643:, where he fortified himself, preparing to attack his brother Shapur after Pabag's death. Pabag died a natural death sometime between 207â210 and was succeeded by Shapur. After his death, both Ardashir and Shapur started minted coins with the title of "king" and the portrait of Pabag. The obverse of Shapur's coins had the inscription "His Majesty, King Shapur" and the reverse had "son of (His) Majesty, King Pabag". Shapur's reign, however, proved short; he died under obscure conditions in 211 or 212. Ardashir thus succeeded Shapur, and went on to conquer the rest of Iran, establishing the Sasanian Empire in 224. Pabag was also survived by a daughter named
616:
322:
551:
451:, however, gives the genealogy of Ardashir as follows: "Ardashir son of Pabag whose mother was the daughter of Sasan son of Weh-afrid". This demonstrates the inconsistencies between Middle Persian texts regarding the origins of the Sasanian dynasty. Both sources regard Pabag as the father of Ardashir, while Sasan is presented as the latter's grandfather or ancestor.
55:
631:
Touraj
Daryaee argues that the reign of Vologases V was "the turning point in Arsacid history, in that the dynasty lost much of its prestige." The kings of Persis were now unable to depend on their weakened Arsacid overlords. Indeed, in 205 or 206, Pabag rebelled and overthrew Gochihr, taking Istakhr
403:
and lived there in exile until his death. He was survived by a son who was likewise named Sasan (called "the younger"), "which continued in the family for four generations". A descendant of the family, likewise named Sasan, worked for Pabag, who was a local ruler in Pars. Pabag's daughter married
541:
The modern historian Marek Jan
Olbrycht suggests that Sasan was an Indo-Parthian prince who married a Persian princess and gave birth to Ardashir. In order to not be seen as a foreign dynasty, however, Ardashir and Shapur I minimized the role of Sasan. Pabag was seemingly the father-in-law and
445:("Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, son of Pabag"), says the following regarding the ancestry of Ardashir: "Ardashir, the Kayanian, son of Pabag from the parentage of Sasan and from the lineage of King Dara". Another Middle Persian text, the
1203:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic
Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of SÄsÄn". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
639:
Pabag subsequently appointed Shapur as his heir. This was much to the dislike of
Ardashir, who had become the commander of Darabgerd after the death of Tiri. In an act of defiance, Ardashir left for
533:), however, makes direct references to the House of Sasan, such as the phrase "since the gods gave glory and rulership to the family of Sasan", which indicates that Narseh saw Sasan as his ancestor.
632:
for himself. According to al-Tabari, it was at the urging of
Ardashir that Pabag rebelled. However, Daryaee considers this statement unlikely, and states that it was in reality the eldest son
385:. The claim of Sasan belonging to the Kayanian family was designed in order to justify that Ardashir was descended from the ancient Kayanian kings, who reflected memories of the Achaemenids.
518:, calls himself a son of Ardashir I and grandson of Pabag. Although various figures named "Sasan" are mentioned in the inscription, none of them are associated with the House of Sasan. The
515:
1404:
608:) invaded the Arsacid domains in 196, and two years later he did the same, this time sacking the Arsacid capital of Ctesiphon. At the same time, revolts occurred in
1334:
408:
thus indicates that the ancestors of Sasan resided in India following
Alexander's conquests. This report has been used by scholars to point out Sasan's
586:
in
Istakhr, which served as a rallying point for the local Persian soldiers, who worshipped the Iranian goddess. The Arsacid Empire, then ruled by
1339:
487:
variant of
Agathangelos' work calls Ardashir "son of Sasanus, which is the origin of the Sasanian name of the Persian kings descended from him".
1348:
1181:
1414:
1399:
1169:
1090:
1068:
1253:
1234:
1213:
1193:
1044:
578:, who was in turn a vassal of the Arsacid King of Kings. With the permission of Gochihr, Pabag sent Ardashir to the fortress of
199:, from 205 or 206 until his death sometime between 207 and 210. He was the father, stepfather, grandfather, or father-in-law of
441:
427:, Al-Tabari also describes Sasan as a foreigner in Pars; however, unlike him, he does not mention Sasan's place of origins.
257:). Since the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, Pars has been ruled by local dynasties subject to the
1429:
1424:
644:
141:
1419:
1409:
399:), whose empire was indeed conquered by Alexander's forces. A son of Dara II named Sasan (called "the elder") fled to
243:
615:
1270:
597:), was at this time in decline, due to wars with the Romans, civil wars, and regional revolts. The Roman emperor
636:
who helped Pabag capture
Istakhr, as demonstrated by the latter's coinage, which has portraits of both of them.
388:
Dara II, the last
Kayanian king to rule before Alexander, is partly based on the last Achaemenid King of Kings,
163:
1381:
1111:
633:
620:
208:
133:
97:
423:
family, a dynasty of rulers in Pars. He presents Pabag as the father of Ardashir. Like Ferdowsi in his
475:, Sasan was the biological father of Ardashir, while Pabag was his stepfather. The Armenian writers
519:
247:
1259:
583:
270:("leader, governor, forerunner"), which is also attested in the Achaemenid-era. Later, under the
1344:
1249:
1230:
1209:
1189:
1165:
1086:
1064:
1040:
598:
483:
likewise call Sasan the father of Ardashir. However, they do not make any mention of Pabag. A
476:
239:
128:
1224:
1133:
472:
400:
404:
Sasan and bore him a son named Ardashir. Following this, Sasan is no longer mentioned. The
321:
308:("king") and laid the foundations for a new dynasty, which may be labelled the Darayanids.
1124:
676:
640:
623:. The obverse shows a portrait of the latter, whilst the reverse shows a portrait of Pabag
337:
286:
278:
261:
231:
227:
204:
188:
1314:
1078:
1054:
609:
567:
496:
484:
436:
419:(d. 923), Pabag was the son of Sasan and a princess named Rambihisht, who was from the
151:
1226:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
1393:
563:
511:
409:
326:
219:
196:
117:
1263:
550:
480:
460:
274:
1290:
1279:
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1034:
1303:
628:
587:
290:
258:
175:
582:
to serve under its commander, Tiri. Pabag reportedly served as a priest of the
1146:
672:
447:
389:
378:
374:
341:
332:
There are various different sources regarding the relationship between Pabag,
200:
137:
60:
668:
416:
382:
370:
353:
266:
499:, claims to be the son of "divine Pabag, the king". His son and successor,
54:
1302:
Wiesehöfer, Joseph (2000a). "FÄrs ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period".
242:. The region served as the center of the empire until its conquest by the
1161:
500:
468:
420:
362:
358:
235:
467:
sources, a different account appears. According to the Roman historians
1371:
1363:
575:
571:
555:
464:
366:
192:
113:
87:
69:
523:
223:
17:
1081:(2012). "The Sasanian Empire (224â651)". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
1102:
664:
614:
579:
549:
333:
320:
1206:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
909:
907:
905:
305:
121:
45:
238:. It was also the birthplace of the first Iranian Empire, the
699:
697:
695:
1244:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
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926:
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758:
756:
754:
714:
712:
1001:
999:
997:
1246:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
361:(d. 1020), Sasan was a descendant of the mythological
289:, most likely at the accession of the Arsacid monarch
1186:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
663:
Physical evidence demonstrates that it was not from
495:
Ardashir, in his coin engravings and inscription on
277:(fl. 138 BC), Pars was made a vassal of the Iranian
35:
1278:Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardaƥīr I i. History".
357:("The Book of Kings") by the medieval Persian poet
230:, was the homeland of a southwestern branch of the
147:
127:
107:
103:
93:
83:
75:
67:
32:
1184:. In Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (eds.).
1101:
264:. These dynasts held the ancient Persian title of
562:Pabag ruled a small principality in the area of
1060:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1033:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2008).
574:, the Bazrangid king of the Persian capital of
1248:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1â256.
1229:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â539.
1158:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
976:
179:
59:A coin with the portrait of Pabag, minted by
8:
415:According to the medieval Iranian historian
1188:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1â783.
1103:"Ardashir and the Sasanians' Rise to Power"
730:
703:
27:Iranian ruler of Pars from c. 205 to c. 210
1357:
913:
718:
53:
29:
1148:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3
1138:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3
852:
840:
828:
786:
745:
675:started expanding his domains, but from
304:, the Kings of Persis used the title of
285:were shortly afterwards replaced by the
1405:3rd-century monarchs in the Middle East
1340:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1281:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1182:"Military and Society in Sasanian Iran"
1017:
1005:
988:
972:
956:
944:
896:
867:
691:
656:
1295:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 2
1120:
1109:
1083:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
542:possibly adoptive father of Ardashir.
207:. He was succeeded by his eldest son,
7:
1106:. University of California: 236â255.
968:
801:
167:
36:
1343:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1145:Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "DÄnag".
879:
180:
25:
537:Conclusions in modern scholarship
491:Sasanian inscriptions and coinage
226:), a region in the southwestern
603:
592:
528:
505:
394:
346:
295:
252:
1337:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1063:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â240.
1039:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â200.
619:Coin minted under Pabag's son
442:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1:
317:New Persian and Arabic texts
215:Background and state of Pars
1289:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000b).
1223:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
1085:. Oxford University Press.
1446:
1415:2nd-century Iranian people
1400:3rd-century Iranian people
1313:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009).
510:), on his inscriptions at
1378:
1368:
1360:
1180:McDonough, Scott (2013).
977:Curtis & Stewart 2008
279:Parthian (Arsacid) Empire
52:
43:
1333:Daryaee, Touraj (2018).
1100:Daryaee, Touraj (2010).
647:, who married Ardashir.
455:Roman and Armenian texts
1119:Cite journal requires
624:
584:fire-temple of Anahita
559:
397: 336â330 BC
329:
298: 132â127 BC
255: 336â323 BC
1319:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1305:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1271:registration required
1156:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
618:
570:. He was a vassal of
558:, the capital of Pars
553:
324:
203:, the founder of the
1430:Shahnameh characters
1425:Zoroastrian monarchs
1264:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
1132:Frye, R. N. (1988).
971:, pp. 298â299;
431:Middle Persian texts
351:). According to the
1284:. pp. 371â376.
1140:. pp. 298â299.
916:, pp. 371â376.
804:, pp. 298â299.
520:Paikuli inscription
248:Alexander the Great
1420:2nd-century births
1410:3rd-century deaths
1315:"Persis, Kings of"
625:
560:
522:of Shapur I's son
330:
1388:
1387:
1379:Succeeded by
1350:978-0-19-866277-8
855:, pp. 30â31.
677:Ardashir-Khwarrah
641:Ardashir-Khwarrah
599:Septimius Severus
516:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
477:Movses Khorenatsi
195:, the capital of
191:prince who ruled
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
1437:
1361:Preceded by
1358:
1354:
1322:
1309:
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1036:The Sasanian Era
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704:Wiesehöfer 2000a
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1376:205/6 â 207â10
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1327:Further reading
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1301:
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1216:
1208:. Oxbow Books.
1202:
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1079:Daryaee, Touraj
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1055:Daryaee, Touraj
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1024:
1016:
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1004:
995:
987:
983:
975:, p. 252;
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914:Wiesehöfer 1986
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719:Wiesehöfer 2009
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667:, as stated by
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493:
457:
433:
393:
345:
319:
314:
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287:Kings of Persis
262:Seleucid Empire
251:
228:Iranian plateau
222:(also known as
217:
205:Sasanian Empire
140:
136:
112:
63:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1297:. p. 195.
1286:
1275:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1220:
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1200:
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1177:
1171:978-1610693912
1170:
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1151:. p. 282.
1142:
1129:
1121:|journal=
1097:
1092:978-0199732159
1091:
1075:
1070:978-0857716668
1069:
1051:
1045:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1020:, p. 282.
1010:
993:
991:, p. 250.
981:
961:
959:, p. 247.
949:
947:, p. 249.
918:
901:
899:, p. 187.
884:
882:, p. 224.
872:
870:, p. 245.
857:
845:
833:
806:
791:
750:
748:, p. 178.
735:
733:, p. 195.
723:
708:
706:, p. 195.
690:
688:
685:
682:
681:
655:
654:
652:
649:
606: 193â211
595: 191â208
568:Bakhtegan Lake
547:
544:
538:
535:
531: 293â303
508: 240â270
497:Naqsh-e Rostam
492:
489:
456:
453:
437:Middle Persian
432:
429:
349: 224â242
318:
315:
313:
310:
300:). Unlike the
232:Iranian people
216:
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164:Middle Persian
155:
154:
152:Zoroastrianism
149:
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144:
131:
125:
124:
109:
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100:
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81:
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79:205/6 â 207â10
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853:Olbrycht 2016
849:
846:
843:, p. 28.
842:
841:Olbrycht 2016
837:
834:
831:, p. 27.
830:
829:Olbrycht 2016
825:
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789:, p. 26.
788:
787:Olbrycht 2016
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1112:cite journal
1082:
1059:
1035:
1018:Gignoux 1994
1013:
1008:, p. 4.
1006:Daryaee 2014
989:Daryaee 2010
984:
979:, p. 34
973:Daryaee 2010
964:
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1291:"Frataraka"
1176:(2 volumes)
1134:"BÄbak (1)"
629:Iranologist
588:Vologases V
566:, south of
291:Phraates II
259:Hellenistic
240:Achaemenids
176:New Persian
172:PÄpak/PÄbag
84:Predecessor
1394:Categories
687:References
612:and Pars.
448:Bundahishn
390:Darius III
379:Esfandiyar
375:Kay Bahman
342:Ardashir I
302:fratarakas
244:Macedonian
201:Ardashir I
168:đŻđ đŻđȘđ©
61:Ardashir I
37:đŻđ đŻđȘđ©
969:Frye 1988
802:Frye 1988
669:al-Tabari
665:Darabgerd
580:Darabgerd
554:Ruins of
546:Biography
425:Shahnameh
421:Bazrangid
417:Al-Tabari
406:Shahnameh
383:Vishtaspa
354:Shahnameh
340:monarch,
283:frataraka
272:frataraka
267:frataraka
187:) was an
94:Successor
1370:King of
1162:ABC-CLIO
1057:(2014).
880:Kia 2016
673:Ardashir
501:Shapur I
469:Agathias
465:Armenian
363:Kayanian
359:Ferdowsi
338:Sasanian
236:Persians
148:Religion
138:Ardashir
68:King of
1372:Istakhr
1364:Gochihr
1335:"Papag"
1027:Sources
671:, that
576:Istakhr
572:Gochihr
556:Istakhr
367:Dara II
365:rulers
325:Map of
312:Origins
193:Istakhr
189:Iranian
114:Istakhr
111:207â210
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381:, and
371:Dara I
281:. The
234:, the
224:Persis
209:Shapur
134:Shapur
98:Shapur
1260:JSTOR
651:Notes
645:Denag
610:Media
485:Greek
461:Roman
439:text
401:India
334:Sasan
246:king
185:BÄbak
160:Pabag
142:Denag
129:Issue
76:Reign
33:Pabag
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1345:ISBN
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1125:help
1087:ISBN
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627:The
564:Khir
514:and
479:and
471:and
463:and
435:The
327:Pars
306:shah
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181:ۚۧۚک
122:Iran
118:Pars
108:Died
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