2611:, Paris: Flammarion,
2118:Gardens of Versailles
2025:Gardens of Versailles
2012:jardin à la française
1951:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
1949:Arabesque designs by
1874:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
1868:Menus-Plaisirs du Roi
1770:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
1704:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
1677:Jean Baptiste Colbert
1643:Jean Baptiste Colbert
1556:(now in the Louvre).
1174:is again used (left).
1107:Saint-Cloud porcelain
1073:Trianon de porcelaine
1051:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
233:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
22:
2808:Architectural styles
2798:History of furniture
2710:Histoire des jardins
2535:Histoire des jardins
2522:Histoire des jardins
2319:McNab, 20â21; Moon;
2149:Versailles Orangerie
2017:French formal garden
1878:André Charles Boulle
1801:Design and spectacle
1774:Beauvais Manufactory
1696:Beauvais Manufactory
1681:Gobelins Manufactory
1595:Palace of Versailles
1591:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1403:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1138:, published in 1674
1103:soft-paste porcelain
950:André Charles Boulle
889:André Charles Boulle
841:Palace of Versailles
507:Palace of Versailles
320:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
284:French formal garden
229:André Charles Boulle
190:Palace of Versailles
24:Palace of Versailles
2721:, Paris: Gisserot,
2593:, Paris: Larousse,
2284:, pp. 126â129.
2178:Louis period styles
2037:was the ChĂąteau of
2019:, a style based on
1972:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1907:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1645:by Antoine Coysevox
1307:Madame de Maintenon
882:Louis XIV furniture
787:Interior decoration
735:Place des Victoires
685:Place des Victoires
150:Frederick the Great
113:[lwikatÉÊz]
2629:. Robert Laffont.
2306:Renault and Lazé,
2293:Renault and Lazé,
2209:Renault and Lazé,
1857:Place de la Nation
1835:Place du Carrousel
1475:Institut de France
1332:Georges de La Tour
1286:Georges de La Tour
1018:After about 1650,
987:at the Chateau of
773:Court of Honor of
708:Institut de France
654:Institut de France
636:Institut de France
603:Henry IV of France
255:Civil architecture
217:Chateau de Maisons
28:
2770:978-2-253-13140-3
2752:Wenzler, Claude,
2746:978-2-84096-667-8
2728:978-2-877-4746-58
2690:, 9781588396433,
2662:, 9780870994906,
2643:Impelluso, Lucia,
2600:978-2-03-583324-2
2582:978-3-8365-4748-2
2546:Lucia Impelluso,
2511:(11th ed.). 1911.
2498:(11th ed.). 1911.
2147:Parterres of the
1909:performed at the
1886:Aubusson tapestry
1789:Aubusson tapestry
1776:(woven 1690â1711)
1700:Aubusson tapestry
1587:Bust of Louis XIV
1520:Palazzo Barberini
1514:Pierre Paul Puget
1446:Tuileries Gardens
1407:bust of Louis XIV
1237:Eustache Le Sueur
1168:François Chauveau
1136:François Chauveau
549:Jacques Lemercier
545:Eglise Saint-Roch
441:Jacques Lemercier
369:by Louis Le Vau,
126:French classicism
2835:
2774:
2749:
2731:
2713:
2696:Pottier, André,
2640:
2621:
2603:
2585:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2196:Ducher, Robert,
2194:
2159:
2144:
2133:Bassin d'Apollon
2128:
2114:
2099:
2056:Farnese Hercules
2036:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1983:
1961:
1946:
1930:
1895:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1812:
1785:
1765:
1742:
1723:
1654:
1639:
1629:Musée Carnavalet
1624:
1613:Antoine Coysevox
1605:
1583:
1565:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1503:
1481:; the architect
1472:
1471:
1463:Cardinal Mazarin
1448:. His statue of
1442:ChĂąteau de Marly
1439:
1438:
1414:Antoine Coysevox
1389:Hyacinthe Rigaud
1384:
1360:
1343:
1322:
1297:
1280:Hyacinthe Rigaud
1248:Cardinal Mazarin
1195:
1183:
1163:
1147:
1118:
1095:French porcelain
1076:
1053:, recently made
1037:
1036:
1007:
1006:
1002:Sofa and chairs
999:
980:
965:
945:
931:
930:
924:
923:
918:
917:
913:, or chest. The
912:
911:
867:
855:
836:
780:
779:
770:
760:
759:
751:
738:
737:
729:
718:François d'Orbay
711:
710:
702:
688:
687:
677:
676:
663:
662:
650:Cardinal Mazarin
646:François d'Orbay
639:
638:
631:
630:
616:
615:
599:Place des Vosges
579:
560:
541:
522:
501:
495:
489:
475:
474:
411:HĂŽtel de Soubise
406:
386:
367:Louvre Colonnade
362:
343:
276:François Mansart
166:François Mansart
147:
139:
123:
122:
121:
115:
110:
103:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2803:Interior design
2793:Decorative arts
2778:
2777:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2734:
2729:
2716:
2707:
2650:McNab, Jessie,
2637:
2624:
2619:
2606:
2601:
2588:
2583:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:Moon; McNab, 30
2351:
2347:
2343:Moon; McNab, 22
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2321:V&A, Nevers
2318:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2174:
2167:
2162:Gardens of the
2160:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2104:Vaux-le-Vicomte
2100:
2086:in the central
2076:Hall of Mirrors
2051:Charles Le Brun
2043:Nicolas Fouquet
2039:Vaux-le-Vicomte
2007:
1995:
1984:
1975:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1766:
1757:
1743:
1734:
1731:Charles Le Brun
1724:
1685:Charles Le Brun
1673:
1666:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1597:
1593:(1665), now in
1584:
1575:
1573:Jacques Sarazin
1566:
1542:Vaux-le-Vicomte
1538:Nicolas Fouquet
1493:Jacques Sarazin
1426:Charles Le Brun
1422:Venus de Medici
1418:Louis Lerambert
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1373:Charles Le Brun
1363:Section of the
1361:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1273:Hall of Mirrors
1241:Charles Le Brun
1225:Nicolas Poussin
1217:
1210:
1199:Rouen porcelain
1196:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1119:
1099:Rouen porcelain
1016:
1009:
1000:
991:
989:Vaux-le-Vicomte
985:Nicolas Fouquet
981:
972:
966:
957:
946:
884:
878:
871:
868:
859:
856:
847:
845:Charles Le Brun
837:
813:Charles Le Brun
809:Hall of Mirrors
789:
782:
771:
762:
752:
743:
739:(1684â1697) by
730:
721:
703:
594:
587:
584:Robert de Cotte
580:
571:
561:
552:
542:
533:
523:
511:Robert de Cotte
425:
418:
407:
398:
387:
378:
375:Claude Perrault
371:Charles Le Brun
363:
354:
347:Vaux le Vicomte
344:
332:Claude Perrault
328:Charles Le Brun
272:Nicolas Fouquet
261:Vaux le Vicomte
257:
205:Anne of Austria
182:Claude Perrault
174:Robert de Cotte
158:Peter the Great
124:), also called
118:
117:
116:
108:
101:
97:
80:
59:
45:
41:
32:Louis XIV style
17:
12:
11:
5:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2732:
2727:
2714:
2705:
2694:
2676:
2666:
2648:
2641:
2636:2-221--07862-4
2635:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2599:
2586:
2581:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2485:, p. 272.
2472:
2470:, p. 754.
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2409:
2407:(2016), p. 86.
2396:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2312:
2299:
2297:(2006), pg. 59
2286:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2254:, p. 124.
2239:
2237:, p. 122.
2227:
2225:, p. 120.
2215:
2202:
2200:(1988), p. 120
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2041:, created for
2034:à la française
2029:André Le NÎtre
2006:
2003:à la française
1998:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1919:Pascal Colasse
1850:Place du TrĂŽne
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1746:Battle of Zama
1744:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1718:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1546:Milo of Croton
1487:André Le NÎtre
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1324:
1317:
1252:chief minister
1229:Claude Lorrain
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:Rape of Europa
1165:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1127:Rape of Europa
1122:Nevers faience
1120:
1113:
1044:Charles Lebrun
1020:Nevers faience
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1001:
994:
992:
982:
975:
973:
967:
960:
958:
947:
940:
929:table Ă gibier
880:Main article:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
862:
860:
857:
850:
848:
838:
831:
788:
785:
784:
783:
772:
765:
763:
753:
746:
744:
731:
724:
722:
704:
697:
675:Ăglise du DĂŽme
666:Libéral Bruant
613:Ăle de la CitĂ©
607:Place Dauphine
593:
590:
589:
588:
581:
574:
572:
562:
555:
553:
543:
536:
534:
524:
517:
478:Libéral Bruant
445:Pierre Le Muet
424:
421:
420:
419:
409:Façade of the
408:
401:
399:
388:
381:
379:
364:
357:
355:
345:
338:
299:including the
288:André Le NÎtre
256:
253:
249:Louis XV style
178:Pierre Le Muet
104:, - kÉ-
37:Louis Quatorze
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2618:2-08-011539-1
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2419:, p. 86.
2418:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2394:, p. 16.
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2310:(2006), p. 59
2309:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2164:Grand Trianon
2158:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1844:Maria Theresa
1840:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1754:Louvre Museum
1752:(1688â1690).
1751:
1750:Giulio Romano
1747:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1571:of Louvre by
1570:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:Palazzo Pitti
1521:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:Les Invalides
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:André Malraux
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:, the King's
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:Louis Le Nain
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1063:Rouen faience
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1013:
998:
993:
990:
986:
979:
974:
971:
964:
959:
955:
954:Grand Trianon
951:
944:
939:
937:
935:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
883:
875:
866:
861:
854:
849:
846:
842:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
793:
786:
778:
777:Les Invalides
769:
764:
758:
757:Place VendĂŽme
750:
745:
742:
736:
728:
723:
719:
715:
709:
701:
696:
694:
692:
691:Place VendĂŽme
686:
679:
671:
667:
661:
655:
651:
647:
643:
637:
629:
622:
620:
619:Louvre Palace
614:
608:
604:
600:
591:
585:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:Les Invalides
559:
554:
550:
546:
540:
535:
531:
527:
521:
516:
514:
512:
508:
503:
500:
494:
488:
483:
479:
473:
472:Les Invalides
466:
464:
460:
459:Les Invalides
456:
455:
450:
449:Gabriel Leduc
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
416:
412:
405:
400:
396:
392:
391:Grand Trianon
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
356:
352:
348:
342:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
309:Grand Trianon
306:
302:
297:
294:Vau in 1680,
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
200:(1675â1691).
199:
198:Les Invalides
195:
194:Grand Trianon
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
127:
120:
114:
106:
105:
92:
39:
38:
33:
25:
21:
2760:
2753:
2736:
2718:
2709:
2702:google books
2697:
2692:google books
2679:
2664:google books
2651:
2644:
2626:
2608:
2590:
2572:
2564:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2230:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2068:
2047:Louis Le Vau
2027:designed by
2008:
1990:Soleil Royal
1965:
1914:
1900:
1898:
1892:Soleil Royal
1863:
1841:
1804:
1791:celebrating
1693:
1689:
1674:
1659:Pierre Puget
1608:
1511:
1507:Michelangelo
1491:
1449:
1411:
1400:
1346:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1284:
1277:
1256:Jean Colbert
1245:
1218:
1171:
1151:
1125:
1092:
1088:
1048:
1017:
970:Mazarin desk
934:Mazarin desk
902:
885:
817:
806:
794:
790:
714:Louis Le Vau
680:
642:Louis Le Vau
623:
595:
547:, Paris, by
530:Louis Le Vau
504:
493:entablements
467:
452:
433:Val-de-GrĂące
429:Val-de-GrĂące
426:
351:Louis Le Vau
313:
292:
265:Louis Le Vau
258:
237:wrought iron
221:Louis Le Vau
202:
186:Louis Le Vau
125:
36:
35:
31:
29:
2813:Chinoiserie
2704:(in French)
2468:Fierro 1996
2334:Pottier, 12
2282:Ducher 1988
2252:Ducher 1988
2235:Ducher 1988
2223:Ducher 1988
2072:Grand Canal
2000:The garden
1921:, in 1695.
1915:Les Saisons
1479:Jean Racine
1430:Charlemagne
1040:Simon Vouet
1027:earthenware
948:Commode by
893:Boulle work
825:Chinoiserie
781:(1671â1706)
720:(1662â1668)
601:) begun by
586:(1689â1710)
570:(1680â1706)
551:(1653â1690)
532:(1645â1710)
482:Greek Cross
417:(1704â1708)
397:(1680â1687)
377:(1667â1678)
286:created by
263:(1658), by
211:and by the
26:(1661â1710)
2788:French art
2782:Categories
2688:1588396436
2660:0870994905
2558:References
2324:Jardiniere
1671:Tapestries
1502:Cour Carré
1454:Revolution
1369:Versailles
1221:Caravaggio
1203:pot pourri
1024:tin-glazed
1005:Ă la reine
821:arabesques
209:Louis XIII
2828:Louis XIV
2080:Louis XIV
2064:topiaries
2060:parterres
1882:grotesque
1861:in 1880.
1824:carrousel
1809:carrousel
1772:from the
1727:Louis XIV
1569:Caryatids
1554:Andromeda
1534:caryatids
1497:Caryatids
1473:(now the
1397:Sculpture
1290:Lunéville
1154:, c. 1680
1079:porcelain
1055:Louis XIV
1035:istoriato
876:Furniture
632:(now the
324:colonnade
301:Orangerie
245:grotesque
241:arabesque
225:marquetry
130:Louis XIV
2550:, p. 64.
2537:, p. 152
2533:Prevot,
2524:, p. 146
2520:Prevot,
2172:See also
2021:symmetry
1935:Carousel
1815:Henry II
1698:and the
1675:In 1662
1391:, (1701)
1295:Tricheur
1215:Painting
1049:In 1663
1033:maiolica
1014:Ceramics
983:Desk of
952:for the
499:nervures
463:Panthéon
461:and the
303:and the
2573:Baroque
2405:Baroque
1937:of 1662
1829:Dauphin
1712:Jesuits
1550:Perseus
1465:in the
1271:of the
905:commode
802:Jupiter
609:on the
487:tambour
305:Stables
213:Baroque
154:Prussia
109:French:
100:-ee ka-
2767:
2743:
2725:
2686:
2674:online
2658:
2633:
2615:
2597:
2579:
2084:Apollo
1974:(1684)
1967:Amadis
1902:Amadis
1819:Medusa
1793:Jesuit
1663:Louvre
1552:, and
1483:Vauban
1375:(1678)
1334:(1649)
1239:, and
1083:Nevers
968:Early
956:(1710)
916:canapé
910:coffre
798:Apollo
373:, and
353:(1658)
330:, and
192:, the
184:, and
162:Russia
2184:Notes
1611:, by
1205:jar,
1067:Rouen
897:ebony
454:tondi
2765:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2483:2013
2131:The
1524:and
1132:Ovid
1042:and
823:and
807:The
716:and
668:and
644:and
443:and
389:The
365:The
102:TORZ
30:The
2015:or
1970:by
1905:by
1589:by
1367:in
1330:by
1170:'s
1134:by
1097:in
1057:'s
843:by
712:by
566:by
528:by
413:by
393:by
349:by
160:of
156:to
152:of
98:LOO
73:ÉËr
34:or
2784::
2672:,
2384:^
2242:^
1839:.
1548:,
1509:.
1489:.
1461:;
1201:,
827:.
465:.
439:,
334:.
290:.
251:.
243:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
107:,
91:-/
79:,-
53:uË
2773:.
2639:.
1756:.
1665:)
1661:(
1022:(
88:Ë
85:É
82:k
76:z
70:t
67:Ë
64:ĂŠ
61:k
56:i
50:l
47:Ë
44:/
40:(
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