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that they suspected were involved in the attack. Sergeant McGlashan and twelve soldiers arrived at
Sideling Hill and discovered a pile of scorched goods and seven men who quickly ran off. McGlashan pursued the men and was able to capture two. He then headed to a house at Great Cove where he believed the "rioters" had rendezvoused prior to the ambush. After questioning the occupants he returned to Sideling Hill to recover any undamaged goods, but the only thing not destroyed was a quantity of rum. Armed citizens later confronted the detachment resulting in the patrol taking additional prisoners and seizing a number of weapons. On March 11, 1765, James Smith and 200 to 300 armed citizens surrounded the fort and forced Lieutenant Grant to release the prisoners. Grant refused to return the weapons and so began the nine-month rebellion.
48:
361:. Waiting to receive them were 81 horses with pack saddles and their drivers. Due to the rough terrain, pack horses were preferred as each could carry roughly 200 pounds of goods. This eighty-one pack horse "train" was four times larger than average and carried roughly eight tons of trade goods. During the transfer of goods, one of the packages fell to the ground, causing an onlooker to see the package's contents which he believed looked like scalping knives. Word spread from Pawling's Tavern to Greencastle and the surrounding area that Croghan's pack train was carrying illegal goods. When the pack train approached Justice William Smith's House in
529:. According to his autobiography, James Smith felt obliged to free them, so he gathered some of his followers, surprised the garrison, captured the fort, and freed the prisoners. The capture of Fort Bedford, however, is documented only in Smith's autobiography, but some circumstantial evidence exists, notably that when Smith was arrested in September 1769, he had taken a side road to avoid Fort Bedford. During the arrest an innocent bystander was killed and Smith was accused of murder. He was acquitted In November after the jury was presented with evidence that showed that Smith could not have fired the fatal shot.
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Foot who wrote: "we were fired upon warmly for some time by the Black Boys..." The name may have been coined by the
Highlanders. "Black Boys" could also have referred to the town of origin (Black's Town), however, that is unlikely because the town was known as Smith's Town after William Smith, a Justice of the Peace and a relation of James, bought the town's properties from James Black in 1759. James Smith's men did paint their faces red and black and were observed with "black'd" faces in March and May 1765. The Black Boys dropped the practice when remnants of black smudge behind the ears became grounds for arrest.
483:
place and found the goods in a burning heap, but found no one of suspicious character. Confused as to which direction the highwaymen went, but wishing to pursue, McGlashan employed
Rouland Harris to serve as scout to track down the Black Boys. McGlashan found them one mile north of the fort at one-story house referred to as "Widow Barr’s." A firefight ensured during which one of the Black Boys was taken prisoner. McGlashan released their captive when an unidentified "country man" told him "that if I did not release the aforementioned prisoner, neither me nor any of my party, would ever get back to the Fort."
349:. Croghan secretly approached Baynton, Wharton, & Morgan of Philadelphia sometime in late 1764 with a proposal. The firm received goods by ship from Britain, kept warehouses, and sold goods at wholesale to businessmen who in turn would sell or trade goods to consumers on the frontier, both travelling merchants and shopkeepers in Carlisle. Croghan planned to transport £20,000 to £30,000 sterling worth of trade goods including rum and gunpower to Fort Pitt. He believed that there would be little reason to fear inspection in winter. By February 1765, Croghan's shipment of goods was ready to move.
99:
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Rise and take the Fort by force of Arms, and by that means they would have all the goods in the Fort as well as their Own Arms." Smith added that "they were as Ready for a
Rebellion as we were to oppose it, and they acknowledge that their proceedings were Contrary to law." Grant offered to return the firearms that had been confiscated earlier. Smith brought Grant to Justice Smith where the lieutenant gave a bond for £40 if the weapons were not returned within five weeks. Five weeks came and went but Grant did not pay £40 nor return the nine firearms taken in March.
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on either side, tensions likely would have escalated even further. After the firefight at the Widow Barr's home, Justice Smith and James Smith demanded to inspect the goods delivered at the fort, but were denied access by
Lieutenant Grant, who assured them that they were officer's goods destined for Fort Pitt, officially ordered by Bouquet. The Black Boys also wanted Grant to return the nine firearms that he had been holding in his possession since March of that year.
495:
130:
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Smith's men would stop travellers and search for illegal goods without having the Crown's endorsement. Once cleared, the traveller would receive a letter of safe passage signed by either
Justice Smith or James Smith. Examples of these letters, such as the one below, may be found at the Pennsylvania State Archives:
559:
Although the Black Boys were similar to the Paxton Boys in their hostility to the colonial government, they did not target Native
Americans in their actions. The Paxton Boys believed the Conestoga assisted Indigenous raiders during Pontiac's War, whereas James Smith and the Black Boys suspected white
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announced the reopening of trade, however, the guns captured in early March remained an unresolved issue. In
November, before the British soldiers departed Fort Loudon for winter quarters, James Smith gathered a few hundred men and besieged the fort. The Black Boys demanded the return of the guns and
447:
In an effort to monitor trade, the citizens of the
Conococheague declared that they would inspect any and all goods moving west in Pennsylvania. James Smith and Justice William Smith created an inspection regime to monitor trade until the matters with the British government were resolved. Essentially
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In response, concerned citizens appealed to one of their own, James Smith, to take action. Smith gathered his former rangers and set out to intercept the pack train. About 1 o’clock on March 6, Smith and his men met the pack train at
Sideling Hill, west of the Great Cove. Smith ordered the drivers to
507:
On May 28, 1765, while out patrolling a few miles north of Fort Loudoun, a small group of Black Boys led by James Smith spotted a British Highlander officer on horseback. Smith waylaid the rider and discovered that it was Grant. Smith held Grant captive overnight and told him that "the Country would
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Shortly after the shoot-out at Widow Barr's, the Black Boys reconvened at Justice William Smith's residence. The opportunity had arrived for Justice Smith to exercise his powers as magistrate and take legal action against the British Government by filing a warrant for the arrest of McGlashan for the
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As McGlashan and his men retreated back to Fort Loudoun, the Black Boys gathered themselves and headed back to Justice Smith's to regroup. Amazingly, no one was killed during the firefight, although one Black Boy by the name of James Brown was shot and wounded in the thigh. Had there been fatalities
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Early that evening, Lieutenant Grant discovered panicked men arriving at the fort gate claiming that highwaymen abused them and destroyed the King's goods. Grant ordered Sergeant McGlashan and twelve Highlanders to inspect the site and arrest any suspicious by-standers. McGlashan arrived at Harris's
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Anticipating a change in trade policy that would again fully open trade with the Indigenous peoples of the Ohio Country, Croghan devised a plan to establish himself west of the Proclamation Line before other traders and speculators, with the potential to gain immense wealth through land speculation.
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James Smith and his men referred to themselves (in letters of the time) as the "Loyal Volunteers" or as the "Sideling Hill Volunteers". The only mention of Smith's men as "the Black Boys" appears in the August 20, 1765 deposition of Sergeant Leonard McGlashan of the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of
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printed the first of seven articles concerning the riotous events on the Pennsylvania frontier. These anonymous letters detailed the inability of the Penn family to maintain order, and pressed for a stronger Royal government. Although the source of those letters remained anonymous, the style, tone,
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On the morning of May 5, 1765, at Cunningham's tavern near Justice Smith's home, a messenger arrived with news of illegal goods moving north of Fort Loudoun. Around twenty of Smith's men mobilized and raced to meet this pack train finding it near Rouland Harris's home. This pack train was carrying
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In want of protection, frontier settlers looked for men capable of defending them against Indigenous raids and raised funds to establish a company of rangers to protect the settlement. The rangers' leader was a twenty-eight-year-old Scotch-Irish immigrant by the name of James Smith. As a teenager,
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The Outrages committed by the Frontier People are really amazing! But Impunity for former Riots has emboldened them. Rising in Arms to destroy Property publick and private, and insulting the King’s Troops and Forts, is going great Lengths indeed! ... Such Practices throw a Disgrace over our whole
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had destroyed the King's goods rather than admitting that they were transporting illegal trade goods. After being bribed by the trader in charge, Grant sent a patrol to the site of the attack. The patrol was ordered to bring back any goods that were not destroyed, and to make prisoners of anybody
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and green shrouds... In place of hats we wore red handkerchiefs, painted our faces red and black, like Indian warriors." Once equipped and trained, Smith's rangers set off on trails towards the enemy. It would be ten months before they returned. During their time away the Conococheague settlement
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Permit the Bearer, Thos. McCammis to pass to Fort Bedford with nine Kegs of Rum, Eight Kegs of Wine, One Keg of Spirits, One Keg of Molassas, Three Kegs of brown Sugar, Four Kegs packed with Loaf Sugar and Coffee and Chocolate. In all, Twenty Kegs and one bag of Shoes. Provided always that this
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and German immigrants. This land had been inexpensively offered by the Quaker government in Philadelphia, but the settlers were unaware that they served as a buffer between Indigenous territory and the more affluent settlements to the east. When Pontiac's warriors attacked frontier homesteads,
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the delivery of Grant and McGlashan as prisoners. They maintained a constant fire on the fort for two nights, but eventually agreed to let the soldiers depart if they returned the guns. Grant obliged through a third party. After the guns were returned the Black Boys faded as an active group.
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was in the process of negotiating with the Indigenous peoples of the Ohio Country and it appeared that Europeans taken captive during the French and Indian War would soon be returning to their homes. In order to prevent future conflict, Britain instituted a series of laws under the
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As the Sidling Hill Volunteers have already inspected these goods, and as they are all private property, it is Expected that none of these brave fellows will molest them upon the Road, as there is no Indian Supplies amongst them. Given under my Hand, May 15, 1765.
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Encroachment by colonists on Indigenous territory triggered renewed raids in 1769. A group unaffiliated with James Smith but calling themselves the Black Boys ambushed a wagon train and destroyed the goods. British soldiers arrested several and imprisoned them at
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traders of aiding Pennsylvania's Indigenous enemies. Both groups had their origins in frontier defence forces, both wanted the government to better provide for frontier inhabitants, and both expressed their grievances through direct action and the written word.
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goods that were meant for the garrison of Fort Pitt (ordered and paid for by Henry Bouquet and the Crown). Arguments ensued between the two parties until violence erupted, resulting in the death of a few horses. The pack drivers fled to Fort Loudoun.
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Due to the massive financial losses incurred by businessmen who had funded the trading party, and the participation of the King's troops, word spread far beyond the borders of Pennsylvania. In a letter to Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of the
428:
Country, that can only be wip’d off by exemplary Punishment of the Actors, which our weak Government cannot or will not inflict. And the People I pity, for their want of Sense. Those who have inflam’d and misled them have a Deal to answer for.
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As well as an Indian agent, Croghan was an entrepreneur and a businessman nicknamed "Big Business" by the Native Americans. His problem was how to get around the Proclamation's prohibitions against trading warlike goods with the Indians.
292:. Roughly 35 German and Scots-Irish men volunteered and were trained in the Indigenous manner of fighting. Each man supplied their own personal weapon, either a musket or rifle. Smith had them dress "uniformly in the Indian manner, with
236:, gunpowder, and alcohol; and British subjects were forbidden to settle beyond the Proclamation Line, a line of demarcation that ran through the middle of present-day Pennsylvania and established the official edge of western expansion.
423:, was in London when he learned of the events from an associate from Philadelphia. In referring to earlier "riots" Franklin connected the Black Boys' actions to those of Paxton Boys a year earlier and called for punitive action:
968:
Benjamin Franklin to John Ross, June 8, 1765, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin Digital Edition, Yale University and the American Philosophical Society, 1765, vol. 12, http: franklinpapers.org, accessed September 12,
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As an expert on Indigenous ways, notably survival and combat, Smith was an obvious choice to lead the company in the defense of the Conococheague in 1763. Smith chose two men, also former captives, to serve as his
411:, placed the blame on Croghan for "troubling his Head more about Trade than the Business he was employed in ... taking upon himself to enter into Leagues with Traders to carry up Goods in a Clandestine Manner.".
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were forbidden to trade goods with Native Americans for profit or to receive land from them. Croghan, his trading partners, and the Philadelphia merchants who supplied the goods disregarded these restrictions.
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An advertisement that appeared in Cumberland County in May 1765, purportedly from the Black Boys, inviting volunteers to "come to our Tavern and fill your Bellys with Liquor & your Mouth full of Swearing."
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A song about the Black Boys Rebellion was written by George Campbell, an Irish gentleman educated in Dublin, who was a prolific songwriter in the 18th century. The song was meant to be sung to the tune of
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until it could be confirmed that the Native Americans had signed a peace agreement and that the governor had opened trade. The pack horse drivers refused and proceeded on to McConnell's Tavern.
382:. The drivers refused. Smith and his men then attacked the pack train, killed and wounded several horses, and burnt most of the trade goods. The drivers fled in the direction of Fort Loudoun.
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and the British Army between March 5 and November 18, 1765. The nine-month uprising began when a wagon train loaded with illegal "warlike goods" was discovered at Pawling's Tavern (south of
576:. The Black Boys Rebellion, however, was not politically motivated. The issue for James Smith and the Black Boys was not liberty or independence, but preventing the trade of illegal goods.
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who had been moved there for their protection. Some historical writers have confused the two movements, or have suggested that the actions of the Paxton Boys inspired the Black Boys
284:, and made to run the gauntlet. Surviving the beating, he was adopted into a Mohawk family and lived with them for five years until escaping back to the Conococheague in 1760.
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ten children and their schoolmaster, Enoch Brown. Before arriving to the schoolhouse, these warriors had encountered a pregnant woman, Susan King Cunningham, near
168:. The numerous clashes afterwards involved more destruction, firefights, arrests, a kidnapping, legal maneuvers, a court trial, a two-day siege, and one casualty.
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to prevent British encroachment on their territory. Numerous forts were captured and eventually the conflict reached into western Pennsylvania and the
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Once at the fort, the pack horse drivers pleaded with the officer in charge, Lieutenant Charles Grant of the Royal Highlanders, falsely claiming that
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When the year 1764 began, it looked as if the frontier of Pennsylvania was entering a peaceful interlude. Pontiac's forces had been defeated at the
184:. The Indigenous peoples previously aligned with the French began to see their power and influence wane. In an effort recover this influence, the
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forbade the trading of "war-like" trade items (guns, knives, tomahawks, gunpowder, lead, rum, whiskey, etc.) to Native Americans. Furthermore,
931:
Hazard, Samuel (August 20, 1765). "Deposition of Lieutenant Charles Grant, 42nd Regt. of Foot, Cumberland County Courthouse, August 20, 1765".
1244:
135:
Courtesy Warren J. Shonert Americana Collection, Eva G. Farris Special Collections, W. Frank Steely Library, Northern Kentucky University.
596:
The First Rebel: Being a Lost Chapter of our History and a True Narrative of America's First Uprising against English Military Authority
1166:
1076:
841:
Hazard, Samuel (1765). "Deposition of Sgt. Leonard McGlashan, 42nd Regiment of Foot, Cumberland County Courthouse, August 20, 1765".
767:
408:
1024:
Deposition of Sgt. Leonard McGlashan, 42nd Regiment of Foot, Cumberland County Courthouse, August 20, 1765, in Samuel Hazard, ed.,
572:, however, the involvement of British regulars have led some historical writers to argue that the rebellion was a precursor to the
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232:. Under these laws, Britain's native subjects were forbidden to receive "war-like" trade items such as muskets, knives,
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invasion of western Pennsylvania. One day, on work detail, he was captured by an Indigenous scouting party, taken to
365:, a group of 50 to 100 armed citizens confronted them. These citizens requested that the drivers store the goods at
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Centered in the valley of the Allegheny Mountains was the Conococheague Settlement, comprising land that straddled
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912:"Deposition of Sgt. Leonard McGlashan. 42nd Regiment of Foot, Cumberland County Courthouse, August 20, 1765".
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Deposition of John Shelby, Cumberland County Courthouse, Carlisle, PA, June 20, 1765, in Samuel Hazard, ed.,
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intercepted and destroyed the goods (valued at over $ 1 million in today's currency) at a mountain pass near
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1050:
Deposition of Lieutenant Charles Grant, 42nd Regt. of Foot, Cumberland County Courthouse, August 20, 1765.
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212:
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killing their inhabitants, fear gripped the region much like in the early days of the Seven Years' War.
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Shortly after Franklin learned of the events, the news made the press in London. On May 23, 1765, the
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remained relatively untouched by the violence of Pontiac’s Rebellion, while homesteads as far east as
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The Black Boys Rebellion has been overshadowed in American historiography by events such as the 1765
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259:, and the baby was cut from her body. These events horrified the German and Scots-Irish communities.
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573:
220:
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Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America
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from western Maryland into south-central Pennsylvania. Settling this backcountry wilderness were
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wounding of James Brown. Grant, however, refused to surrender the sergeant to civil authority.
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A fictionalized version of the Black Boys Rebellion was depicted in the 1939 Hollywood film
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in Lancaster County, and had later marched on Philadelphia with the intent of murdering the
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39:
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Permit shall not Extend to Carry any Warlike Stores or any Article not herein mentioned.
1245:"Captain James Smith and the Black Boys", Fort Loudon Monument Dedicatory Services, 1916
950:
Flick, Alexander (1925). "General Thomas Gage to Sir William Johnson, April 15, 1765".
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An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Colonel James Smith
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330:
745:
Breaking the Backcountry, The Seven Years' War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765
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281:
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On March 5, 1765, the wagon train loaded with goods approached Pawling's Tavern in
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Monument to James Smith's Rangers near the site of Fort Loudoun in Franklin County
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By William Smith, Esq, One of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace of said County
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ended in 1763, the French surrendered to the British the vast territory known as
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17:
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Copies of Passes given by William and James Smith 1765, in Samuel Hazard, ed.,
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1002:, (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), 220–222.
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In June 1764, hostilities again enveloped the region. On June 26, 1764, four
297:
233:
1159:
Frontier Rebels: The Fight for Independence in the American West, 1765-1776
1037:
Warrant to Arrest Sgt. Leonard McGlashan, May 1765, in Samuel Hazard, ed.,
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1117:
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Bradford, William. "Extract of a letter from Carlisle, March 14, 1765".
129:
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War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire
875:"Sir William Johnson to Governor Penn, Johnson Hall, April 12th 1765".
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in 1755 in response to the French and Indigenous threat. He was one of
256:
1015:, (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), 222–223.
1109:
1028:, (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), 233–234
549:
240:
1249:
1041:, (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), 224.
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185:
128:
1254:
822:
Hazard, Samuel. "Letter from James Smith to Lt. Charles Grant".
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as James Smith. The film was based on the 1937 historical novel
133:"Portrait of Col. James Smith," Artist Unknown, c. 1800–1810.
1094:"Recreating James Smith at the Pennsylvania State Archives"
983:
Concerning Most Recent Events in Pennsylvania, May 23, 1765
747:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
537:
A year before Sideling Hill, a vigilante group called the
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and content suggest that it was likely Benjamin Franklin.
345:, tasked Croghan with transporting diplomatic presents to
1098:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
1071:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
864:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 212–214.
276:’s men, responsible for hacking out a road to support
373:
Pack train destroyed at Sideling Hill, March 6, 1765
243:
warriors entered a log schoolhouse near present-day
160:). Alarmed by the train's contents, citizens led by
1161:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
783:""A Letter from Mr. James Burd," July 5, 1755".
152:, was an armed uprising between citizens of the
653:To act for their King and their country’s good,
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32:
683:And seized some men that were trav’ling there,
459:Given under my Hand & Seal 15th May 1765
8:
66:(8 months, 1 week and 6 days)
667:And quick as lightning tumbled their loads,
353:Incident at Pawling's Tavern, March 5, 1765
1275:History of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
1180:
1178:
899:Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser
892:
890:
46:
29:
378:turn around and be properly inspected at
1285:History of Franklin County, Pennsylvania
1133:"One Year Later: The Black Boys of 1765"
762:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
709:Then both sides will find their account.
621:How party interest strove what it cou’d,
192:united various Indigenous tribes in the
1062:
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802:
800:
798:
730:
691:Too much to see their neighbors caught,
675:They scarcely knew which way to choose,
669:And kindled them bonfires in the woods,
665:Some patriots did their train surprise,
655:In joint league, and strangers to fear.
647:With brave souls, to stop their career,
613:What serves your country and your king,
738:
736:
734:
679:At length some soldiers they sent out,
663:Near Sidelong Hill, where in disguise,
651:The bold frontiers they bravely stood,
1310:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
1217:Ullans: The Magazine for Ulster-Scots
811:. Lexington, Kentucky: John Bradford.
699:And kept the jailors pris’ners there,
695:Forthwith they join’d a warlike band,
687:They laid them fast with one consent.
681:With guides for to conduct the route,
671:And mostly burnt their whole brigade.
352:
7:
1213:"George Campbell and the Black Boys"
673:At Loudon, when they heard the news,
637:To carry them to our barbarous foes,
633:To Pollins, in the spring they sent,
615:In wealth, peace, any royal estates,
862:George Croghan, Wilderness Diplomat
639:Expecting that no-body dare oppose,
635:Much warlike stores, with an intent
631:For vile base and treacherous ends.
629:Their just reward, inglorious fame,
627:Let all those Indian traders claim,
27:Armed uprising Pennsylvania in 1765
1191:Journal of the American Revolution
715:But when this property is design’d
697:And march’d to Loudon out of hand,
685:And hurried them into Loudon where
657:On March the fifth, in sixty-five,
641:A present to their Indian friends.
611:Ye patriot souls who love to sing,
503:The kidnapping of Lieutenant Grant
341:British officials, led by Colonel
25:
952:The Papers of Sir William Johnson
719:It’s high treason in the amount.
707:This rash performance in the end,
659:Their Indian presents did arrive,
625:But, justly met its merited fate.
623:To profit itself by public blood,
619:A modern fact, in jingling verse,
617:Attention give whilst I rehearse,
443:The Black Boys' inspection regime
409:Commander-in-Chief, North America
1255:Fort Loudoun – 1756 British Fort
1039:Pennsylvania Archives, Volume IV
1026:Pennsylvania Archives, Volume IV
1013:Pennsylvania Archives, Volume IV
1000:Pennsylvania Archives, Volume IV
877:Colonial Records of Pennsylvania
785:Colonial Records of Pennsylvania
717:To serve the enemies of mankind,
701:Until our friends enlarged were,
442:
97:
1305:Rebellions in the United States
1052:Pennsylvania Archives Volume IV
713:To burn our neighbors property,
705:Let mankind censure or commend,
693:For no crime but false surmise;
1211:MacMaster, Richard K. (2012).
703:Without fraud or any disguise.
689:But men of resolution thought,
677:For blind rage and discontent;
649:Although some men apostatiz’d,
643:Astonish’d at the wild design,
323:The Royal Proclamation of 1763
263:James Smith and the Black Boys
1:
1187:"The Real Allegheny Uprising"
860:Wainwright, Nicholas (1959).
711:‘Tis true no law can justify,
645:Frontier inhabitants combin’d
1067:Dowd, Gregory Evans (2002).
989:Accessed September 12, 2015.
172:The Conococheague settlement
920:: 234–236. August 20, 1765.
661:In long pomp and cavalcade,
255:. She was beaten to death,
1326:
541:had massacred 20 peaceful
230:Royal Proclamation of 1763
64:5 March - 18 November 1765
405:Major General Thomas Gage
401:British Indian Department
359:Greencastle, Pennsylvania
327:British Indian Department
158:Greencastle, Pennsylvania
112:
90:
56:
45:
37:
1185:Verenna, Thomas (2014).
474:Shootout at Widow Barr's
154:Province of Pennsylvania
1270:History of Pennsylvania
1157:Spero, Patrick (2018).
1092:Spero, Patrick (2009).
516:In June 1765, Governor
743:Ward, Matthew (2003).
722:
598:, by Neil H. Swanson.
499:
471:
430:
137:
113:Commanders and leaders
987:The London Chronicle.
933:Pennsylvania Archives
914:Pennsylvania Archives
843:Pennsylvania Archives
824:Pennsylvania Archives
807:Smith, James (1799).
758:Dixon, David (2005).
497:
450:
425:
268:James Smith joined a
132:
1300:1769 in Pennsylvania
1295:1765 in Pennsylvania
1250:Smith Rebellion 1765
420:Pennsylvania Gazette
142:Black Boys Rebellion
33:Black Boys Rebellion
1131:Donis, Jay (2018).
574:American Revolution
564:American Revolution
417:, publisher of the
221:Battle of Bushy Run
209:Conococheague Creek
202:Allegheny Mountains
587:Allegheny Uprising
500:
309:Origin of the name
198:Great Lakes region
150:Allegheny Uprising
138:
469:Signed Jas. SMITH
462:Signed Wm. SMITH
415:Benjamin Franklin
270:road-cutting crew
146:Smith's Rebellion
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16:(Redirected from
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791:: 466–467. 1852.
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1290:1760s riots
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1196:23 November
1142:22 November
1054:pp 220–222.
590:, starring
539:Paxton Boys
363:Mercersburg
245:Greencastle
162:James Smith
122:James Smith
1264:Categories
939:: 220–222.
849:: 233–234.
592:John Wayne
387:highwaymen
290:subalterns
278:Braddock's
274:James Burd
223:. Colonel
188:war chief
182:New France
108:Black Boys
543:Conestoga
518:John Penn
512:Aftermath
347:Fort Pitt
298:moccasins
249:massacred
234:tomahawks
176:When the
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547:Moravian
394:Reaction
303:Carlisle
196:and the
71:Location
38:Part of
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257:scalped
190:Pontiac
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241:Lenape
1114:JSTOR
969:2015.
725:Notes
186:Odawa
1228:2023
1198:2023
1163:ISBN
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