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in 1891. The WMCP was the first medical college established for the education of women to become doctors; defying social norms and allowing women the opportunity to obtain high levels of education. By 1925, eighteen
African American women had graduated from WMCP; one of which was Louise Fleming who
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Gamble, Vanessa
Northington. "“Sisters of a Darker Race”: African American Graduates of the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1867–1925." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 95 no. 2, 2021, p. 169-197. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/bhm.2021.0029. pg.
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Gamble, Vanessa
Northington. "“Sisters of a Darker Race”: African American Graduates of the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1867–1925." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 95 no. 2, 2021, p. 169-197. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/bhm.2021.0029.
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Scruggs, Lawson Andrew. Women of
Distinction: Remarkable in Works and Invincible in Character. United States: L. A. Scruggs, 1893. pg. 197-198
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133:. She returned from Africa to improve her skills and she was the first African American woman to be commissioned for work in Africa by the
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Scruggs, Lawson Andrew. Women of
Distinction: Remarkable in Works and Invincible in Character. United States: L. A. Scruggs, 1893. pg. 197
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Scruggs, Lawson Andrew. Women of
Distinction: Remarkable in Works and Invincible in Character. United States: L. A. Scruggs, 1893. p.198.
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Distinction: Remarkable in Works and Invincible in Character. United States: L. A. Scruggs, 1893. pg.198
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Fleming returned to her mission in the Congo, becoming the only
African American woman doctor in the country. In 1898, she contracted
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and returned to the United States. Fleming died on June 20, 1899 at the
Samaritan Hospital in Philadelphia at the age of 37.
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With the idea of alleviating illness in the Congo, Fleming enrolled in the Women's
Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP) in
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125:(January 28, 1862 – June 20, 1899) was an American physician. She was one of the first
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528:. Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University School of Theology
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and her father was half white. When Fleming was young, her father fought with the
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258:. Hine, Darlene Clark. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
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215:. She accepted the invitation and arrived in the Congo in 1887, stationed at
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161:, Florida. Fleming's parents had unique backgrounds; her mother was half
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invited Fleming to become their missionary representative to the
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American expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Baptist missionaries in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5
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on May 27, 1885. Fleming became a public school teacher in
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Shaw College, Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia
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Woman’s Baptist Foreign Mission Society of the West
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Woman's American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society
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501:American Baptist Historical Society (ABHS)
399:"Fleming, Louise Celia "Lulu" (1862-1899)"
335:"This Day in Black History: Jan. 28, 1862"
176:In December of 1877, Fleming converted to
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305:"LuLu Fleming, medical missionary"
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618:19th-century American physicians
598:People from Clay County, Florida
492:Van Broekhoven, Deborah (2013).
213:Democratic Republic of the Congo
46:Dr. Louise Celia “Lulu” Fleming
362:Kurian, George Thomas (2016).
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638:Female Christian missionaries
608:African-American missionaries
435:American Baptist Churches USA
583:19th-century American slaves
432:"Lulu Cecilia Fleming, M.D."
123:Louise Celia "Lulu" Fleming
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648:People enslaved in Florida
84:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
522:"Fleming, Louise Cecelia"
309:African American Registry
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494:"Women's History Month"
232:African trypanosomiasis
66:Fleming Island, Florida
588:Shaw University alumni
286:: CS1 maint: others (
254:Black women in America
18:Louise Cecilia Fleming
188:. She graduated from
129:to graduate from the
34:Louise Celia Fleming
227:graduated in 1895.
405:. 10 February 2014
171:American Civil War
180:at age 15 at the
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178:Christianity
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573:1862 births
441:12 February
409:12 February
314:12 February
200:, Florida.
169:during the
159:Clay County
91:Nationality
567:Categories
546:pg.169-170
532:2018-02-12
345:2018-02-12
238:References
211:, now the
167:Union Army
151:Plantation
115:Missionary
58:1862-01-28
282:cite book
163:Congolese
141:Biography
111:Physician
526:dacb.org
274:57506600
217:Palabala
155:Hibernia
147:enslaved
94:American
556:170-171
339:BET.com
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497:(PDF)
443:2018
411:2018
370:ISBN
316:2018
288:link
270:OCLC
260:ISBN
73:Died
52:Born
192:as
184:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
